109-822: Triple J (stylised in all lowercase) is a government-funded, national Australian radio station founded in 1975 as a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). It aims to appeal to young listeners of alternative music, and plays more Australian content than commercial networks. The station was set up under the Gough Whitlam government , wanting to extend the appeal of the ABC to young Australians. Initially broadcasting as 2JJ or Double Jay from 19 January 1975, it stood apart from commercial stations with its lack of private advertising and its fringe music programming. Following
218-499: A "punk" brand due to its fringe and often controversial music programming, especially in its early years. Journalists often point to the first song the station played as evidence of this– at the time, Skyhooks' "You Just Like Me 'Cos I'm Good in Bed" was denied from airplay at other Australian broadcasters due to its salacious content. Further, the station had been playing N.W.A 's protest song " Fuck tha Police " for six months before catching
327-427: A "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from XM Satellite Radio or Sirius Satellite Radio ; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed. AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation ,
436-495: A 105 hour vigil , and a public meeting that packed the Sydney Town Hall with angry listeners spilled out onto the street. Concern was expressed about the introduction of a more highly programmed music format, and the appointment of Chapman was seen as an indication of a more commercial direction. Management responded that to launch a national network meant that the station must broaden its then almost-exclusive focus on
545-520: A 40% stake in February 1996. By the end of 1996 the station still had low ratings, causing the owners to relaunch it on Christmas Eve 1996 as The New 2SM, with a format of hits from the 60s to 80s. In 2002 the night time show, hosted by Graeme Gilbert, scored a rating of just 0.1%, the lowest rating ever recorded for a commercial program in a metro market in Australia. 2SM subsequently withdrew from
654-592: A 5.4% share of the total radio audience, with 17% in the 18–24 age group, while the audience share of rival 2SM dropped by 2.3%. Despite the poor quality of reception caused by the Sydney transmitter, the station still saw rapid growth. Austin explained that station staff threatened industrial action in July 1975 due to the transmitter issues, but officials of the BCB still refused to meet with 2JJ representatives. A new transmitter
763-642: A Version – a weekly program which sees an artist perform an original and a cover song, Live at the Wireless – broadcasts of exclusive concert recordings, and Bars of Steel , a web series featuring up-and-coming rappers freestyling . News updates on Triple J are written and edited from a youth-oriented perspective. Hack , the station's flagship current affairs program, is broadcast every weekday evening and features investigations into relevant issues impacting young Australians. Many early Triple J presenters went on to successful careers with commercial stations,
872-494: A business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences. Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or propaganda reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in
981-529: A commercial syndicate headed by John Brown attempted to purchase the station. In July the station was finally sold to Wesgo , who sacked the entire on-air staff and put the station into automation. Wesgo relaunched the station with a country music format in October. With the station still last place in the ratings, it went back to easy listening in May 1994, adopting the new name Gold 1269 and by Survey 8 1994 hit
1090-434: A conservative line in its programming, and it was promoted as "The Family Station". In 1958 2SM moved to premises at 257 Clarence Street, Sydney , maintaining its style. At the time, the station was run by General Manager Bill Stephenson, who started his radio career at 2UE in the 1940s before moving to 2SM in the 1950s. In September 1963 Stephenson oversaw a radical overhaul of 2SM's format. It started 24-hour service, and
1199-548: A few years earlier." Launched in 2006 by Paul Stipack, J Play was an archive of every song played by Triple J over 12 years. It showed an artist's trajectory from their first airing to full rotation. The privately-owned site was acquired by Seventh Street Media (Brag Media) along with music publications Tone Deaf and The Brag , in early 2017. Owing to changes in the music industry, J Play's usefulness diminished, and it ceased operation in January 2019. The Brag Media retained
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#17327732470701308-463: A kind of vacuum tube , was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming . He developed a device that he called an "oscillation valve," because it passes current in only one direction. The heated filament, or cathode , was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate (or anode ) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in
1417-416: A marketing decision made in 1981 that according to writer Ben Eltham of Meanjin , is one that reflects "a particular world-view that takes brand identity seriously". Marketing staff will vet press releases and posters to ensure the broadcaster name is written as triple j . In November 2024, the logos of Triple J and its sister stations were updated for the first time in 15 years. The Triple J news theme
1526-546: A mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo , though this never gained popularity and very few receivers were ever sold. The signal
1635-592: A national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations. Digital radio broadcasting has emerged, first in Europe (the UK in 1995 and Germany in 1999), and later in
