Western Europe
80-604: Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe East Indies Western Europe European waters Americas East Indies The Twelve Years' Truce was a ceasefire during the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic , agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609 and ended on 9 April 1621. While European powers like France began treating
160-417: A ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in
240-791: A ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam . The decision came after Henry Kissinger , the National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C. , from Paris, France , with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam . By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord . After Iraq
320-531: A number of cities that had been governed by Remonstrant regents up to then. He replaced the old regents with adherents of the Counter-Remonstrant faction, often nouveau riche merchants that had little experience in government affairs. These purges constituted a political revolution and ensured that his Orangist regime would be securely in charge of the Republic for the next 32 years. Henceforth
400-499: A third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter . The immediate goal of
480-652: Is no peace treaty. On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare a 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division , 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho . The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon , causing more casualties. On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered
560-764: The Amazon region. Temporary setbacks in the Indies caused the price of VOC shares on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange to fall from a high of 200 in 1608 to 132 after the truce began. The Zeeland transit traffic to the Southern Netherlands declined sharply. On the other hand, the lifting of the Dutch blockade of Antwerp and the Flemish coast helped revive the trade in Flemish textile products, just as
640-468: The Army of Flanders was entirely on the defensive. Unable to sustain the cost of a war on three fronts, Philip II was forced to declare a suspension of payments in 1596. Spain's predicament was adroitly used by Stadtholder Maurice . In a series of campaigns, the Republic's army surprised Breda in 1590, took Deventer , Hulst and Nijmegen the following year and captured Groningen in 1594. By that stage
720-465: The Battle of Nieuwpoort on 2 July 1600, it did succeed in its strategic goal to repel the Dutch invasion of Flanders . The lengthy siege of Ostend (1601–1604) amply demonstrated the balance of power. Both sides poured enormous resources into the besieging or defending of a town that was reduced to rubble. Ambrogio Spinola , who had succeeded Archduke Albert as commander in the field, eventually captured
800-655: The Binnenhof , in a room that has since been known as the Trêveszaal . As Maurice declined to take part in the conference, the leadership of the delegation of the Republic was given to his cousin William Louis of Nassau , the Stadtholder of Friesland , Groningen and Drenthe . The chief negotiator on the Dutch side was the influential Land's Advocate of Holland , Johan van Oldenbarnevelt . The delegation of
880-607: The Counter-Reformation in the Southern Netherlands . The Dutch Republic achieved significant military gains in the 1590s. After the fall of Antwerp in 1585, Spain's Philip II ordered Alexander Farnese to direct his military actions first towards the failed campaign of the Spanish Armada , then against France to prevent the succession of Henry IV , a Protestant. In the following years
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#1732776811295960-647: The Duke of Jülich and Cleves sent observers. Most of these delegates left as the conference dragged on, with only the French and English mediators staying on until the end. The conference failed to come to an agreement on the terms of a peace treaty and broke up on 25 August. The parties were unable to compromise in matters of colonial trade and religion. To safeguard the Spanish Empire, the Habsburgs demanded that
1040-457: The German – Dutch trade route , which resulted in a rich variety of guilds . It became a strong stronghold during the 16th and 17th century. The stronghold was repeatedly besieged during the Eighty Years' War . The city still has a defensively shaped Gracht (canal) and (the remains of) bulwarks stemming from this era. In 1597 the city was conquered by Maurice of Nassau . In 1606 it
1120-561: The Moeren , a marshy area that is presently astride the Belgian–French border. The recovery of agriculture led in turn to a modest increase of the population after decades of demographic losses. Repairing the damage to churches and other buildings helped to boost demand. Industry and in particular the luxury trades likewise underwent a recovery. Other sectors, such as textiles and breweries, benefitted from comparatively lower wages than those of
1200-874: The Republic of Venice , the Sultanate of Morocco , and the Ottoman Empire . A network of consuls was set up in the main ports. On 17 June 1609 France and England signed a treaty guaranteeing the independence of the Republic. To protect their interests in the Baltic , the United Provinces signed a defensive pact with the Hanseatic League in 1614 that was intended to deter Danish aggression. The truce did not halt Dutch colonial expansion . The United East India Company established its presence on
1280-450: The Synod of Dort upheld the strict interpretation of predestination and declared Arminianism heretical. Arminian theologians such as Johannes Wtenbogaert went into exile, where they set up a separate Remonstrant Church . In Spain the truce was seen as a major humiliation – it had suffered a political, military and ideological defeat and the affront to its prestige was immense. The truce
