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54-551: Major General Richard J. Marshall United States Army Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) ( Filipino : Hukbong Katihan ng Estados Unidos sa Malayong Silangan ; Spanish : Fuerzas del Ejército de los Estados Unidos en el Lejano Oriente ) was a military formation of the United States Army active from 1941 to 1946. The new command's headquarters was created on 26 July 1941, at No. 1, Calle Victoria, Manila , Luzon ,

108-550: A crisis. The Secretary has delayed recommending your appointment as he does not feel the time has arrived for such action. At the proper time, he will recommend to the President that you be so appointed." On 17 July, Gerow made the following recommendations: On 25 July, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson requested that President Roosevelt issue orders calling the military forces of the Commonwealth into active service for

162-482: A general vacates their three or four-star rank at the termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur , who served as a four-star general and Army Chief of Staff, reverted to two stars after his CoS tour ended but chose to stay on active duty in the United States Army. The practice of using lieutenant general and general grades as a temporary rank continues, with

216-605: A stepdaughter, Dorothy, and step son, Lieutenant Kenneth Roscoe Lummus, who died on 28 March 1943. In 1939, upon the request of General Douglas MacArthur , Marshall was assigned to duty again in the Philippines. A vacancy had occurred through the return of Col. Dwight D. Eisenhower to duty in the U.S. The officers on this duty were assisting Gen. MacArthur in advising the Philippine Commonwealth Government in forming and training an army for

270-462: A three-star rank is a game of musical chairs; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, they have 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or higher importance or involuntarily retire. Historically, officers leaving three-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing

324-576: Is O-9. It is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks . It is abbreviated as LTG in the Army, LtGen in the Marine Corps, and Lt Gen in the Air Force and Space Force. The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of generals that may be concurrently active to 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, and 198 for

378-461: Is extremely rare. Other than voluntary retirement, the statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officer's retirement until

432-472: Is three years but some are set four or more years by statute. Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries, the Secretary of Defense, the president, or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by an act of Congress but this

486-634: The 14th Field Artillery . In May Marshall was transferred to the 6th Field Artillery , one of the oldest Regular Army units, and which was then stationed at Douglas, Arizona , preparing for overseas service as one of the units forming the 1st Division . This was the first American division to be sent to serve with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front , where it arrived in June. Marshall saw combat in

540-722: The Air Force Reserve Command . Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as high-level staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon , often as the heads of their departments. In 2014 five women were serving as lieutenant generals in the US Army. After the close of the Second World War, generals were normally promoted permanently to brigadier general and major general, with temporary promotions to lieutenant general and general to fill senior positions as needed. In theory,

594-667: The Battle of Soissons , the Battle of Saint-Mihiel , and in the Meuse–Argonne offensive , where, on the morning of 1 November 1918, he was wounded by fragments of a German 105 mm shell. He was in army hospitals in France until March 1919, by which time the war had since come to an end, due to the Armistice with Germany . He had been promoted to captain and was a battery commander of B Battery, 6th Field Artillery. Upon returning to

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648-695: The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , that such a command be created with MacArthur as the Far Eastern Commander. On 6 June, Acting Chief of the War Plans Division Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow noted that he saw no need for such a command, as US Forces in the Far East were concentrated in the Philippines . As such, Gerow argued that should a "crisis" occur, then MacArthur should become

702-825: The North Luzon Force , South Luzon Force , and the Visayas-Mindanao Force . Actually all had been in existence for several months. Following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941, the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) was formed on 1 January 1942, to control all Allied forces in South East Asia and the South West Pacific . ABDACOM nominally controlled USAFFE forces, although

756-718: The Philippine Presidential Unit Citation . Richard J. Marshall He served in the 1st Division during World War I and became the Chief of Staff of United States Army Forces in the Pacific Theater of Operations by the end of World War II . Marshall was born in Markham, Fauquier County, Virginia , on 16 June 1895, the son of Marion Lewis Marshall and his wife Rebecca Coke Marshall. His maternal grandfather, Richard Coke Marshall,

810-672: The Philippines , with General Douglas MacArthur as commander. The Chief of Staff was Brigadier General Richard K. Sutherland and the Deputy Chief of Staff was Lieutenant Colonel Richard J. Marshall . The core of this command (including MacArthur, Marshall, and Sutherland) was drawn from the Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines . Creation of this command led to