1744-578: A parish priest at St Mark's Drummoyne , raised funds to allow Archbishop Michael Kelly to form the Catholic Broadcasting Co. Ltd, and it obtained a licence for radio 2SM in 1931. The station, owned by the Roman Catholic Church , was opened by Kelly on 24 December 1931. Apart from the regular Question Box program of Dr Rumble , religious content was, for most part, not its focus; but for most of its life 2SM followed
1853-426: A positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents. Radio RSA , the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on Radio Moscow from
1962-464: A program executive with SBS TV and producer of The Movie Show . From July 2024, presenters on daily programs include: Triple J Unearthed is an online music discovery platform and digital radio station that features only Australian content and focuses on discovering new local acts. Originally beginning as a talent competition in 1996, notable winners of the time included Killing Heidi , Missy Higgins and Grinspoon . The modern Triple J Unearthed
2071-523: A promotional image of the former World Trade Center draped with a huge drum flag. Meanwhile, a notable winner of the competition was a Queensland farmer who formed a drum logo-shaped crop circle in his wheat-fields. Triple J launched its own music magazine, JMag (later known as Triple J Magazine ), in 2005. It was initially published quarterly, then monthly, but in 2013 the magazine ceased publication by News Custom Publishing. It returned as an annual edition, produced in-house, until 2016. Adapting to
2180-533: A public audience . In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station , while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver ( radio ). Stations are often affiliated with a radio network that provides content in a common radio format , either in broadcast syndication or simulcast , or both. The encoding of
2289-494: A radio background, including singer-songwriters Bob Hudson and John J. Francis , and actor Lex Marinos . Other notable foundation staff and presenters in January 1975 were Chris Winter, Marius Webb and Ron Moss, Arnold Frolows , Mark Colvin , Jim Middleton , Don Cumming and Mac Cocker (the father of musician Jarvis Cocker ). The station rapidly gained popularity, especially with its target youth demographic: media articles noted that in its first two months on air, 2JJ reached
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#17327732470702398-634: A radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an analog or digital signal . Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave modulation : amplitude modulation for AM radio , or frequency modulation for FM radio . Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different digital audio standards, such as DAB ( Digital Audio Broadcasting ), HD radio , or DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale ). The earliest radio stations were radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated. The thermionic valve ,
2507-460: A significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of World War II and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat. FM radio on
2616-448: A sold-out crowd. In the station's early years, Triple J primarily played alternative rock and pop rock , but the range of music programmed was far wider than its commercial rivals, encompassing both mainstream and alternative rock and pop, experimental and electronic music, progressive rock , funk, soul, disco, the emerging ambient , punk and New Wave genres of the late 1970s and reggae . Triple J initially positioned itself as
2725-446: A transition to FM in 1981, the station rebranded as 2JJJ or Triple J as it expanded regionally throughout the 1990s. Two spin-off digital stations were launched in the early 2010s: Triple J Unearthed , which plays only local, unsigned musicians; and Double J , which aims to appeal to more contemporary audiences. Triple J used to dominate national ratings in the 18–24-year-old demographic, but its audience has declined since 2015 with
2834-405: Is a "very 90s remix" of the classic ABC News theme " Majestic Fanfare ". It was written and produced by Paul McKercher and John Jacobs in 1991, and is still used as of 2024. It contains a drum sample from Prince 's " Get Off " and the record scratch from N.W.A's "Fuck tha Police", a nod to the track after it was banned by ABC management. This unconventional news theme is another core element of
2943-426: Is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz stereo "subcarrier" —a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity
3052-708: Is an annual contest held founded in 2008 aimed at musicians and bands in high school . The winner receives mentoring, recording opportunities and airplay on Triple J. Recent acts to have found success with the initiative include Hockey Dad (2014), The Kid Laroi (2018), Genesis Owusu (2015) Japanese Wallpaper (2014) and Gretta Ray (2016). Every November, Triple J celebrates Ausmusic Month, where Australian acts are heavily promoted across all its stations. A number of events are organised, including major concerts– in 2010 this included headlining acts Bag Raiders and Ball Park Music and in 2018 featured performances from Paul Kelly , Crowded House and Missy Higgins. Triple J hosts
3161-421: Is little affected by daily changes in the ionosphere, so broadcasters need not reduce power at night to avoid interference with other transmitters. FM refers to frequency modulation , and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia . Russia, like the former Soviet Union , uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses
3270-472: Is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM. Bandwidth of 200 kHz is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz
3379-453: Is subject to interference from electrical storms ( lightning ) and other electromagnetic interference (EMI). One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting. AM broadcasts occur on North American airwaves in
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3488-465: Is the automation of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by computer control. 2SM 2SM is an Australian radio station, licensed to and serving Sydney , broadcasting on 1269 kilohertz on the AM band. It is owned and operated by Broadcast Operations Group . The SM call sign is taken from the initials of Saint Mary's. 2SM's programs are heard across
3597-447: Is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background music for public areas, GPS auxiliary signals, or financial market data. The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power,
3706-533: The J Awards during the month, and encourages listeners to wear their favourite band's T-shirt on Ausmusic T-Shirt Day , which the station founded in 2013. The J Awards are an annual awards ceremony held in November each year to celebrate Australian music . As of 2024, the five award categories are Australian Album of the Year, Australian Music Video of the Year, Australian Live Act of the Year, Unearthed Artist of
3815-570: The Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England . A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on June 15, 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The BBC
3924-516: The medium wave frequency range of 525 to 1,705 kHz (known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine channels from 1,605 to 1,705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the Americas , and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else. AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric propagated during the day due to strong absorption in the D-layer of
4033-702: The 1960s to the 1980s was What is Communism? A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the Cold War the American Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and Indian Radio AIR were founded to broadcast news from "behind the Iron Curtain " that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate disinformation . Currently,
4142-452: The 1990s, Triple J commenced expansion to more regional areas of Australia and, in 1994, it was extended to another 18 regional centres throughout the country. In 1996, the total was brought to 44, with the new additions including Launceston, Tasmania ; Albany, Western Australia ; Bathurst, New South Wales and Mackay, Queensland . As of 2006, Triple J's most recent expansion was to Broome, Western Australia . In May 2003, Arnold Frolows ,
4251-457: The 2JJ brand at the time. Choosing an Australian band reflected the network's commitment to Australian content at a time when American acts dominated pop stations . Further, the song was one of several tracks from the Skyhooks' album that had been banned on commercial radio for its explicit sexual content. Because 2JJ was a government-funded station operating under the umbrella of the ABC, it
4360-525: The 2SM Super Radio Network in regional New South Wales, the Northern Territory and Queensland, consisting of over 60 AM and FM stations. 2SM unveiled its denim zipper logo in 1975. Although the logo is inextricably linked to 2SM, it was, according to radio historian Wayne Mac, actually created for Brisbane pop station 4IP by a company called Eagle Marketing and subsequently adopted by other stations including 2SM, 3XY and 2NX . James Meany,
4469-426: The 2SM brand when it became "Lite & Easy 1269". Its final rating as a Top 40 station had been 6.9%. The years since have seen its format undergo numerous changes, including easy listening and country formats (KICK AM). The ratings never again surpassed 4%. In the 1990s, the station regained its original callsign (2SM) and recorded some of the lowest ratings ever by a Sydney commercial radio station. In February 1992
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4578-593: The 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. Edwin Howard Armstrong invented wide-band FM radio in the early 1930s to overcome the problem of radio-frequency interference (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the radio frequency spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing
4687-621: The ABC, amidst a major board restructuring. Several presenters including Jess Perkins and Tim Shepherd also announced their departures, and Good Nights with Latifa Tee was axed. In May 2024, Triple J hosted the inaugural Bars of Steel Live event in Parramatta , showcasing hip hop and rap artists from all across Western Sydney. In September, the station also revived its One Night Stand regional music festival, which hadn't previously run since 2019. It took place in Warrnambool, Victoria to
4796-474: The ABC. During his tenure, he doubled the amount of airtime given to Australian artists, from 30% to 60%, and increased the station's audience from 980,000 in 2006 to 3 million in 2022. According to The Music , a "heated meeting with staff in Sydney" regarding the changes involved audible "shock and disappointment", particularly over Kingsmill's redundancy. Several news outlets including The Guardian and Mumbrella wrote pieces about Kingsmill's importance to
4905-616: The Australian market. With stringent format policies applying to music flow, commercial content, what announcers said and the placement of jingles, 2SM redefined the whole premise of music based radio in Australia. Key to the More Music philosophy was a strictly limited, high rotation play list of around 30 songs and which at peak times reputedly included as few as 15 songs in one three-hour shift. The new format had several significant effects. First and foremost, it brought to an abrupt end
