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79-665: The Tägermoos is an area of 1.54 km (380 acres) in Thurgau , Switzerland, wedged between the outskirts of the German city of Constance and the core village of the Swiss municipality of Tägerwilen . It lies on the south bank of the Seerhein . In the east, it borders the district Paradies of Constance . In the south-east, it borders the district Emmishofen of the municipality of Kreuzlingen . The remarkable status of Tägermoos

158-564: A border crossing between Germany and Switzerland in the Tägermoos, known as Gottlieber Zoll or Tägerwilen Zoll . Farmers from Constance can cross here duty-free. The "open border" at the Tägermoos has often been used for smuggling . In days gone by, farmers drove their cattle illegally across the border here, in order to sell it in Switzerland, without paying duties , or to circumvent export restrictions. Smuggling of goods in

237-738: A British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount a coup that made him First Consul , the head of the French government. Napoleon sent Moreau to campaign in Germany, and went himself to raise a new army at Dijon and march through Switzerland to attack the Austrian armies in Italy from behind. Moreau meanwhile invaded Bavaria and won

316-428: A common name in southern Germany for wetlands or marshes. In fact, geologically speaking, it is not a peat bog , but a "anmoor", a mineral soil with a very high proportion of undecomposed organic matter. The nearby Thurgau Hills are glacial moraines , which consist of till . Upstream of the moraine is a 500-meter (550-yard) wide border of clay , which was washed out of the glacial material. About this clay, we find

395-755: A great battle against Austria at Hohenlinden . He continued toward Vienna and the Austrians sued for peace. The result was the Armistice of Steyr on 25 December. In May 1800, Napoleon led his troops across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass into Italy in a military campaign against the Austrians. He conducted the Siege of Fort Bard against the Sardinian and Austrian armies for two weeks, after which he

474-673: A joint customs facility at the point where the Swiss A7 motorway connects to the German B33 . This facility was created to relieve the border crossing facility in the city. For the construction of this new facility, the City of Constance sold a portion of their land holdings in the Tägermoos to the Swiss Federal Customs Administration. A much smaller customs facility named Gottlieber Zoll exists at

553-538: A member of the Swiss confederation. The cantonal coat of arms was designed in 1803, based on the coat of arms of the Kyburg family, which ruled the Thurgau in the 13th century, changing the background to green-and-white, at the time considered "revolutionary" colours (c.f. tricolour ); as the placement of a yellow ( or ) charge on white ( argent ) is a violation of heraldic principles, there have been suggestions to modify

632-494: A military informations might leak across the border. During World War II, Switzerland stationed troops in German-Swiss border towns including Tägermoos, in order, to protect the border from the threat of attacks on the neutral territory of Switzerland. To close the border, Germany and Switzerland constructed a 2.60 metres (8'6") high and 2700 metre (3000 yard) long border fence from mesh and barbed wire , popularly known as

711-773: A preliminary treaty signed at Paris on 9 October 1801, the Treaty of Paris of 25 June 1802 ended the war between France and the Ottoman Empire, the last remaining member of the Second Coalition. The peace treaties ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France and recognized the independence of the Cisalpine , Batavian and Helvetic republics. Thus began the longest period of peace during the period 1792–1815. American historian Paul W. Schroeder (1987) claimed that, at

790-402: A several meter high layer of sediments from periods when the water level of Lake Constance was higher. Water can be trapped in these sediments by intercalated clay layers, thereby forming stagnosol , a soil type that is usually moist due to being waterlogged, but can also dry out completely. Close to the Seerhein , a more recent layer of river sediments lies on top of all this. The area of

869-460: A small-scale farming region that extends past the villages of Tägerwilen and Gottlieben and continues to Ermatingen . This region is bounded on the south by a hill ridge. The emphasis in agricultural use is on vegetable farming, but there are also apple trees and an allotment area. The bank of the Seerhein is only partially fixed. There is an official lido , and an unofficial one at Kuhhorn , 200 metres (yards) upriver. Other parts of