1360-734: The UN 's acceptance of India 's proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the UN Command on the one side and the Korean People's Army (KPA) and the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north . These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President Syngman Rhee , who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to
1440-582: The waardgelders there on 31 July 1618. There was no resistance. The political opposition to his actions imploded as van Oldenbarnevelt's Utrecht ally, Gilles van Ledenberg , advocaat of the Utrecht States, fled to Holland On 29 August 1618 Maurice had Oldenbarnevelt and other leaders of the Remonstrants arrested and then proceeded to purge the Holland ridderschap and the vroedschappen of
1520-470: The " Sharp Resolution " of 4 August 1617, which authorised city governments to raise mercenary armies, the so-called waardgelders , outside the federal army or civic militias, to maintain public order. This drew an immediate protest from Maurice and from the other provinces on constitutional grounds. They asserted that the Union of Utrecht prohibited the raising of troops by individual cities without consent from
1600-717: The Army of Flanders had lost almost all its strategic positions north of the great rivers . By the turn of the century, however, the conflict began to reach a stalemate. After the accession of Philip III in Spain and of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in the Habsburg Netherlands in 1598, the Army of Flanders tried to regain the offensive against the Dutch Republic. While it met with a tactical defeat in
1680-527: The Counter-Remonstrants. Maurice and many of the counter-Remonstrants had mixed feelings about the truce. Maurice was opposed to some of the measures of the truce and wanted full independence for the Dutch Republic. He favoured continuing the war until a total Spanish defeat that led to an unquestionable freedom for the Republic. In an attempt to force the issue, Remonstrant regents used their sway over local authorities to recruit mercenaries with
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#17327768112951760-619: The Dutch Republic. International trade was however hampered by the closure of the river Scheldt. The archducal regime had plans to bypass the blockade with a system of canals linking Ostend via Bruges to the Scheldt in Ghent and joining the Meuse to the Rhine between Venlo and Rheinberg . In order to combat urban poverty, the government supported the creation of a network of mounts of piety based on
1840-529: The Dutch thesis that it could trade or settle wherever there was no previous occupation by either the Spanish or the Portuguese. The truce did not alleviate the situation of Catholics in the Republic, or that of Protestants in the Habsburg Netherlands. Although they were not actively persecuted, they could not profess their religion in public and remained excluded from public office. The immediate result for
1920-619: The Dutch would cease all navigation south of the Equator . It was a price that the mercantile United Provinces refused to pay. The demand inspired Hugo Grotius to publish his famous Mare Liberum in defense of the Dutch refusal. The United Provinces likewise rejected the Habsburg demand that the Catholics in the Republic would be given freedom of religion, considering it an interference in their domestic affairs. In spite of these setbacks,
2000-477: The Eighty Years' War are re-enacted regularly, drawing sizable crowds. As part of wider tourist attraction plan, some of Groenlo's old bulwarks have been under restoration in 2007, causing some controversy making local and even national television, the reason being a large number of large trees that had to be cut down for the plan. Tourism is of major importance to Groenlo, with over 3500 tourists spending
2080-638: The Flemish textile industry experienced a revival itself. Despite the truce, in 1614 the Dutch Captain Joris van Spilbergen sailed beyond the Strait of Magellan with an expedition of five ships, and raided the Spanish settlements on the coast of Mexico and South America. He fought the Spanish at Callao , Acapulco and Navidad . In the Republic, ports profited from the expansion of trade. In contrast, brewing towns such as Delft, and textile producing centers like Leiden and Gouda , suffered from
2160-482: The French and English mediators nevertheless succeeded to convince the two sides to settle for a lengthy truce. It would preserve the peace, while remaining silent on all contentious subjects. After considering longer and shorter periods, the term of the truce was set for twelve years. Formal talks were resumed on 28 March 1609 at the Antwerp City Hall . On 9 April the two delegations set their signatures to
2240-750: The Habsburg Netherlands was led by Ambrogio Spinola. Its leading participant was the Chief-President Jean Richardot . They were assisted by Neyen, the Secretary of State and War, Don Juan de Mancicidor , and the Audiencier Louis Verreycken . There was no separate delegation for the King of Spain. The delegates of the Archdukes were empowered to negotiate on his behalf. A number of princes sent delegations to
2320-417: The Habsburgs to concentrate their resources on the war against the Dutch in the hope of delivering a decisive strike. The following year, Spinola seized the initiative, bringing the war north of the great rivers for the first time since 1594. Suddenly the Dutch Republic had the enemy threatening its heartland. By 1606, the Spanish army had captured Oldenzaal , Lochem , Lingen , Rijnberk and Groenlo despite
2400-468: The Italian model. Meanwhile, the archducal regime ensured the triumph of the Counter-Reformation in the Habsburg Netherlands. Most Protestants had by that stage left the region. Under the terms of legislation passed shortly after the truce, the remaining Protestant population was tolerated, provided they did not worship in public. Engaging in religious debates was also forbidden by law. The resolutions of