5014-455: The Australian music scene, with Nathan Jolly of the latter calling the broadcaster "the most important single figure in the history of Australian music", on par with Michael Gudinski and Molly Meldrum . Further, the corporation's head of music and creative development, Meagan Loader, announced her departure. Ben Latimer, former head of the Nova network , was announced as the new head of radio at
5123-652: The FM band at a frequency of 105.7 MHz (again restricted to within the Greater Sydney region) and became 2JJJ, referred to as Triple J. The first song played was another track then banned from commercial radio, "Gay Guys" by the Dugites . On 19 January 1981, the AM transmissions ceased, and Triple J became an FM-only station. It was not until the 1989 that the ABC was finally able to expand to Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, and Perth. In
5232-416: The J Play database of 40,000 songs, 11,000 artists, and 15,000 playlists . In June 2024, Sydney software engineer Harrison Khannah launched Triple J Watchdog, a similar online resource that tracks each week's top songs, musicians and genres, with additional statistics like artists' country of origin, pronouns and their amount of Spotify monthly listeners. The Triple J name is stylised in all lowercase ,
5341-417: The Sydney music scene, requiring the addition of new talent. Chapman oversaw a radical overhaul of Triple J's programming and marketing, introducing an early morning comedy breakfast program with two presenters, a late morning talk and talkback program, and a light talk-and-comedy afternoon drive-time shift. He also maintained and strengthened the station's commitment to live music, as he did at 2SM. Throughout
5450-508: The Triple J brand identity – McKercher wanted to create a sound that was distinctly uncommercial. Through the mid-to-late 1980s, Triple J pioneered special interest programs including the Japanese pop show Nippi Rock Shop , Arnold Frolows' weekly late-night ambient music show Ambience , and Jaslyn Hall's world music show – the first of its kind on Australian mainstream radio. Nowadays,
5559-506: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited. In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as live broadcasting. As technology for sound recording improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend
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#17327732470705668-759: The US and Canada , just two services, XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by Sirius XM Satellite Radio , which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, 2008, whereas in Canada , XM Radio Canada and Sirius Canada remained separate companies until 2010. Worldspace in Africa and Asia, and MobaHO! in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business. Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance,
5777-580: The US operates similar services aimed at Cuba ( Radio y Televisión Martí ) and the People's Republic of China , Vietnam , Laos and North Korea ( Radio Free Asia ). Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example, Vatican Radio , established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as HCJB or Trans World Radio will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In
5886-691: The United States and Canada have chosen to use HD radio , an in-band on-channel system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a consortium of private companies that is called iBiquity . An international non-profit consortium Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), has introduced the public domain DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide. Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see
5995-589: The United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election . The Montreal station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from
6104-643: The United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for Digital Audio Broadcasting , and uses the public domain EUREKA 147 (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio. The broadcasting regulators of
6213-513: The Year and Double J Artist of the Year. The most recent J Award winners for Australian Album of the Year were Smiling With No Teeth by Genesis Owusu in 2021 , Angel in Realtime by Gang of Youths in 2022 , Drummer by G Flip in 2023 , and Zorb by Sycco in 2024 . Radio station Radio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata , by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to
6322-556: The attention of ABC management who subsequently banned it in 1990. As a result, the staff went on strike and put the group's song " Express Yourself " on continuous play for 24 hours, playing it roughly 82 times in a row. The station also set itself apart by playing an unprecedented amount of Australian content , and it was a pioneer in its coverage of independent music . Early presenter Gayle Austin reflected in 2006: "At that time Australian music didn’t have much production put into it because there wasn’t much money made out of it." Staff at
6431-728: The case of the Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , both governmental and religious programming is provided. Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for audio broadcasting in general include cable radio , local wire television networks , DTV radio , satellite radio , and Internet radio via streaming media on the Internet . The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available radio spectrum licenses has restricted growth of Satellite radio broadcasts. In
6540-722: The college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs. By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver . In line to ITU Radio Regulations (article1.61) each broadcasting station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations. There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting , non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio , student-run campus radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be found throughout