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948-413: A time in the harbour, in accordance with the island's neutrality. Napoleon immediately ordered the bombardment of Valletta, and on 11 June 1798, General Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers directed a landing of several thousand French troops at strategic locations around the island. The French Knights of the order deserted, and the remaining Knights failed to mount a successful resistance. Napoleon forcibly removed

1027-457: A total of 47,390 resident foreigners, constituting 19.9% of the population. In prehistoric times the lands of the canton were inhabited by people of the Pfyn culture along Lake Constance . During Roman times the canton was part of the province Raetia until 450, when Alemanni settled on the lands. In the sixth century, Thurgovia became a Gau of Francia as part of Alamannia , passing to

1106-488: Is the responsibility of Constance, making Tägermoos a Gemarkung of the city of Constance. The City of Constance legally owns about two-thirds of the land; the rest is held by Swiss authorities and private citizens. It was once a marshy commons , but has since been drained and is now mostly used for agriculture , primarily vegetable production and allotments . At the Eastern edge, there are two border crossings,

1185-602: The Acts of Union of July/August 1800, Ireland was a separate kingdom, with its own parliament , held in a personal union with Great Britain under the Crown. In response to the 1798 United Irishmen revolt , it became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , effective 1 January 1801. The Austrians signed the Armistice of Treviso on 16 January, ending the war in northern Italy. On 9 February, they signed

1264-594: The Duchy of Swabia in the early 10th century. At this time, Thurgovia included not just what is now the canton of Thurgau, but also much of the territory of the modern canton of St. Gallen , the Appenzell and the eastern parts of the canton of Zürich . The most important cities of Thurgovia in the early medieval period were Konstanz as the seat of the bishop and St. Gallen for the Abbey of Saint Gall . The dukes of

1343-580: The House of Zähringen and the counts of the Kyburg family took over much of the land in the High Middle Ages . The town of Zürich was part of the Thurgau until it became reichsunmittelbar in 1218. When the Kyburg dynasty became extinct in 1264 the House of Habsburg took over that land. The Old Swiss Confederacy allied with ten freed bailiwicks of the former Toggenburg seized the lands of

1422-690: The Imperial Free City of Constance acquired the jurisdiction over the county of Thurgau as a pledge. In 1460, Constance lost the low justice over most of the Thurgau when the Old Swiss Confederacy conquered the area; Constance only retained low justice over the bailiwicks of Eggen, Raitigericht and Altnau. During the Swabian War of 1499, high justice in the Thurgau was lost to the court in Frauenfeld . During

1501-594: The Treaty of Lunéville for the entire Holy Roman Empire , basically accepting the terms of the previous Treaty of Campo Formio . In Egypt, the Ottomans and British invaded and compelled the French to surrender after the fall of Cairo and Alexandria . Britain continued the war at sea. A coalition of noncombatants including Prussia, Russia, Denmark-Norway , and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from Britain's blockade, resulting in Nelson's surprise attack on

1580-558: The War of the First Coalition (1792–97), France fought against most of the states with which it shared a border, as well as Great Britain, Portugal and Prussia. The Coalition forces achieved several victories at the outset of the war, but were ultimately repulsed from French territory and then lost significant territories to the French, who began to set up client republics in their occupied territories. Napoleon Bonaparte 's efforts in

1659-519: The canton of St. Gallen ; to the west lie the cantons of Zürich and Schaffhausen . The area of the canton is 991 km (383 sq mi) and commonly divided into three hill masses. One of these stretches along Lake Constance in the north. Another is further inland between the Thur and the river Murg . The third one forms the southern border of the canton and merges with the Hörnli mountain in

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1738-572: The "Jews fence". The first part of the fence between the railway station and Kreuzlinger customs post was constructed in 1939 and funded by Swiss authorities. The German authorities in Stuttgart completed the closure of the Tägermoos in November 1940. The best known border incident is perhaps the arrest of the resistance fighter Georg Elser at the Kreuzlingen customs post. In October 2006