2480-452: The Republic as a sovereign nation, the Spanish viewed it as a temporary measure forced on them by financial exhaustion and domestic issues and did not formally recognise Dutch independence until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The Truce allowed Philip III of Spain to focus his resources elsewhere, while Archdukes Albert and Isabella used it to consolidate Habsburg rule and implement
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2560-414: The Republic insisted on a preliminary recognition of their independence, to which Albert consented, be it with significant reservations. On 12 April 1607 the United Provinces and the Habsburg Netherlands agreed to a ceasefire, valid for eight months and taking effect on 4 May. The ceasefire was later extended to include operations at sea. Even then it was difficult to obtain the assent of Philip III. The king
2640-522: The Republic was that it was now officially recognised by other European states as a sovereign nation. To mark the recognition of the independence of the United Provinces, the States-General added a closed crown with two arches to their arms. Soon after the truce commenced, the Dutch emissaries in Paris and London were accorded full ambassadorial status. The Republic established diplomatic ties with
2720-558: The States General. Even more threatening to the federal supremacy had been the provision in the Sharp Resolution that asserted that units in the federal army paid for the account of Holland owed their primary allegiance to that province. This was a restatement of Holland's old constitutional position that the provinces were supremely sovereign, and the Union no more than a confederation of sovereign provinces. Maurice, and
2800-573: The Third Provincial Council of Mechelen of 1607 were likewise given official sanction. Through such measures and by the appointment of a generation of able and committed bishops, Albert and Isabella laid the foundation of the Catholic confessionalisation of the population. More than once it looked as if the truce was about to collapse. The succession crisis over the duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg resulted in severe tensions during
2880-457: The Treaty of London. This meant that they could not be prosecuted for their beliefs, unless they gave offense to the local population. For their part, the Dutch agreed to end the blockade of the Flemish coast, but refused to allow free navigation on the Scheldt. Exiles from the Southern Netherlands were allowed to return, but would have to conform to Catholicism. Estates that had been seized during
2960-463: The UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war. The 2020 global ceasefire was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of
3040-684: The US during Operation Desert Strike . The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein 's regime from power. A UN-mediated ceasefire was agreed between India and Pakistan , on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of
3120-596: The United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic . On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding a general and immediate global cessation of hostilities for at least 90 days. The 2024 Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire
3200-527: The Western Front. One account described the development in the following words: It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at the front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities. There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce , and
3280-465: The acceptance of Dutch commercial operations in the Spanish and Portuguese colonial maritime lanes. A defeat for Spain was essentially a defeat for Castile, for it was Castile which provided the policy and the maintenance of the empire. For the time of its duration, however, the truce allowed Philip and Duke of Lerma to disengage from the conflict in the Low Countries and devote their energies to
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3360-437: The adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict. Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs . Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when
3440-414: The ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause Gaza fighting , allow for
3520-741: The ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018. The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during the Northern Ireland conflict. An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined
3600-446: The ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the United States , North Korea and China to participate in continued peace talks, the principal belligerents of the war established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint Republic of Korea Army , US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still
3680-435: The competition of goods produced more cheaply in the Habsburg Netherlands. During the Truce, two factions emerged in the Dutch Republic. The divisions separating them were religious as well as political. The unity of the Dutch Reformed Church was threatened by a controversy that found its origins in the opposing views of Jacobus Arminius and Franciscus Gomarus on predestination . Arminius' less rigid views appealed to
3760-456: The conference. The French team of mediators was led by the experienced negotiator and president of the Parliament of Burgundy, Pierre Jeannin . The English delegation was headed by the ambassador in The Hague and future Secretary of State Ralph Winwood . King Christian IV of Denmark sent his future Chancellor Jacob Ulfeldt . Other mediators represented the Palatinate , Brandenburg , Ansbach and Hesse-Kassel . The Elector of Cologne and
3840-548: The conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented. The durability of ceasefire agreements is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. peacekeeping ). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about