6649-714: The company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely. As well as on the medium wave bands, amplitude modulation (AM) is also used on the shortwave and long wave bands. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or religious broadcasting organizations. Shortwave transmissions can have international or inter-continental range depending on atmospheric conditions. Long-wave AM broadcasting occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The ground wave propagation at these frequencies
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#17327732470706758-467: The country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night. AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At
6867-431: The days of the true "personality" DJs, as exemplified by 2UW's Ward "Pally" Austin and 3XY's legendary Stan "The Man" Rofe. The rigid formatting restricted the on-air presentation, replacing it with a highly affected, American-style presented by a largely faceless and interchangeable roster of "rock jocks". But even more significantly, the "More Music" format took programming decisions out of the hands of DJs and put them into
6976-435: The digital streaming age, in 2004, the station began to release podcasts of some of its talkback shows, including Dr Karl , This Sporting Life , and Hack . In 2006, Triple J launched JTV (later rebranded to Triple J TV ), a series of television programmes broadcast on ABC1 and ABC2 including music videos, live concerts, documentaries, and comedy, as well as a behind-the-scenes look at Triple J's studios. In 2006,
7085-486: The dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments. Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting
7194-608: The establishment of community radio stations , and the creation of two new stations for the ABC: 2JJ in Sydney, referred to as Double Jay, and the short-lived 3ZZ in Melbourne. 2JJ was intended to be the first link in Whitlam's planned national youth network, however his administration was not re-elected in the 1975 federal election . The succeeding Fraser government 's budget cuts to the ABC also halted this plan from moving forward. By
7303-487: The first time to broadcast phone conversations with members of the public. In November 1968 2SM reverted to an all music format. In 1969 2SM aggressively fought to regain the youth audience it had lost to 2UW . During 1970 2SM established itself as one of the most promotionally active and innovative commercial stations. Rod Muir successfully transplanted the American "More Music" format to Sydney, making minor adaptations for
7412-512: The fourth weekend of January, rather than on Australia Day , due to Invasion Day protests and the Change the Date debate . Triple J began 2020 with a major overhaul of its hosts, replacing longtime presenters including Gen Fricker and Tom Tilley with younger talent including Bryce Mills and Lucy Smith . In August 2021, the Triple J Twitter account posted "did it hurt? when you aged out of
7521-439: The hands of consultants and back room programming executives. From around 1970 until the mid-1980s, 2SM dominated Sydney commercial radio. At its peak in the late-1970s it was the highest rating and most profitable station in the history of Australian radio. It epitomised and defined commercial AM Top 40 radio practice around the country for fifteen years and long after 2SM itself lost popularity, its successful programming formula
7630-550: The heights of 7.1%. In late 1994 Wesgo was purchased by Australian Provincial Newspapers , who later purchased the Australian Radio Network in March 1995, requiring some stations to be sold due to media ownership rules. The station was sold to Kick Media, headed by former INXS manager, Chris Murphy . It was rebranded Kick AM in mid-October with a format comprising country, rock and blues. RG Capital bought
7739-583: The highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels. The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the Yankee Network , located in New England . Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose
7848-518: The inaugural shift, said "it's for people who love music, and also love a bit of music history." In ratings released in August 2015, Triple J was the highest or equal first in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth in the 25–39 demographic. Triple J attracted significant news coverage in the lead-up to the Hottest 100 of 2017 , when the station announced they would move the countdown date to
7957-474: The ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called clear-channel stations . Many of them can be heard across much of
8066-419: The late 1980s, Triple M director Barry Chapman was appointed as general manager to oversee Triple J's network expansion. His tenure, and the expansion of the network, generated controversy, most notably in 1990, when a large amount of staff in the Sydney office were fired, including the most popular presenters Tony Biggs and Tim Ritchie. Several protests were held outside its William Street studios, including
8175-402: The most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases. Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross
8284-453: The most notable being Doug Mulray , who honed his distinctive comedy-based style at the ABC before moving to rival FM rock station 2-MMM ( Triple M ) in the 1980s, where he became the most popular breakfast presenter in Sydney, and one of the highest-paid radio personalities in the country. Presenter Annette Shun Wah went on to host the popular Rock Around the World series on SBS and is now