1817-583: The 14th Century, the City of Constance managed to incorporate the neighbouring village of Paradies (at the time known as Eggenhusen ). However, attempts to incorporate the Tägermoos failed. During the Thirty Years' War , a fortress with a moat were constructed in Paradies, as a second line of defence against attacks from the southern side of the Rhine. The Tägermoos itself lay outside this ring, which

1896-547: The 175-year-old treaty revised. Since the legal successors of the treaty signatories, the State of Baden-Württemberg and the Canton of Thurgau are no longer authorized to conclude treaties of this kind, negotiations about a change of legal status will have to take place on the level of the federal governments. Any change of the treaty would also require a referendum in the affected Swiss communities. Since 1803 there has been

1975-407: The 1791 Haitian Revolution . This included over 30,000 troops with many experienced and elite veterans, but ended in catastrophic failure; by the end of 1802, an estimated 15,000–22,000 had died of disease and yellow fever , among them Napoleon's brother-in-law General Charles Leclerc . On 25 March 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens , ending British involvement in the war. After

2054-627: The Army in Northern Italy, the Army of Britain, and the Egyptian expedition. Jourdan assiduously documented these shortages, pointing out in lengthy correspondence to the Directory the consequences of an undermanned and undersupplied army; his petitions seemed to have little effect on the Directory, which sent neither significant additional manpower nor supplies. Jourdan's orders were to take

2133-702: The Bourbon monarchy, because Vienna was too selfish and too greedy for territorial expansion. Schroeder argued it was not that simple: while Austria's primary war aim was not to overthrow the French Republic, it was reasonable for Vienna to set its own conditions for entering a war with France. The enormous financial debt it still had from the War of the First Coalition jeopardised not just the Habsburg Monarchy's ability to field an army capable of defeating

2212-658: The British and Russians retreated after a defeat at Castricum , and in Switzerland, where after initial victories an Austro-Russian army was completely routed at the Second Battle of Zurich . These reverses, as well as British insistence on searching shipping in the Baltic Sea , led to Russia's withdrawal from the Coalition. Napoleon invaded Syria from Egypt, but retreated after a failed siege of Acre , repelling

2291-603: The British officials and the women had only the time to escape to Sicily . In Europe, the allies mounted several invasions, including campaigns in Italy and Switzerland and an Anglo-Russian invasion of the Netherlands . Russian general Alexander Suvorov inflicted a series of defeats on the French in Italy, driving them back to the Alps. The allies were less successful in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, where

2370-643: The Danish fleet in harbour at the Battle of Copenhagen . France and Spain invaded Portugal in the War of Oranges , forcing Portugal to sign the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) . Russia formally made peace with France through the Treaty of Paris on 8 October, signing a secret alliance two days later. In December 1801, France dispatched the Saint-Domingue expedition to recapture the former colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti ), which had been independent since

2449-407: The First Coalition as early as April 1795) to join in. Neither were Britain and Austria able to formalise an alliance, due to lack of an agreement on the loan convention that would cover Austria's outstanding debt to Britain from the previous war, let alone British subsidy to Austria for the upcoming war; they resorted to ad hoc cooperation without formal agreement. Next, Russia allied itself with

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2528-820: The French Republic in 1801. Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, followed by the Ottomans in June 1802 , which brought an interval of peace in Europe that lasted several months until Britain declared war on France again in May 1803. The renewed hostilities culminated in the War of the Third Coalition . On 20 April 1792, the French Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. In

2607-629: The French forces there, called the Army of Observation because its function was to observe the security of the French border on the Rhine. Once there, he assessed the forces' quality and disposition and identified needed supplies and manpower. He found the army woefully inadequate for its assignment. The Army of the Danube and its two flanking armies, the Army of Helvetia and the Army of Mayence , or Mainz, were equally short of manpower, supplies, ammunition, and training; most resources were already directed to

2686-426: The French, but had also caused hyperinflation and internal instability that risked a revolution inside Austria itself. The Habsburg monarchy's very survival was at stake, and so Emperor Francis II and Thugut resolved not to enter a war in order to defeat France at all costs, but to make Austria come out stronger than it went in. Moreover, Schroeder reasoned that all the other great powers that were negotiating to form