3920-468: The conflict might spread further into the Spanish overseas empire. On 9 November 1607 Philip III announced a suspension of payments. The balance of power had led to a balance of exhaustion. After decades of war, both sides were finally prepared to open negotiations. The two opposing sides started putting out discrete overtures early in the campaign season of 1606. The contacts were intensified when Albert instructed Father Jan Neyen in March 1607 to seek out
4000-470: The dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining a procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite , a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor
4080-449: The domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment. By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over the period 1989–2020. Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God' . During World War I , on December 24, 1914, there
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#17327768112954160-405: The efforts of Maurice of Nassau. However, the Republic's allies continued to offer their material support. Moreover, Habsburg successes in the Low Countries came at a heavy price. The Spanish did not deliver the knockout blow they had hoped for, while the Dutch East India Company made serious inroads into the Portuguese spice trade, by setting up bases in the Moluccas . These advances signaled that
4240-462: The industrious strata of the manufacturing towns as well as to exiles from the Southern Netherlands who were excluded from political power, adding an element of social conflict to the controversy. In many towns congregations split between Remonstrants seeking to moderate the Belgic Confession , and Counter-Remonstrants who were strict Calvinists, insisting on its rigid interpretation. On 23 September 1617 Stadtholder Maurice of Orange openly sided with
4320-408: The internal problems of the Spanish monarchy. Nevertheless, Philip also longed to expunge the truce through a vigorous resumption of war. The Southern Netherlands benefited from the truce. Agriculture was at last allowed to recover from the devastation of war. The archducal regime encouraged the reclaiming of land that had been inundated in the course of the hostilities and sponsored the impoldering of
4400-490: The island of Solor , founded the town of Batavia on the island of Java , and gained a foothold on the Coromandel Coast in Pulicat . In the New World, the Republic encouraged the colonization of New Netherland . The Dutch merchant navy expanded rapidly, asserting itself on new routes, particularly in the Mediterranean . The official embargo on trade with the Americas had ended, but the colonists now imposed their own unofficial one, limiting Dutch trade with Caracas and
4480-419: The night locally at given times. Groenlo has been under Spanish control for a considerable time during its violent history, which has left its marks. The majority of the local population is of Catholic persuasion, an exception (together with Lichtenvoorde) in the mainly Protestant region. This has resulted in several Catholic traditions being celebrated locally, such as Carnaval and "Kermis" , as well as
4560-418: The old shield of Groenlo, a green tree. Groenlo became a Guelders enclave of Borculo . On 2 December 1277, it received city rights from landgrave Reinoud I of Zutphen . There were six councilors, four of which were aldermen and two mayors . The judicial archive of Groenlo is very incomplete. Since 1406, Groenlo has been part of the bishopric of Münster . The city was an important trade center along
4640-488: The other provinces (except Utrecht), now claimed that the States General possessed an overriding sovereignty in matters of common defence and foreign policy Maurice now mobilised the support of the five provinces opposing Holland and Utrecht for a States General resolution disbanding the waardgelders . This was voted through on 9 July 1618, with five votes to two, Holland and Utrecht opposing. Van Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius, in desperation, now overplayed their hand: appealing to
4720-438: The preliminaries that would have to be met for formal negotiations. Raised a Protestant, Neyen had converted to Catholicism and joined the Franciscan Order . The move did not however seem to have cost him his longstanding access to Maurice of Nassau, a fact that made him a valuable intermediary. Under the guise of visiting his mother in the United Provinces, Neyen travelled between Brussels and The Hague . The States-General of
4800-407: The princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into a full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up
4880-404: The release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners. Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War . Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2023, Donald Trump told
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#17327768112954960-485: The requirement for unanimity in the Union treaty, they sent a delegation to the federal troops in Utrecht (that were supposed to disarm the waardgelders in that city) with instructions that their first allegiance was to the province that paid them, and that they were to ignore instructions by the stadtholder in case of conflict. This intervention was construed by their opponents as treason. Prince Maurice now brought up additional federal troops to Utrecht and started to disarm
5040-443: The siege of Jülich of 1610 and the confrontations that led to the Treaty of Xanten in 1614. Petrus Peckius the Younger led a failed attempt at renewing the truce in 1621. Ceasefire A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice ), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by
5120-415: The stadtholder, not the Advocate of Holland , would direct the affairs of the Republic, mainly through his parliamentary managers in the Holland ridderschap . The Holland leadership was emasculated by making sure that the position of Grand Pensionary would henceforth be filled by Orangists. Oldenbarnevelt was tried and executed . Others, such as Grotius, were imprisoned in Castle Loevestein . Meanwhile,
