USS McCulloch , previously USRC McCulloch and USCGC McCulloch , was a ship that served as a United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter from 1897 to 1915, as a United States Coast Guard Cutter from 1915 to 1917, and as a United States Navy patrol vessel in 1917. She saw combat during the Spanish–American War during the Battle of Manila Bay and patrolled off the United States West Coast during World War I . In peacetime, she saw extensive service in the waters off the U.S. West Coast. She sank in 1917 after colliding with another steamer .
43-691: William Cramp & Sons built McCulloch at Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , as a three- masted cruising cutter for the United States Revenue Cutter Service at a cost of $ 196,500 and launched her in 1896. She was of composite construction, with a hull made of wood planks mounted on a steel frame. She had a single triple-expansion steam engine and a barkentine rig that allowed her to extend her range by operating under sail power. Her four 3-inch (76 mm) guns were mounted in sponsons on her forward and aft quarters, and her single 15-inch (381 mm) torpedo tube
86-705: A 12 June 1898 message to United States Secretary of the Navy John D. Long , Dewey commended Captain Hogsdon for the efficiency and readiness of McCulloch during the Battle of Manila Bay. Dewey presented McCulloch with four of the six 1-pounder revolving Hotchkiss guns taken from the wreck of the Spanish flagship , the cruiser Reina Cristina . These four guns, each of which has five revolving 37 mm (1.5 in) barrels, are displayed in pairs to either side of
129-498: A NOAA VideoRay Mission Specialist ROV operating from the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary ′s research vessel RV Shearwater (ROV video of the wreck obtained by RV Shearwater https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4IlTZYu3jU&t=297s ), researchers found a wreck at the site and took images that identified it as that of McCulloch . Key identifying features of the wreck included
172-436: A column of fire like a signal light, breaking the black stillness. Immediately thereafter, a Spanish battery on El Fraile took McCulloch under fire. Boston , in column just ahead of McCulloch , answered the battery, as did McCulloch with her starboard guns, and the Spanish gun emplacement was silenced. McCulloch ' s chief engineer, Frank B. Randall, died of overexertion and heat exhaustion while trying to extinguish
215-663: A hospital in San Pedro. The sinking of McCulloch was headline news across the United States because of her involvement in the Battle of Manila Bay 19 years before. An inquiry into the collision found Governor at fault for disobeying the " rules of the road ." Governor ' s owners agreed to a settlement payment of $ 167,500 to the United States Government in December 1923. In October 2016, when
258-512: A part in the defeat of the Spanish fleet in 1898 at Santiago de Cuba . The victory in this battle heralded America's emergence as a great power . In 1896 Cramps united their artillery arm, the Driggs-Schroeder Ordnance Company, with its main competitor Hotchkiss Gun Company and a projectile manufacturer from Massachusetts into American Ordnance Company . The American Shipping and Commercial Corporation bought
301-447: A vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing. To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights , the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red. Aircraft are lit in the same way. Port and starboard are also commonly used when dividing crews; for example with
344-458: Is to the right of such an observer. This convention allows orders and information to be communicated unambiguously, without needing to know which way any particular crew member is facing. The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord , meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at
387-704: The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck on 18 April 1906. Tasked on 9 August 1906 with the enforcement of fur seal regulations, McCulloch operated in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands until 1912. During these years of service on the Bering Sea Patrol, she was especially well known because of her services as a floating court to towns along the coast of the Territory of Alaska . Upon her return to San Francisco in 1912, McCulloch resumed patrol operations in her regular cruising district along
430-547: The Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead. The United States Navy followed suit in 1846. Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers . In chapter 12 of Life on the Mississippi (1883) Mark Twain writes larboard was used to refer to the left side of the ship ( Mississippi River steamboat ) in his days on the river – circa 1857–1861. Lewis Carroll rhymed larboard and starboard in "Fit