8393-520: The nationwide Ausmusic T-Shirt Day initiative in 2013. Unearthed , the network's online music discovery platform, provides pathways for independent artists to be broadcast on the network. However, Triple J has been criticised for promoting a homogenous national music scene. The launch of a new, youth-focused radio station was a product of the progressive media policies of the Whitlam government of 1972–75. Prime minister Gough Whitlam wanted to set
8502-441: The new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station (" simulcasting "). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became
8611-470: The only remaining member of the original 2JJ staff of 1975, stepped down after 28 years as Triple J music director. He was replaced by presenter Richard Kingsmill , who joined the station in 1988. In late 2004, the station's promotion for their annual Beat the Drum contest– in which listeners were to send in the most remarkable places they could promote the Triple J logo– caused brief controversy after it issued
8720-455: The range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between
8829-475: The reverse direction because the plate was not heated, and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the Fleming valve , it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current, and as a radio wave detector . This greatly improved the crystal set , which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cat's whisker . However, an amplifier
8938-451: The rise of streaming media , Triple J has seen a 2.5% decline of listeners across the major capital cities between late April and June 2022. Compared to the audience share of 7.7% in the Sydney 18–24 year-old demographic in 2021, the station had dropped to 4.4% in 2022. In December 2023, it was announced that Richard Kingsmill , who had been the music director of Triple J, Double J and other related stations, would be leaving after 35 years at
9047-484: The rise of streaming media . Triple J continues to have a significant impact on the Australian music landscape , supporting major music festivals and domestic tours, and organising its own events like One Night Stand . Every year, it broadcasts the Hottest 100 , a public poll of the years' most popular music, and runs the J Awards , a music awards series. Triple J annually champions Ausmusic Month and founded
9156-410: The same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other. Bob Carver created an AM stereo tuner employing notch filtering that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to FM stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left
9265-452: The station apart. Sam Whiting of The Conversation calls the community critiquing the broadcaster in this regard a "national pastime". D'Souza argued that generally, Triple J's music programming has become increasingly commercial, with international pop stars Billie Eilish , Olivia Rodrigo and Lil Nas X all becoming playlist mainstays and the former even taking out the 2018 Hottest 100 in "an outcome that would have been unthinkable even
9374-402: The station as announcers to celebrate International Women's Day ", and "The listeners owned the station ... and if they wanted to come to the meetings and join the debate, they were welcome". In its early years 2JJ's on-air staff were mainly recruited from either commercial radio or other ABC stations. In another first for the industry, their roster also featured presenters who did not come from
9483-447: The station continues to broadcast several genre-specific music programs throughout the week, including: Currently hosted by Ash McGregor, Home & Hosed is another flagship Triple J program that plays only Australian music, typically from local and unsigned artists . It is broadcast most weekday evenings, whereas other specialist shows are only scheduled for once a week. Triple J also has several live music segments, including Like
9592-406: The station played too much of the likes of " Spacey Jane , Lime Cordiale , Skegss and Ball Park Music " who "are consistently among the most played artists on the station every year." Another respondent said the "station's programming is consistent to a fault." For decades, Triple J has been criticised for sounding too much like commercial radio and losing its distinct identity that initially set
9701-469: The station to be closed down. The station regularly sponsored live concerts and organised a number of major outdoor concert events in the late 1970s, culminating in an outdoor, all-day event in Parramatta Park on 18 January 1981 to celebrate the re-launch of 2JJJ. Attended by 40,000 people, the historic concert featured Midnight Oil and Matt Finish . On 11 July 1980, 2JJ began broadcasting on
9810-527: The station up to appeal to the youth vote, and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), worried about its declining audience, "wanted a station for young people who would grow up to be ABC listeners." A new station was also a recommendation stemming from the McLean Report of 1974, which suggested expanding radio broadcasting onto the FM band , issuing a new class of broadcasting license which permitted
9919-534: The station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in the United States. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license ; advertisements did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in
10028-413: The station were expected to "provide an alternative to the mainstream, with a heavy emphasis on Australian content". This is because the station has always had a 40% minimum Australian content quota, well above commercial radio's 25%. In recent years, Triple J has been "dominated by garage-pop bands," according to Shaad D'Souza of The Guardian . The journalist interviewed longtime listeners who thought
10137-512: The time 2JJ went to air, the Whitlam government was in its final months of office, and presenters on the station were frequently accused of left-wing bias in the months that followed. 2JJ commenced broadcasting at 11:00 am, Sunday 19 January 1975, at 1540 kHz on the AM band . The station was restricted largely to the Greater Sydney region, and its local reception was hampered by inadequate transmitter facilities. However, its frequency