5200-447: The territories that they controlled on the date on the agreement. Their armies would no longer levy contributions in enemy territory, all hostages would be set free. Privateering would be stopped, with both parties repressing acts of piracy against the other. Trade would resume between the former belligerents. Dutch tradesmen or mariners would be given the same protection in Spain and the Archducal Netherlands as enjoyed by Englishmen under
5280-415: The text. The ratification process proved difficult. In the Republic, towns such as Amsterdam and Delft feared that the truce would diminish their trade. The States of Zeeland resented the loss of income from privateering and insisted on maintaining the blockade of the Scheldt . Philip III had his own reasons to refuse. It took several missions from the Archducal Court before he was prepared to ratify
5360-413: The town on 22 September 1604, but only at the price of accepting the loss of Sluis . Meanwhile, Habsburg diplomacy had managed to disengage from two fronts. In 1598 Henry IV and Philip II had ended the Franco-Spanish War with the Peace of Vervins . Six years later, James I , Philip III and the Archdukes concluded the Anglo-Spanish conflict with the Treaty of London . Together, these treaties allowed
5440-488: The treaty on 7 July 1609. The Habsburgs agreed to treat the United Provinces like an independent state for the duration of the truce. The wording of the article was ambiguous. The Dutch version of the agreement stated more or less that the independence of the Republic had been recognized, while the French text suggested that the Republic would be treated as if it were independent. All hostilities would cease for twelve years. The two parties would exercise their sovereignty in
5520-421: The war resumed after a few days. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 . On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War . With
5600-418: The war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on a visit to Kuwait; Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones , US President Bill Clinton 's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox , and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by
5680-444: The war would be restituted or their value would be compensated. A number of aristocratic families stood to gain from this article, with Maurice of Nassau and his siblings foremost among them. The practicalities of the restitution were agreed upon in a separate treaty dated 7 January 1610. The agreement was silent on the issue of trade with the Indies. It did not endorse the Spanish claim to exclusive rights of navigation, nor did it back
5760-408: The well-to-do merchants of Holland. They were also popular among the regents dominating the political life of that province, because they offered the prospect of an inclusive church controlled by the state. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius were among the principal supporters. The strict interpretations of Gomarus stood for a church of the elect, independent of outside control. They appealed to
5840-447: Was reconquered by Spanish troops led by Spinola . In 1627 Groenlo was besieged and conquered by Frederik Hendrik , one of Groenlo's most important historical events. This happening still has its effects in present-day in the form of street names and the names of establishments in the city. Two restaurants in its historical center are appropriately named Frederik Hendrik and "Het Belegh van Grol" (The Siege of Grol). The battles of
5920-408: Was a municipality until 1 January 2005, when it merged with Lichtenvoorde . Until 19 May 2006 Groenlo was the official name of Oost Gelre. As of 1 January 2006 Groenlo, including its hamlet Zwolle, counted a population of 10,067. Groenlo is known locally and historically as Grolle, Groll or Grol. Today, Groenlo is known primarily for its beer brewery Grolsch (literal meaning: "from Grol"), which
6000-582: Was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France , the United Kingdom , and Germany observed Christmas . There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout the week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees , it quickly spread up and down
6080-517: Was announced by United States President Joe Biden on November 26, 2024. Groenlo Groenlo ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣrunloː] ) is a city in the municipality of Oost Gelre , situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands , on the German border, within a region in the province of Gelderland called the Achterhoek (literally: "back corner"). Groenlo
6160-522: Was appalled by Albert's readiness to concede on the point of independence. Only the desperate situation of Spain's finances compelled him to ratify the agreement. The ceasefire would be prolonged several times to allow for the negotiations that would eventually lead to the signing of the Twelve Years' Truce. The peace conference opened in The Hague on 7 February 1608. The negotiations took place in
6240-537: Was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm , Iraq and the UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War ,
6320-447: Was in business since 1615, but has been closed in 2004 when it moved to Boekelo . Grolsch produces many specialty beers (including beers for each season ) and its beer is exported all over the world. Groenlo's military history is less well known today. Groenlo originates from the beginning of the 7th century. The name Groenlo refers to a green wood that lay in the neighbourhood ( groen means " green ", lo means " forest "), hence
6400-475: Was not prestigious for the Spaniards as the Dutch emerged as the most favoured party. Spanish councillors opposed renewing the truce in order to preserve Spain's reputation as a great power and renew the war. The terms of the 1609 truce that the Spanish found objectionable not only included the virtual recognition of Dutch independence but also the closure of the river Scheldt to traffic in and out of Antwerp, and
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