473-550: The United States declared war on Spain , McCulloch received orders directing her to report for duty with the United States Navy ′s Asiatic Squadron under the command of Commodore George Dewey . Dewey's squadron was composed of the protected cruisers USS Olympia , USS Boston , USS Baltimore , and USS Raleigh , the gunboats USS Concord and USS Petrel ,
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#1732771951601516-523: The stern of the ship on the right hand side of the ship, because more people are right-handed . The "steer-board" etymology is shared by the German Steuerbord, Dutch stuurboord and Swedish styrbord , which gave rise to the French tribord , Italian tribordo, Catalan estribord , Portuguese estibordo , Spanish estribor and Estonian tüürpoord . Since the steering oar
559-518: The store ships USS Nanshan and USS Zafiro , and McCulloch . The squadron stood out of Mirs Bay , China , on 27 April 1898, and entered Manila Bay off Luzon in the Philippines on the evening of 30 April 1898. By midnight Olympia had passed stealthily into the harbor. Successive ships followed in close order. Just as McCulloch brought El Fraile Rock abaft the starboard beam, soot in her funnel caught fire and sent up
602-429: The 15-inch torpedo tube molded into McCulloch ' s bow stem, a 3-inch 6-pounder gun still mounted on its sponson on the starboard bow, and the top of a bronze 11-foot (3.4 m) propeller blade. Researchers also photographed the ship's wheel from McCulloch ' s flying bridge , her steam engine, and a sounding machine. White sea anemones of the genus Metridium were noted living on many portions of
645-476: The British mail steamer Esmeralda to convey to the British steamer Dewey's orders for Esmeralda ' s movements in the vicinity of the battle. The battle, which began at 05:40, was over in seven hours. All of the Spanish warships were destroyed, and 381 Spanish seamen were killed. No American warship was seriously damaged, and only eight American sailors were wounded. Randall was the only American to die during
688-761: The Pribilof Islands in Alaska. The men and women who crew our newest cutters are inspired by the exploits of great ships and courageous crews like the McCulloch ." The shipwreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. 34°27′22″N 120°30′00″W / 34.456°N 120.50°W / 34.456; -120.50 William Cramp %26 Sons William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company (also known as William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company )
731-676: The Second" of The Hunting of the Snark (1876). An Anglo-Saxon record of a voyage by Ohthere of Hålogaland used the word "bæcbord" ("back-board") for the left side of a ship. With the steering rudder on the starboard side the man on the rudder had his back to the bagbord (Nordic for portside) side of the ship. The words for "port side" in other European languages, such as German Backbord , Dutch and Afrikaans bakboord , Swedish babord , Spanish babor , Portuguese bombordo , Italian babordo , French bâbord and Estonian pakpoord , are derived from
774-405: The U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) conducted a routine hydrographic survey as a joint remotely operated vehicle (ROV) training expedition off Point Conception, surveyors noted a congregation of fish – which can indicate the presence of a wreck – three nautical miles off Point Conception at a depth of 300 feet (91 m). During seven dives by
817-506: The U.S. Navy for wartime service as a patrol vessel , serving as USS McCulloch , the first U.S. Navy ship to bear the name. She continued patrol operations in the Pacific Ocean along the U.S. West Coast. On 13 June 1917, McCulloch was steaming with 90 U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Navy personnel on board from San Pedro , California, to Mare Island Navy Yard, where she was to be fitted with larger guns for her wartime Navy service. She
860-469: The U.S. West Coast, with occasional deployments to Alaska . In 1914, she underwent an overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard in Vallejo , California, in which her boilers were replaced, fuel tanks were installed, her mainmast was removed, and her bowsprit was shortened. Her barkentine rig also was removed, and she emerged from the overhaul with two military masts instead. On 24 November 1914, she came to
903-651: The aid of the steam passenger schooner Hanalei , which had run aground on Duxbury Reef in the Pacific Ocean off California with the loss of 18 lives. When the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to form the United States Coast Guard , McCulloch became a United States Coast Guard Cutter as USCGC McCulloch . In January 1917, she came to
