Executive:
33-862: Federal Parliament : Judiciary: The United Nations Mission in Nepal or UNMIN was a special political mission in Nepal, established by the UN Security Council in January 2007 through resolution 174040 (2007) to assist in implementing key aspects of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the internal armed conflict in the South Asian country. The mandate was subsequently extended in resolutions 1796 (2008), 1825 (2008), 1864 (2009), 1879 (2009) and 1909 (2010). UNMIN ceased its operations on January 15, 2011. Following
66-485: A 33% reservation for women in all public offices including the federal parliament. On 16 March 2018, Dr. Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe was elected as the deputy speaker of the house. Women's representation in the parliament has increased since the Constituent Assembly , which eventually guaranteed provisions for women's representation on the constitution. Both houses of the federal parliament currently meet at
99-399: A new constitution due to differences over restructuring the state. The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was converted into a legislative parliament of Nepal after the promulgation of the constitution on 20 September 2015. The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was formed after the failure of the first Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution. The Legislature Parliament of Nepal
132-450: A variable duration ranging from 29 to 32 days. The lunar days are called tithis . Each month has 30 tithis , which vary in length from 20 to 27 hours. The waxing phase , beginning with the day after the new moon ( amavasya ) , is called gaura or shukla paksha (the bright or auspicious fortnight). The waning phase is called krishna or vadhya paksha (the dark fortnight, considered inauspicious). The classical Vikram Samvat
165-519: Is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar ; the year 2081 BS begins mid-April 2024 CE, and ends mid-April 2025 CE. The Rana dynasty of Nepal made the Bikram Sambat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which began as 1958 BS . The new year in Nepal begins with the first day of the month of Baisakh , which usually falls around 13–15 April in the Gregorian calendar and ends with
198-683: Is a solar calendar , using twelve to thirteen lunar months each solar sidereal years . The year count of the Vikram Samvat calendar is usually 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar , except during January to April, when it is ahead by 56 years. The Vikram Samvat calendar (also called Bikram Sambat in Nepali) should not be confused with the Nepal Sambat , a much more recent innovation. A number of ancient and medieval inscriptions used
231-571: Is the bicameral federal and supreme legislature of Nepal established in 2018. It consists of the National Assembly and the House of Representatives as parallel houses. The former Parliament of Nepal was dissolved by King Gyanendra in 2002, on the grounds that it was incapable of handling the Maoist rebels. The country's five main political parties had staged protests against
264-568: Is the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana 's Rajatarangini . Some earlier scholars believed that the Vikram Samvat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes . This was disputed by Robert Bracey after the discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra , which is dated in two eras. The theory was discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of
297-521: The Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena, was found at Dholpur and is dated "Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda" (20 April 842). The earliest known inscription which associates the era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971, and the earliest literary work connecting the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994) by the Jain author Amitagati. A number of authors believe that
330-709: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed on 21 November 2006 between the Government of Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) at the end of the Nepalese Civil War , the United Nations received a request for assistance, and established the political mission United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) on 23 January 2007 to monitor the disarmament of Maoist rebels and the preparations for Constituent Assembly elections in 2007. In 2009
363-803: The International Convention Centre in New Baneshwor, Kathmandu. A new parliament building is being constructed in the premises of the Singha Durbar complex, which houses most government offices. Bikram Samvat Traditional Vikram Samvat ( ISO : Vikrama Saṁvata ; abbreviated VS), also known as the Vikrami calendar is a national Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent and still also used in several Indian states and Nepal . It
SECTION 10
#1732783292271396-637: The Nanakshahi calendar . Like the Hebrew and Chinese calendars, the Vikram Samvat is lunisolar . In common years, the year is 354 days long, while a leap month ( adhik maas ) is added in accordance to the Metonic cycle roughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle) to ensure that festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. Early Buddhist communities in India adopted
429-664: The Nepalese Armed Forces . The office was created in May 2008 after the country was declared as a republic. The first President of Nepal was Ram Baran Yadav . The current president is Ram Chandra Poudel . He is the third president of the country. The House of Representatives ( प्रतिनिधि सभा , Pratinidhi Sabha ) has 275 members. 165 members are elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting and 110 elected through proportional electoral system where voters vote for political parties, considering
462-632: The 9th century, epigraphical artwork began using Vikram Samvat (suggesting that the Hindu calendar era in use became popular as Vikram Samvat); Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira. According to popular tradition, King Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas . Kalakacharya Kathanaka ( An account of
495-591: The Azes era in 47–46 BCE. The Vikram Samvat has been used by Hindus , Sikhs , and Pashtuns . One of several regional Hindu calendars in use on the Indian subcontinent , it is based on twelve synodic lunar months and 365 solar days . The lunar year begins with the new moon of the month of Chaitra . This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted (optional) holiday in India. The calendar remains in use by people in Nepal serving as its national calendar where
528-674: The Hindi version of the preamble of the constitution of India , the date of its adoption (26 November 1949) is presented in Vikram Samvat as Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006. A call has been made for the Vikram Samvat to replace the Saka calendar as India's official calendar. The Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years . Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year, correctional months ( adhika māsa ) are added or (occasionally) subtracted ( kshaya masa ). A lunar year consists of 12 months, and each month has two fortnights , with