864-688: The Regular Army and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the field artillery in November 1916. In March, 1917 he joined first Regular Army unit, 8th Field Artillery at Fort Bliss, Texas . After the American entry into World War I in April, 1917, expansion of the Regular Army was accelerated and the 2nd Battalion of the 8th Field Artillery was sent to Fort Sill , Oklahoma, to form

918-465: The president 's discretion during time of war or national emergency. The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, so the rank is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. Lieutenant generals are nominated for appointment by

972-601: The Air Force. For the Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the service's active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including the deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency . The president may also add three-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. All statutory limits may be waived at

1026-674: The Allied arrangements for a Southwest Pacific Command were completed and Marshall was detailed as MacArthur's Deputy Chief of Staff. In July the US Army Service of Supply, SWPA succeeded the former command for the US Army Forces in Australia and he became Commanding General, with promotion to Major General. In early 1942 Marshall was given additional duty as Deputy Chief of Staff of USAFFE (U.S. Armed Forces Far East) when it

1080-516: The Army and discontinued. An Army or Marine Corps lieutenant general typically commands a corps -sized unit (20,000 to 45,000 soldiers for an Army Corps and a similar number of Marines for a Marine Expeditionary Force), while an Air Force lieutenant general commands a large Numbered Air Force consisting of several wings or a smaller USAF Major Command (MAJCOM) such as the Air Force Special Operations Command or

1134-661: The Bell Mission to make an economic survey of the Philippines. He received the rank of Minister without portfolio for that appointment. During his Army career, Marshall received the Silver Star during World War I, and the Distinguished Service Cross and Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters from the three command and staff positions that he held in World War II. He

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1188-642: The East. On February 28, 1855, President Franklin Pierce nominated Winfield Scott to be breveted lieutenant general, effective March 29, 1847, as an honor for his capture Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa , during the Mexican–American War . The grade was re-established by a vote in House of Representatives on 1 February 1864, with 96 for and 41 against. On June 1, 1888, the rank was merged with General of

1242-473: The Far East Command was given a truly joint staff." Total Strength—22,532 (1,434 officers—21,098 enlisted, including 11,937 Philippine Scouts) Total Strength: 31,095 (2,504 officers and 28,591 enlisted, including 11,957 Philippine Scouts ) USAFFE received four Distinguished Unit Citations (later converted to Presidential Unit Citations ) for the following time periods - USAFFE also received

1296-597: The Office of the Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, D.C., in order that he be available to become Superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute . He retired from the Army on Nov 30, 1946 and became the 7th Superintendent of VMI until he resigned in June 1952. While at VMI his neighbor, Washington and Lee University , conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL D). President Harry S. Truman appointed him to serve as Deputy Chief of

1350-516: The Philippines. In a historic moment, reenacted in the movie, MacArthur , Marshall met MacArthur's train upon arrival in Adelaide and broke the news to him that U.S. forces in the Pacific would not be sufficient to support any sort of immediate effort to recapture the Philippines. This made clear to MacArthur the war would be more than just a few months in duration. After a few weeks in Australia

1404-572: The President and the Department of Defense creating temporary or indefinite three- and four-star assignments, with a fixed term of office, with the approval of the Senate. Even with the temporary status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade. Listed in order of receiving

1458-582: The U.S. after the war, Marshall was assigned to the postwar Quartermaster Corps . He oversaw construction of Fitzsimons Hospital, Denver, Colorado. He was Quartermaster at Ft. Benning, Georgia 1924, then attended Quartermaster School in 1926, graduated in 1927 and was assigned to Ft. Monmouth, NJ. In 1929 he was sent to the Philippines and assigned as Quartermaster of the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays . He took up residence on Corregidor Island at Fort Mills where he had under his direction

1512-655: The United States and MacArthur was temporarily appointed as the Philippine Department's commander. In January 1941, the intelligence officer ( G-2 ) of the Philippine Department recommended, to his superior in Washington, D.C. , that an American high command in the Far East be created, with the commander of the Philippine Department as its designated commander. It does not appear this idea was seriously considered until Douglas MacArthur suggested, to

1566-682: The United States. Stimson explains, "All practical steps should be taken to increase the defensive strength of the Philippine Islands". The following day, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets within the United States and issued the orders to absorb the forces of the Philippine Army. That same day, the United States Department of War created the USAFFE command, with jurisdiction over the Philippine Department and