2765-614: The Ottoman Empire (23 December) and Great Britain (26 December) while attacking the French Ionian Islands . By 1 December, the Kingdom of Naples had signed alliances with both Russia and Great Britain. The preliminary military action under the alliance occurred on 29 November when General Karl Mack , an Austrian serving Naples, occupied Rome, wishing to restore Papal authority with the Neapolitan army. King Ferdinand

2844-502: The Second Coalition ( French : Guerre de la Deuxième Coalition ) (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war targeting revolutionary France by many European monarchies, led by Britain , Austria , and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire , Portugal , Naples and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join the coalition, while Spain supported France. The overall goal of Britain and Russia

2923-575: The Second Coalition failed to overthrow the revolutionary government, and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed. In the Franco–Austrian Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801, France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany , in Italy. Austria was granted Venetia and the former Venetian Dalmatia . Most other allies also signed separate peace treaties with

3002-399: The Swiss property tax. Legal historian Hans-Wolfgang Strätz holds the view that the treaty makes the City of Constance de jure a municipality in Thurgau, with all the rights and obligations this entails, even if the City does not itself carry out some of the responsibilities. In February 2006, the municipalities of Constance, Kreuzlingen and Tägerwilen announced that they will seek to have

3081-607: The Thurgau from the Habsburgs in 1460, and it became a subject territory of seven Swiss cantons (Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus). During the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland , both the Catholic and emerging Reformed parties sought to swing the subject territories, such as the Thurgau, to their side. In 1524, in an incident that resonated across Switzerland, local peasants occupied

3160-525: The Tägermoos and in return Diessenhofen acquired similar rights on the German side at Gailingen am Hochrhein . The old moat between Paradies and the Tägermoos was declared to be the boundary between Baden and Thurgau. In 1878 and 1938, minor changes to the Swiss-German border in the Constance area were made with mutual agreement, but these were not related to the Tägermoos. The Tägermoos is part of

3239-509: The Tägermoos from the Abbey, for use as a commons . It was used for cattle essentially unchanged from the 13th century until its privatisation in 1800. Outside the Constance city walls, a gallows was built in 1384. It was used by the court in Constance until it was demolished in 1833. In 1466 a brickyard was constructed, which was later known as the Ziegelhof ("brick court"). In 1417,

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3318-460: The Tägermoos has only a very slight slope and is approximately one to two metres (3' to 6') above the water level of the Seerhein. The moist soil required comprehensive drainage to allow intensive agricultural use. It is, however, very fertile, due to its high humus content. Thurgau Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland . It is named after the river Thur , and the name Thurgovia

3397-415: The Tägermoos used to be baked here. Dairy farming in the Tägermoos ceased in 1971 and the area has since concentrated on vegetable gardening. The second oldest occupied property in the Tägermoos is the Zollhof , which was constructed as a Swiss customs house in the second half of the 19th century. The Trompeterschlössle was built in 1903 and 1904 by the German Anton Reiser only a few metres (yards) from

3476-427: The Tägermoos; in 1821 Baden even started raising toll on the road to Tägerwilen. Similar disputes existed in other areas on the High Rhine, for example Diessenhofen and Büsingen am Hochrhein . In these cases had belonged to Swiss monasteries before 1803 and were now held by Baden. In 1829, the parties reached a compromise. Details were laid down in a treaty signed on 28 March 1831. Constance retained its rights in

3555-404: The agreement. The French demanded additional territory not mentioned in the Treaty. The Habsburgs were reluctant to hand over designated territories, much less additional ones. The Congress at Rastatt proved inept at orchestrating the transfer of territories to compensate the German princes for their losses. Republicans in the Swiss Cantons , supported by the French Revolutionary Army , overthrew