10246-408: The time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in
10355-510: The website for Triple J Unearthed was launched. It remains a hub for unsigned Australian artists to upload their music and be heard by the Triple J team. A digital radio station, which only plays content from the website, was launched in 2011. In 2014, ABC's Dig Music digital radio station was rebranded and relaunched as Double J on 30 April 2014. The new station featured both new music and material from Triple J interview and sound archives. Former Triple J announcer Myf Warhurst , who hosted
10464-567: The world. Many stations broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the BBC , VOA , VOR , and Deutsche Welle have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity. Nielsen Audio , formerly known as Arbitron, the United States –based company that reports on radio audiences, defines
10573-401: The youth radio station", riffing on a popular pick-up line . The tweet attracted widespread criticism, with accusations of ageism . Writing for NME , journalist Andrew Street said the controversy renewed discussion about the lack of airplay of older artists on the station, with many being "deemed Double J-ready" in their mid-20s. As radio ratings continue to decline across the board due to
10682-413: Was a clear channel nationally, so it was easily heard at night throughout south-eastern Australia. After midnight, 2JJ would use off-air ABC networks to increase its broadcasting range. Its first broadcast demonstrated a determination to distinguish itself from other Australian radio stations. The first on-air presenter, DJ Holger Brockmann, notably used his own name, which, at his previous role at 2SM ,
10791-530: Was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czechoslovak Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923. Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay
10900-513: Was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS ). In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad , an electrical engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation , began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters 8XK. Later,
11009-409: Was considered "too foreign-sounding". After an introductory montage that featured sounds from the countdown and launch of Apollo 11 , Brockmann launched the station's first broadcast with the words, "Wow, and we're away!", and then played Skyhooks ' " You Just Like Me 'Cos I'm Good in Bed ". The choice of this song to introduce the station was significant, as it represented several important features of
11118-460: Was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment, and cultural fare for several decades. Radio in education soon followed, and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when
11227-429: Was launched as a website in 2006, and in five years, grew to host 30,000 artists and 250,000 users. Musicians can upload their songs to the site, and users can rate tracks and leave comments. In 2011, Triple J Unearthed was launched as a digital station in five Australian capital cities. Unearthed hosts a number of competitions and initiatives to improve the recognition of independent artists . For example, Unearthed High
11336-669: Was not bound by commercial censorship codes, and was not answerable to advertisers or the station owners. In contrast, their Sydney rival, 2SM, was owned by a holding company controlled by the Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney , resulting in the ban or editing of numerous songs. The internal politics of 2JJ were considered a radical departure from the formats of commercial stations. 2JJ's presenters had almost total freedom in their on-air delivery, and all staff participated in major policy decisions. For example, as former announcer Gayle Austin reflected: "In early March, women took over
11445-607: Was not provided until 1980, following the transition to the FM band. Controversy emerged after the station hosted an open-air concert in Liverpool, New South Wales , in June 1975, featuring Skyhooks and Dragon . The city's Sun newspaper claimed that attendees were shocked" by "depictions of sexual depravity and shouted obscenities", which allegedly caused women in the audience to clap their hands over their ears, and reportedly prompted Coalition frontbencher Peter Nixon to call for
11554-537: Was quickly becoming viable. However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden , although this is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and
11663-432: Was relaunched as a Top 40 station. It had Australia's first team of disc jockeys, dubbed "The Good Guys"—a US-radio inspired format subsequently copied by 3AK , 5KA , 6PR and others. It relied heavily on adaptations of formulaic programming strategies sourced from American commercial radio. Then in early 1967 2SM became the first station in the country to adopt the new "talkback" technology which enabled presenters for
11772-407: Was still influencing its FM band successors. The introduction of new AM station, 2WS , in 1978, and FM stations 2Day and Triple M at the start of the 1980s saw 2SM's glory days end. In the early 1980s the station retained reasonable ratings with contemporary music formats and slogans such as "More Music", "Rock of the 80s" and "The Power". In 1988 the station dropped its Top 40 format as well as
11881-494: Was still required. The triode (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was created on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben ; independently, on October 25, 1906, Lee De Forest patented his three-element Audion . It was not put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting
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