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#1732771951601946-413: The assistance of the U.S. Navy armored cruiser USS Milwaukee , which had run aground at Samoa , California, on 13 January. In March 1917, McCulloch underwent another overhaul at Mare Island in which her hull was recaulked and 800 pounds (360 kg) of copper sheathing were removed. On 6 April 1917 – the same day that the United States entered World War I – McCulloch was transferred to
989-672: The battle. After the battle, because of her speed, McCulloch was dispatched to the closest cable facility, that at Hong Kong , bearing the first dispatches of the great U.S. naval victory. On 17 May 1898, McCulloch left Hong Kong with Emilio Aguinaldo – the Philippine revolutionary who would later lead the Philippine forces in the Philippine–American War – aboard, arriving at Cavite in Manila Bay on 19 May. In
1032-430: The firm that are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places include: 39°58′18″N 75°7′6″W / 39.97167°N 75.11833°W / 39.97167; -75.11833 [REDACTED] Media related to William Cramp & Sons at Wikimedia Commons Port and starboard Port and starboard are nautical terms for watercraft , aircraft and spacecraft , referring respectively to
1075-667: The firm. The company was incorporated under the name "The William Cramp and Sons' Iron Shipbuilding and Engineering Company." The pilot boat Thomas Howard was built by the Cramp shipyard in 1870 for the Delaware Bay & River pilots . She was one of the Philadelphia port's fastest pilot boats. In 1890 the company built the battleships USS Indiana and USS Massachusetts , armored cruiser USS New York , and protected cruiser USS Columbia . Three of these ships took
1118-746: The front of Hamilton Hall facing the parade ground at the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London , Connecticut . McCulloch arrived at San Francisco, California, on 10 January 1899 and operated on patrol out of that port along the United States West Coast , cruising from the Mexican border to Cape Blanco , Oregon , on law enforcement and lifesaving duties. After the 1,160- gross register ton , 258.2-foot (78.7 m) steamer Cleveland
1161-404: The left and right sides of the vessel, when aboard and facing the bow (front). Vessels with bilateral symmetry have left and right halves which are mirror images of each other. One asymmetric feature is where access to a boat, ship, or aircraft is at the side; it is usually only on the port side (hence the name). Port side and starboard side respectively refer to the left and right sides of
1204-417: The line. In the ensuing Battle of Manila Bay , Dewey′ ships made five firing runs at close range, wreaking devastation on the Spanish squadron. MccCulloch . under fire, guarded the store ships and made ready a 9-inch (23 cm) hawser with which to assist any U.S. ship that ran aground, although that turned out to be unnecessary; at one point, in between firing passes by the U.S. squadron, she intercepted
1247-589: The same root. The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea —for instance, as appears in the UK's Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard ) —sets forth requirements for maritime vessels to avoid collisions, whether by sail or powered, and whether
1290-556: The soot fire in the funnel. As the rock fell astern , Dewey reduced speed to four knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) so as to reach the head of Manila Bay in time to join action with the Spanish Navy squadron off Cavite at daybreak on 1 May 1898. His orders required McCulloch to guard the two store ships from Spanish gunboats. She was also to protect the ships in the line of battle from surprise attack, tow any disabled ship out of range of Spanish gunfire, and take her place in
1333-414: The vessel, when aboard and facing the bow. The port and starboard sides of the vessel always refer to the same portion of the vessel's structure, and do not depend on the position of someone aboard the vessel. The port side is the side to the left of an observer aboard the vessel and facing the bow , towards the direction the vessel is heading when underway in the forward direction. The starboard side
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1376-503: The wreck site and the fragility of the wreck made recovery of parts of the wreck impractical. In a statement marking the discovery, Rear Admiral Todd Sokalzuk , the commander of Coast Guard District 11 , said: McCulloch and her crew were fine examples of the Coast Guard's long-standing multi-mission success from a pivotal naval battle with Commodore Dewey, to safety patrols off the coast of California, to protecting fur seals in