3634-424: The army into Germany and secure strategic positions, particularly on the southwest roads through Stockach and Schaffhausen , at the westernmost border of Lake Constance . Similarly, as commander of the Army of Helvetia (Switzerland), André Masséna would acquire strategic positions in Switzerland, in particular the St. Gotthard Pass , the passes above Feldkirch , particularly Maienfeld (St. Luciensteig), and hold

3713-424: The border, without a construction permit, from neither Tägerwilen nor Constance. It was originally a spices store. A hall was added where dances took place. It is now used as a hotel. The Weiherstrasse ("Pond Road") was constructed in the late 1940 in the so-called Nopelsgut the southeast of the Tägermoos. It runs on the west along the brick pond and continues south, crossing the border into Kreuzlingen. Later

3792-434: The canton . The ten largest municipalities by population are: The canton of Thurgau is known for its agricultural produce. Particularly, apples, pears. The many orchards in the canton are mainly used for the production of cider. Wine is produced in the Thur valley. There is also industry in the canton of Thurgau. The main industries are printing, textiles and handicrafts. Small and middle-sized businesses are important for

3871-639: The cantonal economy. Many of these are concentrated around the capital. War of the Second Coalition French-allied victory Second Coalition: [REDACTED]   Holy Roman Empire (until 1801) [REDACTED]   United Kingdom [REDACTED]   Russia [REDACTED]   Ottoman Empire [REDACTED]   Naples (until 1801) [REDACTED]   Portugal [REDACTED] Sardinia [REDACTED]   French Republic [REDACTED] Spain French client republics : [REDACTED] 200,000 killed and wounded 140,000 captured The War of

3950-427: The central government in Bern and established the Helvetic Republic . Other factors contributed to the rising tensions. In the summer of 1798, Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt and Syria . On his way to Egypt , he had stopped at the heavily fortified port city of Valletta , the capital city of Hospitaller Malta . Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim , who ruled the island, allowed only two ships at

4029-424: The central plateau in and around Zürich and Winterthur . These positions would prevent the Allies of the Second Coalition from moving troops back and forth between the northern Italian and German theatres, but would allow French access to these strategic passes. Ultimately, this positioning would allow the French to control all western roads leading to and from Vienna. Finally, the army of Mayence would sweep through

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4108-415: The city council of Constance decided to trim the remaining border fence in Tägermoos from 2.60 metres (8'6") down to the "fence height" of 1.40 metres (4'8"). The fence is now located primarily on private land. A 20-metre (yard) long section of fence is scheduled to become a memorial . The name "Tägermoos" is derived from the Old High German Tëgar = "big" and Moos = "marsh". So it means "big marsh",

4187-404: The city remained. During the War of the Second Coalition , Constance was occupied by French troops and largely removed from the sovereignty of Further Austria . In 1800, the magistrate of Constance ordered the commons of Tägermoos surveyed and divided into plot . Leases for the plots were awarded to those interested using a lottery. What had previously been a public pasture, available to all,

4266-414: The cloister of Ittingen in the Thurgau, driving out monks, destroying documents, and devastating the wine-cellar. Between 1526 and 1531, most of the Thurgau's population adopted the new Reformed faith spreading from Zurich; Zurich's defeat in the 1531 Second War of Kappel ended Reformed predominance. Instead, the First Peace of Kappel protected both Catholic and Reformed worship , though the provisions of

4345-412: The design, including a 1938 suggestion to use a solid green field divided by a diagonal white line, but they were unsuccessful. The current cantonal constitution of Thurgau dates from 1987. To the north the canton is bound by the Lake Constance across which lies Germany ( Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria ) and Austria ( Vorarlberg ). The Rhine creates the border in the northwest. To the south lies

4424-413: The embankment are fixed with reed beds and deciduous trees. The whole area is only one or two metres (3' to 6') above the water level of the Seerhein, and is occasionally flooded, most recently in June and July 1999. There are six inhabited properties in Tägermoos with a total of about 20 inhabitants: The Ziegelhof ("brick yard") is by far the oldest building on the Tägermoos and for four centuries