1620-535: The VMI Foundation off the ground with an increase in funds from $ 100,000 to $ 600,000. General Marshall, a 1915 graduate, expanded the Corps of Cadets from 300 to 950 during the six years of his administration, both academic and military offerings were expanded and the faculty was enlarged to meet the demands of the growing Cadet Corps, growth made possible by the planning and completion during his administration of

1674-521: The commander of, not some new command, but rather, of the Philippine Department itself. On 20 June, Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall informed MacArthur, "Both the Secretary of War ( Stimson ) and I are much concerned about the situation in the Far East. Your qualifications and experience make you the logical selection for the Army Commander in the Far East should the situation approach

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1728-634: The defense of the Islands after Independence which was to be granted in 1946. He was on this duty in July 1941 when Gen. MacArthur was recalled to active duty. He was detailed to General Staff with troops and Deputy Chief of his Command, the United States Army Forces in the Far East. In October, 1941 he was promoted to temporary Colonel. After Pearl Harbor , Marshall was promoted to brigadier general and remained as Deputy Chief of Staff. He

1782-626: The exception of some ad hoc guerilla and resistance outfits, had surrendered to Japanese by 8 May. MacArthur formally reconstituted USAFFE in Australia in February 1943, to assume responsibility for all administrative staff duties pertaining to U.S. Army units in the SWPA, as well as control of guerrilla forces in the Philippines. On 20 October 1944, the recapture of the Philippines commenced when Allied forces landed in Leyte Gulf . The campaign

1836-540: The latter was effectively an independent force. In February 1942, the US Army established United States Army Forces in Australia under Lieutenant General George Brett under the authority of General MacArthur. Australia will the launching area for supplies and reinforcements in the Philippines. This expanded USAFFE to a theater of Operations command rather than being only within the Philippines. US Army Forces in Dutch East Indies under MGen. Elliot S. Thorpe ,

1890-411: The lead boat commanded by Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley . After an open ocean voyage of several hundred miles they reached Mindanao, then flew to Darwin, Australia, reaching there on March 17, 1942. From Darwin, MacArthur chose to travel south by train because of his wife's fear of flying. As Quartermaster, Marshall was sent ahead to assess troop strength and resources for the potential immediate return to

1944-653: The military forces of Commonwealth of the Philippines (seemingly the Philippine Army , with two regular and ten reserve divisions , and the Philippine Army Air Corps ). At the same time, MacArthur was recalled to active duty, with the rank of lieutenant general , as the USAFFE commander, from his positions as military advisor to the Philippine government and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army . On 4 November 1941 USAFFE formally created

1998-521: The new cadet barracks. He retired in 1952 after suffering a stroke and moved to Florida. He died at Fort Lauderdale on 3 August 1973, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery , in Arlington County, Virginia . "Richard Jacquelin Marshall" . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . </ref> His brother, Marine Corps Brigadier General St. Julien R. Marshall ,

2052-414: The officer's 66th birthday and the president can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday. General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a finite number of three-star slots available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted. Maintaining

2106-592: The president from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above, who also meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions

2160-456: The press in Australia. General Jonathan Wainwright officially assumed control of the remaining forces in the Philippines, now known as United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) on 23 March. On 18 April 1942, ABDACOM was replaced by General Headquarters (GHQ), Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) in Melbourne , including USFIP. MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander, SWPA. USFIP, with

2214-647: The promotion flow. During the Quasi War with France, President John Adams promoted George Washington to lieutenant general to celebrate his service in the American Revolution . The rank of lieutenant general would not be awarded to an active American military commander until Ulysses S. Grant was promoted sixty years later, shortly before the end of the American Civil War, to recognize his position as overall commander of Union forces in

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2268-759: The start of construction of the West end of the Malinta Hill Tunnel . In World War II this same Tunnel became General MacArthur's Command Post on Corregidor. Marshall returned to the U.S. in 1932, attending Command and Staff School at Ft. Leavenworth, Ks, followed by the Army Industrial College, Washington, D.C. He graduated in 1935 and after summer maneuvers with the First Army entered the Army War College , graduating 1936. He

2322-442: The subordination of the headquarters of the Philippine Department of the U.S. Army, as a service command, since planning and tactical control were now under USAFFE control. MacArthur explains, "It became an administrative echelon. It was analogous to a corps area ". MacArthur recommended that Philippine Department commander Major General Grunert be reassigned, as his services were no longer needed. On 23 October, Grunert returned to