1419-412: The wreck. The Coast Guard cutters USCGC Blacktip and USCGC Halibut supported the operations. On 13 June 2017 – the 100th anniversary of McCulloch ' s sinking – the U.S. Coast Guard held a media event to announce the discovery of the wreck. Officials also announced a decision to leave all remains of the cutter on the ocean floor because strong currents and a build-up of sediment at
1462-570: The yard in 1919 but closed it in 1927 as fewer ships were ordered by the U.S. Navy after the adoption of the Naval Limitations Treaty in 1923. In 1940, the Navy spent $ 22 million to reopen the yard as Cramp Shipbuilding to build cruisers and submarines . Cramp used the long slipways to construct two submarines at a time, with the intention of launching them simultaneously. However, the shipyard's submarine construction program
1505-511: Was an American shipbuilding company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , founded in 1830 by William Cramp . During its heyday in late 19th century, it was the preeminent American iron shipbuilder. William Cramp was born in the Kensington district of Philadelphia in 1807. In 1855, his sons Charles Henry (born 1828) and William C., became partners with their father. In 1872, his other sons Samuel H., Jacob C., and Theodore were taken into
1548-538: Was her first commanding officer , who later commanded McCulloch at the Battle of Manila Bay. McCulloch was named for Hugh McCulloch (1808–1895), an American statesman who served as the 27th United States Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson from 9 March 1865 to 3 March 1869 and as the 36th U.S. Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents Chester A. Arthur and Grover Cleveland from 31 October 1884 to 7 March 1885. She
1591-412: Was molded into her bow stem. At the time, she was the largest cutter ever built for the Revenue Cutter Service, and she remained the largest cutter in the Revenue Cutter Service – and later the United States Coast Guard – fleet throughout her service life. The ship was commissioned into service with the Revenue Cutter Service as USRC McCulloch on 12 December 1897. Captain D. B. Hodgsdon, USRCS ,
1634-563: Was not especially successful, as poor management hindered the delivery of the boats. The first delivery was made two years after keel laying, and fitting out was then done by Portsmouth Navy Yard . The best construction time for a submarine was 644 days. Cramp closed in 1947 and the site, on the Delaware River in Philadelphia's Port Richmond neighborhood, was turned into a residential estate in early 2020s. Vessels built by
1677-507: Was off Governor ' s port bow when Governor struck her on the starboard side just aft of the pilot house at 07:33, tearing a hole in McCulloch ' s hull and seriously injuring one of McCulloch ' s crewmen in his bunk. Governor , which suffered no casualties among her passengers and crew, took aboard all of McCulloch ' s crew, and McCulloch sank 35 minutes after the collision three nautical miles northwest of Point Conception. Her injured crewman died on 16 June 1917 in
1720-403: Was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at the wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port . The Oxford English Dictionary cites port in this usage since 1543. Formerly, larboard was often used instead of port . This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load . Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844
1763-656: Was proceeding cautiously in heavy fog about four nautical miles (7.4 km) west-northwest of Point Conception , California, at 07:30 when her crew heard the fog signal of the Pacific Steamship Company passenger steamer Governor , which was southbound from San Francisco to San Pedro with 429 passengers and crew aboard. Governor ' s crew also heard McCulloch ' s fog signal, and Governor ' s captain ordered full speed astern and ordered Governor ′s whistle to blow three times to indicate that her engines were at full speed astern. McCulloch
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1806-576: Was the third Revenue Cutter Service ship to bear the name McCulloch or Hugh McCulloch . As the Spanish–American War was about to commence in early 1898, McCulloch was on her shakedown cruise , a voyage from Philadelphia via the Suez Canal and the Far East to her first duty station at San Francisco , California . Upon her arrival at Singapore on 8 April 1898, two full weeks before
1849-467: Was wrecked on Cape Rodney ( 64°39′N 165°24′W / 64.650°N 165.400°W / 64.650; -165.400 ( Cape Rodney ) ) on the west-central coast of the Territory of Alaska in a snowstorm and sank with the loss of one life on 23 October 1900, McCulloch rescued her 38 survivors from the beach. McCulloch helped maintain order in the San Francisco area after
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