4503-417: The former areas of high justice . The existing rights of low justice were redistributed; only the right of high justice determined the borders of the new state. The right of high justice in the Tägermoos had been held by the Confederacy since 1499; the Tägermoos and surrounding parts of Thurgau were therefore awarded to the new Helvetic Republic, while maintaining habitual ownership and rights of use held by

4582-407: The larger Tägermoos crossing and the smaller Gottlieber Zoll . During the Early Middle Ages , the Tägermoos belonged to the possession in Thurgau of the Diocese of Constance , the so-called Bischofshöri . Bishop Hermann I of Arbon (term 1138–1165), donated the land to the Scots Abbey St. James in Paradies , which had been founded in 1142. In 1293, the City Council of Constance purchased

4661-458: The municipality of Tägerwilen. The City of Constance is responsible in the following areas: The responsibilities of Tägerwilen include: Also for taxation of the land, there are some derogations in the state treaty: property owners who live in Constance, do not pay property tax or income tax to the municipality of Tägerwilen but only the property tax to the canton of Thurgau. Property owners living in Thurgau do pay income tax, but are exempt from

4740-405: The municipality of Tägerwilen. The Swiss Federal Statistical Office has not assigned a separate code number to the area, but includes it under Community Identification Number 4649 (Tägerwilen). The State Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg agrees that Tägermoos is in Switzerland, and hence does not report on it. At the municipal level, the tasks are divided between the City of Constance and

4819-447: The north, blocking further access to and from Vienna from any of the northern Provinces, or from Britain. The Second Coalition took several months to form, starting with Naples allying itself with Austria (19 May 1798) and Russia (29 November), after which British Prime Minister Pitt and Austrian State Chancellor Thugut (the latter only on the condition that Russia also joined the coalition) failed to persuade Prussia (which had left

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4898-504: The northern Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Treaty of Leoben (18 April 1797) and the Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797), leaving Britain to fight on alone against France, Spain and the Netherlands. From October 1797 until March 1799, France and Austria, the signatories of the Treaty of Campo Formio, avoided armed conflict but remained skeptical of each other, and several diplomatic incidents undermined

4977-519: The opposite direction was also observed frequently. During the economic crisis of the 1920s in particular, the farmers of Paradies smuggled luxury goods and building materials and lived a wealthier lifestyle than their farming income could have afforded. Nevertheless, the border was sometimes completely closed, most recently during World War II from 1940 to 1946. With the border closure both states - Switzerland and Nazi Germany - would ensure that refugees could not reach Switzerland. Germany also feared

5056-547: The other Knights from their possessions, angering Emperor Paul I of Russia , who was the honorary head of the Order. Moreover, the French Directory was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, Neapolitans, Russians and British actually discussed this possibility. Napoleon's army got trapped in Egypt, and after he returned to France (October 1799), it eventually surrendered (September 1801). Military strategists in Paris recognized

5135-621: The pre-Alps. The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 282,909. The canton is mostly German speaking. The population (as of 2000 ) is split between Protestants (45%) and Roman Catholics (36%). The historical population is given in the following table: Since January 2011, Thurgau has been divided into five districts which are named after their capitals. Before this date, there were eight districts - ( Steckborn District , Bischofszell District and Diessenhofen District formed their own districts with their surrounding municipalities). As of 2009 , there are 80 municipalities in

5214-419: The roads Hochstrass and Ribi-Brunnegg were constructed in the south; these also connect to roads in Kreuzlingen. There are also isolated greenhouses and other farm utility buildings. In the southeast the Tägermoos extends to the 2.4-acre Ziegelweiher ("Brick Pond") in a field named Sauösch . About half a hectare of the pond is on Tägermoos's territory. Since 2000, the German and Swiss customs operate

5293-423: The site of the former city gate of Paradies. Nearby is a transformer substation of the City of Constance Utilities Division. As part of its land use policy, the City of Constance plans to buy more land in the Tägermoos from private owners. The odd status of the area can be explained from the State Treaty of 28 March 1831. At the state level, the Tägermoos belongs to Switzerland, to the canton of Thurgau, and to

