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32-485: The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the " Changes in membership " section. This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding

64-402: A 51st state is admitted, it will receive senators in classes 1   and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators. Because each state is represented by 2 senators, regardless of population, each class varies in electorate and populace. Since the early 19th century, it so happens class   2 senators cumulatively co-represent 50–60% of the population; senators from each of

96-477: A class 2 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Georgia , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Class 3 consists of: States with

128-451: A class 3 senator: Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Nevada , New Hampshire , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , Vermont , Washington , and Wisconsin . This table

160-867: A new state joins the union (as mentioned above), or when there is a special election to fill a vacant seat. Special elections have no bearing on when the term for that seat ends, and a senator elected in a special election will serve the remainder of the term, until the next regularly scheduled election, not affecting which class that seat falls within. Class 1 consists of: States with a class 1 senator: Arizona , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming . Class 2 consists of: States with

192-403: A two-year term for congressmembers elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . Article I, Section 3, Clause 1 then sets a six-year term for those elected to the U.S. Senate , with Clause 2 dividing the chamber into three "classes" so that approximately one-third of those seats are up for election every two years. The elections for many state and local government offices are held during

224-456: A vacancy, usually either due to the incumbent resigning or dying while in office, may happen in any given year regardless of the seat's class. A senator's description as junior or senior senator is also not related to their class. Rather, a state's senior U.S. senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate , which is mostly based on length of service. The U. S. Constitution sets

256-444: Is re-sorted every two years so that the next scheduled election year appears at the top. The following table lists the senators by party by class.     Democrat    Independent who caucuses with Democrats     Republican    Not up for election The following table lists the senators by state and by class, including the states' Cook Partisan Voting Index ratings, which indicate

288-427: Is to promote stability in the Senate, and encourage senators to deliberate measures over time, rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years. At the same time, it provided for more frequent elections as opposed to waiting every six years, to prevent senators from permanently combining for "sinister purposes". The three classes of the Senate are specified by Article   I, Section   3 of

320-561: The Seventeenth Amendment required direct popular election of senators). When a new state is admitted to the Union , its two senators are placed into separate classes. Which two classes are determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible, so that the largest class never differs by more than one senator from the smallest class. A random draw determined which new senator enters which of

352-488: The U.S. Constitution . The actual division was originally performed by the Senate of the 1st Congress in May 1789 by lot . Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two Senate seats were assigned to two different classes by a random draw, while keeping the three classes as close to the same number as possible. The classes only apply to the regular fixed-term elections of the Senate. A special election to fill

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384-494: The United States Senate are divided into three classes for the purpose of determining which seats will be up for election in any two-year cycle, with only one class being up for election at a time. With senators being elected to fixed terms of six years, the classes allow about a third of the seats to be up for election in any presidential or midterm election year instead of having all 100 be up for election at

416-508: The 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives. There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each. Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . These counts reflect changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders. Classes of United States senators The 100 seats in

448-496: The House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket . There were three plural districts,

480-491: The Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate, and Mr. Dalton, in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them, beginning with number one: And that, when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in

512-520: The Senate divided the members into three classes: Thursday, May 14, 1789. The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution, reported: Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senators be divided into three classes: That three papers of an equal size, numbered 1, 2, and 3, be, by

544-615: The U.S. Constitution: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year. The allocation took place in May 1789, several weeks after

576-481: The classes selected to be expanded. This means at least one of any new state's first pair of senators had a term of more than 2 and up to 6 years and the other had a term that was 2 or 4 years shorter. New York, which held its first Senate elections in July 1789, was the first state to undergo this process after the original May 1789 draw by the Senate of the 1st Congress . Among the new senators, Philip Schuyler drew

608-449: The first Senate assembled. Only twenty senators from ten states were present; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and New York, because of its late ratification, had not yet selected its senators. To decide on how to implement the division into classes, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth , Carroll , and Few . In accordance with their recommendation, on May 14

640-433: The fixed term of senators to six years and staggers their elections into three cycles, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. This allows at least some Senate elections to be held during any presidential or midterm election year, as the U.S. President is elected to a fixed term of four years and members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected to fixed terms of two years. The objective

672-427: The foregoing classes, but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers. On the next day, May 15, the term expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots . Lot 1 was drawn by Dalton, 2   by Wingate, and 3   by Langdon. Upon the expiration of a senator's term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator (based on election by the state legislatures until

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704-462: The incumbent president tends to lose ground during midterm elections: since World War II, the president's party has lost an average of 26 seats in the House, and an average of four seats in the Senate. Moreover, since direct public midterm elections were introduced, in only eight of those (under presidents Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , Richard Nixon , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Donald Trump , and Joe Biden ) has

736-470: The lot for class   1 (whose term would end in 1791) while Rufus King drew class   3 (whose term would end in 1795). This made class   1 have 8 senators while classes 2   and 3 had 7 senators each. North Carolina was then assigned classes 2   and 3 after holding its first Senate elections in November 1789, making all three classes have 8 seats each. When the newest state, Hawaii,

768-610: The midterms include all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives , and 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate . In addition, 34 of the 50 U.S. states elect their governors for four-year terms during midterm elections, while Vermont and New Hampshire elect governors to two-year terms in both midterm and presidential elections. Thus, 36 governors are elected during midterm elections. Many states also elect officers to their state legislatures in midterm years. There are also elections held at

800-399: The midterms so they are not overshadowed or influenced by the presidential election. Still, a number of state and local governments instead prefer to avoid presidential and midterm years altogether and schedule their local races during odd-numbered " off-years ". Midterm elections are regarded as a referendum on the sitting president's and/or incumbent party's performance. The party of

832-445: The municipal level. On the ballot are many mayors , other local public offices, and a wide variety of citizen initiatives . Special elections are often held in conjunction with regular elections, so additional Senators, governors and other local officials may be elected to partial terms. Midterm elections historically generate lower voter turnout than presidential elections. While the latter have had turnouts of about 50–60% over

864-401: The names in the list below are Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 1836. The names of members of

896-411: The other 2 classes: 70–75% of the U.S. population. Because each state has 2 senators, the sum of these figures is 200%, not 100%. Several of the most populous states, such as California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, have their senators in classes 1   and 3, provoking this imbalance. The only times when both of a state's Senate seats are up for election in the same year are either when

928-541: The party direction in which a state tends to lean and the extent of that lean. United States midterm election [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Midterm elections in the United States are the general elections that are held near the midpoint of a president's four-year term of office , on Election Day on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Federal offices that are up for election during

960-612: The past 60 years, only about 40% of those eligible to vote go to the polls in midterm elections. Historically, midterm elections often see the president's party lose seats in Congress , and also frequently see the president's opposite-party opponents gain control of one or both houses of Congress. While Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution sets the U.S. president 's term of office to four years, Article I, Section 2, Clause 1 sets

992-514: The same time every six years. The seats are also divided in such a way that any given state 's two senators are in different classes so that each seat's term ends in different years. Class 1   and class 2 consist of 33 seats each, while class   3 consists of 34 seats. Elections for class   1 seats took place in 2024, and elections for classes   2 and 3 will take place in 2026 and 2028, respectively. The three classes were established by Article   I , Section 3, Clause   2 of

22nd United States Congress - Misplaced Pages Continue

1024-466: Was admitted in 1959, its first Senate elections had candidates run either for "seat A" or "B". The new senators, Hiram Fong and Oren E. Long , in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate , drew lots to determine which of the two would join class   1 (whose term would end in five-and-a-half years), and which would join class   3 (whose term would end in three-and-a-half years). If

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