2376-403: The surrender , Marshall became Deputy Chief of Staff of SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers). On October 10 he was ordered to Headquarters in Tokyo to take over as the Chief of Staff. On September 2, 1945 he accompanied MacArthur on board the USS  Missouri for the signing of the surrender treaty with the Japanese delegation. In May 1946 Marshall was ordered to temporary duty in

2430-415: The term was revitalized with the creation of Far East Command under General MacArthur in Tokyo. "General MacArthur, however, retained direct command of Army components, wearing a second hat as Commanding General, Army Forces Far East (CG AFFE)." "In 1952, after General MacArthur had left.. the headquarters of Army Forces Far East was fully staffed and placed on a par with the other two component commands, and

2484-462: Was a colonel for the Confederacy in the Civil War , and great grandson of the fourth Supreme Court Chief Justice, John Marshall . He was also a distant cousin of George Catlett Marshall . He attended public schools and Norfolk Academy in Norfolk from 1907 to 1911. In 1911, he entered Virginia Military Institute , Lexington, Virginia . He graduated eighth in his class of 56 with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1915,

2538-432: Was also established as Air Fields are created for the fighters escorting ships or Cargo planes. In March, due to the worsening Allied position in Asia and the Pacific, Roosevelt ordered MacArthur to relocate his command to Australia. MacArthur's famous speech regarding the Philippines, in which he said, "I came out of Bataan and I shall return" was made on 20 March at Terowie, South Australia during his first contact with

2592-486: Was an initiate of the Beta Commission of the Kappa Alpha Order , and went to work as an assistant chemist for Consolidated Electric Light and Power Co., in Baltimore , Maryland. He enlisted in the 4th Maryland Infantry, National Guard while employed in Baltimore. When the Guard was called into the service for the Mexican Border War , 18 June 1916, he was commissioned First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant. While at Eagle Pass, Texas , in August, 1916 he took examinations for

2646-458: Was declared completed on 4 July 1945 Major General Richard J. Marshall assumed command and MacArthur assumed Allied Powers in Asia Pacific command in preparation for the Invasion of Japan. USAFFE was absorbed by US Army, Western Pacific under Lieutenant General Robert Richardson, even before end of war and since bulk of US Army was stationed in Japan it was formally dissolved in the lead-up to Philippine independence on 4 July 1946. In 1947,

2700-556: Was left in charge of the old Command Post at #1 Victoria in Manila when General MacArthur went to Corregidor to establish his Command Post on December 24, 1941. He remained there until directed to bring the balance of the Staff to Corregidor, January 1, 1942. As the Japanese invasion of the Philippines advanced, the fall of Corregidor appeared imminent. As a result, on the night of March 11, 1942 MacAurthur, his family, and his staff, including Marshall, evacuated under cover of night in four PT boats of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three , with

2754-410: Was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour of France, and a Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Crossed Swords (Netherlands), and received the Distinguished Service Star of the Philippines with an oak leaf cluster. During his last year at VMI, the State of Virginia promoted him to Lieutenant General in the Virginia Militia (Unorganized). Following the disruptions of World War II he got

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2808-444: Was subsequently buried next to him in 1989. Here is the ribbon bar of Major General Richard J. Marshall: Lieutenant general (United States) In the United States Armed Forces , a lieutenant general is a three-star general officer in the United States Army , Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force . A lieutenant general ranks above a major general and below a general . The pay grade of lieutenant general

2862-402: Was then placed in charge of the Water Transportation Branch. He married Nell B. Mutter. They had two children, Richard J. Marshall, Jr., who died on 2 March 1943 in World War II, and Harriette Marshall Olsen, who married John E. Olson , who survived the Bataan Death March . After Nell died in 1934, he married Isabel Crum in Montgomery, Alabama on 28 December 1935. From the marriage, he gained

2916-465: Was used to provide a US Army agency for MacArthur to exercise command over US Army troops in SWPA (South West Pacific Army). Increase in size of SWPA Command rapidly increased the administrative problems of MacArthur's Headquarters. In November, 1944, he was detailed as MacArthur's Chief of Staff, USAFFE and, when MacArthur became commander of AFPAC (U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific), Marshall became Deputy Chief of Staff. In 1945, with entry into Japan after

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