5372-492: The strategic significance of the Upper Rhine Valley, the southwestern German regions, and Switzerland for the defense of the Republic. The control of the Swiss passes was crucial as they provided a key route to northern Italy. Therefore, the army that maintained control over these passes could swiftly deploy troops between the northern and southern theaters of operations. Toward this end, in early November 1798, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan arrived in Hüningen to take command of

5451-423: The time of his writing, most historians – exemplified by Piers Mackesy (1984) – had all too simplistically blamed the Second Coalition's failure on the requirement of "Britain and Russia to trust Austria, when it was obvious that Austria could not be trusted". These historians had assumed that Austria failed to act in accordance with the Coalition's common goal of invading France, ending the Revolution and restoring

5530-422: The treaty generally favored the Catholics, who also made up a majority among the seven ruling cantons. Religious tensions over the Thurgau were an important background to the First War of Villmergen (1656), during which Zurich briefly occupied the Thurgau. In 1798 the land became a canton for the first time as part of the Helvetic Republic . In 1803, as part of the Act of Mediation , the canton of Thurgau became

5609-410: Was able to cross the Alps and enter Italy. He narrowly defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo . While the Austrians had a much larger force, Napoleon was able to organise a hurried retreat from the village before returning with reinforcements. The French successfully charged the Austrian flank with cavalry and Napoleon negotiated for Austria to evacuate Piedmont, Liguria and Lombardy. Prior to

5688-551: Was defined in a bilateral treaty, signed in 1831, between the Grand Duchy of Baden and the Canton of Thurgau , which is still in force and can only be terminated by mutual agreement. The background of this treaty was a series of disputes about the border. In Thurgau, it was felt that the Tägermoos belonged to the canton, and so Thurgau raised taxes from the landowners. Baden disagreed and demanded freedom from Swiss taxation in

5767-405: Was fixed in 1831 by a treaty which is still in force today. Under this treaty, the area is part of Switzerland at the state level and part of the Swiss municipality of Tägerwilen . However, certain administrative tasks are exercised by the German city of Constance, in accordance with Thurgau municipal law. Other tasks are exercised by the authorities of Tägerwilen. In particular, land survey

5846-495: Was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century. Thurgau was first declared a canton in its own right at the formation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798. The population, as of December 2020 , is 282,909. In 2007, there were

5925-528: Was meant to protect the settlements of Paradies and the Brühl , the urban festival grounds, against enemy attacks. The Heerstraße ("army road") led from the "Outer Paradies Gate" through the Tägermoos to Ermatingen . With the collapse of the Old Swiss Confederation and the founding of the Helvetic Republic in 1798, a Swiss national state was established, with its borders corresponding to

6004-424: Was now divided into plots of 18 are and leased out. Most of the new plots were cultivated are arable land and are so used to this day. This resulted in a small-scale surface with complicated and frequently changing contractual relationships. The City of Constance retained special rights in Tägermoos that went beyond what was otherwise the case for previous owners of a newly organized territory. The special status

6083-481: Was pushed by his angry Austrian wife Queen Maria Carolina , Marie Antoinette 's sister, and by Horatio Nelson through his secret lover, the British Ambassador's wife Emma, Lady Hamilton . All these companions became reckless gamblers when the poorly equipped and led Neapolitan army was not only soon defeated outside Rome and pushed back, but Naples itself was occupied by France on January 23. The king,

6162-461: Was the only one. It used to be the urban brick yard of the city of Constance, which was transferred here in 1446. Bricks were still produced here in the early 19th century. The Ziegelhof stood just west of the city gallows, which served as a scaffold well into the 19th century. Near the entrance to the Ziegelhof is a small bakery with an 18th-century open fireplace. Bread for the inhabitants of

6241-402: Was to contain the expansion of the French Republic and to restore the monarchy in France, while Austria – weakened and in deep financial debt from the War of the First Coalition  – sought primarily to recover its position and come out of the war stronger than when it had entered. In large part because of the difference in strategy among the three major allied powers,

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