561-616: The President on recommendation of the government. They must include at least three women, one Dalit , and one member from disabled groups. Members serve staggered six year terms such that the term of one-third members expires every two years. There are 16 thematic committees in the federal parliament: ten in the House of Representatives, four in the National Assembly and two joint committees. The constitution of Nepal guarantees
594-437: The Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a legendary king or a title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya, and changed the era's name to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé , the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman . Hoernlé believed that he conquered Kashmir and
627-560: The Vikram Samvat. Although it was reportedly named after the legendary king Vikramaditya , the term "Vikrama Samvat" does not appear in the historical record before the 9th century; the same calendar system is found with other names, such as Krita and Malava. In colonial scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain . However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggest that this theory has no historical basis. During
660-432: The ancient Hindu calendar , followed by the Vikram Samvat and local Buddhist calendars . Buddhist festivals are still scheduled according to a lunar system. The Vikram Samvat has two systems. It began in 56 BCE in the southern Hindu calendar system ( amaanta ) and 57–56 BCE in the northern system ( purnimaanta ). The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems. The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar
693-476: The first month is Baisakh and the last month is Chaitra. It is also symbolically used by Hindus of north, west and central India. Alongside Nepal Sambat , Bikram Sambat is one of two official calendars used in Nepal. In south India and portions of east and west India (such as Assam, West Bengal and Gujarat), the Indian national calendar is widely used. With the arrival of Islamic rule, the Hijri calendar became
SECTION 20
#1732783292271726-458: The king, arguing that he must either call fresh elections or reinstate the elected legislature. In 2004, the king announced that parliamentary elections would be held within twelve months; in April 2006, in response to major pro-democratic protests , it was announced that Parliament would be reestablished. After the success of the April 2006 people's movement, on 15 January 2007, the old parliament
759-457: The last day of the month Chaitra . The first day of the new year is a public holiday in Nepal. Bisket Jatra , an annual carnival in Bhaktapur , is also celebrated on Baishakh 1. In 2007, Nepal Sambat was also recognised as a national calendar alongside Bikram Sambat. In India, the reformulated Saka calendar is officially used (except for computing dates of the traditional festivals). In
792-543: The mandate was renewed, but with a phased withdrawal of UNMIN staff, in line with a report by the Secretary-General. In passing Resolution 1909 (2010), the Security Council hoped to end UNMIN by May 15, 2010. The Special Representative of the Secretary-General leading the mission prior to the 2009 mandate renewal was Ian Martin . He gave his final briefing to the Security Council in January 2009 and
825-537: The monk Kalakacharya ), by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri, gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk. The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan . Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself
858-768: The official calendar of sultanates and the Mughal Empire . During British colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and is commonly used in urban areas of India. The predominantly-Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh have used the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts included the Vikram Samvat and Gregorian calendars. In 2003, the India-based Sikh Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee controversially adopted
891-473: The subsequent Shaka-era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE; earlier sources call the era "Kṛṭa" (343 and 371 CE), "Kritaa" (404), "the era of the Malava tribe " (424), or simply "Samvat". The earliest known inscription which calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842. This inscription, from
924-410: The whole country as a single election constituency. The members of the house hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The National Assembly ( राष्ट्रिय सभा , Rastriya Sabha ) has 59 members. Eight members are elected from each of the seven provinces by an electoral college of each province, and three are appointed by
957-450: Was actually less than 8,000. UNMIN ceased its operations on January 15, 2011. This was followed by a technical and administrative closure of the mission. Federal parliament of Nepal Confidence & Supply (3) Opposition (28) Confidence & Supply (29) Opposition (68) Executive: Federal Parliament : Judiciary: The Federal Parliament of Nepal ( संघीय संसद नेपाल , Saṅghīya Sansada Nēpāla )
990-445: Was dissolved and replaced by a 330-member interim legislature of Nepal . The legislature drafted an interim constitution and a constituent assembly election was held in April 2008 . The 601-member assembly on 28 May 2008 abolished the 238-year-old monarchy and declared the country a republic. The constituent assembly, which was initially given two years to draft a new constitution, was dissolved on 27 May 2012 after its failure to draft
1023-644: Was dissolved on 21 January 2018 (7 Magh 2074 BS ). According to the Constitution of Nepal 2015 , Nepal has a two-chamber parliament ( संसद ), consisting of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly, with the President of Nepal acting as their head. The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( नेपालको राष्ट्रपति , Nēpālakō rāṣṭrapati ) is the head of state of Nepal and commander in chief of
United Nations Mission in Nepal - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-460: Was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra ). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away from the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and
1089-553: Was replaced by Karin Landgren as the Representative of the Secretary-General. A leaked footage of Prachanda , then supremo of Maoist rebels , was telecasted by Image Channel on May 5, 2009, that clearly shows Prachanda explaining the maoist leadership and cadres how he was able to deceive UNMIN into verifying nearly 20,000 people as maoist fighters by telling them the number was 35,000, when in reality their number
#270729