Misplaced Pages

#219780

110-863: The United States Army Quartermaster Corps , formerly the Quartermaster Department , is a sustainment and former combat service support (CSS) branch of the United States Army . It is also one of three U.S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Transportation Corps and the Ordnance Corps . The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply, Mortuary Affairs , subsistence, petroleum and water, and material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to

220-817: A campaign, and all orders of march and other orders from the general-in-chief relative to moving and supplying armies. The term became popularised during the Second World War . In Logistics in World War II: Final Report of the Army Service Forces , Lieutenant General LeRoy Lutes , the commanding general of the Army Service Forces , gave the term a more expansive definition: The word "logistics" has been given many different shades of meaning. A common definition is: "That branch of military art which embraces

330-573: A disciple of Hilary of Poitiers , establishing the monastery at Ligugé . He was consecrated as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of Gallo-Roman religion , but he opposed the violent persecution of the Priscillianist sect of ascetics. The contemporary hagiographer Sulpicius Severus wrote a Life of St. Martin . Some of the accounts of his travels may have been interpolated into this book to validate early sites of his cult . He

440-445: A form of economic warfare . A besieging force can attempt to starve out a garrison or tempt it to sally through devastation of the surrounding area rather than undertake the more costly operation of assaulting and destroying it, but if it is dependent on local supply then the besieger who might be starved out through their exhaustion. A second method is to bring along what is needed, whether by ships, pack animals, wagons or carried on

550-464: A list of US Army Quartermasters General, see Quartermaster General (United States) . I am Quartermaster. My story is enfolded in the history of this nation. Sustainer of Armies... My forges burned at Valley Forge. Down frozen, rutted roads my oxen hauled the meager foods a bankrupt Congress sent me... Scant rations for the cold and starving troops, gunpowder, salt, and lead. In 1812 we sailed to war in ships my boatwrights built. I fought beside you in

660-646: A magnificent new reliquary donated by Charles VII of France and Agnes Sorel . During the French Wars of Religion , the basilica was sacked by the Protestant Huguenots in 1562. It was disestablished during the French Revolution . It was deconsecrated, used as a stable, then utterly demolished. Its dressed stones were sold in 1802 after two streets were built across the site, to ensure the abbey would not be reconstructed. While Martin

770-410: A man dressed as St. Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession. The children sing songs about St. Martin and about their lanterns. The food traditionally eaten on the day is goose , a rich bird. According to legend, Martin was reluctant to become bishop, which is why he hid in a stable filled with geese. The noise made by the geese betrayed his location to the people who were looking for him. In

880-534: A national pilgrimage to Tours that attracted people from all of France. The devotion to St. Martin was amplified in the dioceses of France, where special prayers were offered to the patron saint. When the armistice was signed on Saint Martin's Day, 11 November 1918, the French people saw it was a sign of his intercession in the affairs of France. He is the patron saint of beggars (because of his sharing his cloak), wool-weavers and tailors (also because of his cloak), he

990-423: A new commanding officer (away from antichristian Julian and to Christ), along with reluctance to receive Julian's pay just as Martin was retiring, prohibited his taking the money and continuing to submit to the authority of the former now, telling him, "I am the soldier of Christ: it is not lawful for me to fight." He was charged with cowardice and jailed, but in response to the charge, he volunteered to go unarmed to

1100-629: A popular ritual, even in Protestant areas of Germany and the Netherlands, although most Protestant churches no longer officially recognize Saints . In Portugal , where the saint's day is celebrated across the country, it is common for families and friends to gather around the fire in reunions called magustos , where they typically eat roasted chestnuts and drink wine , jeropiga (a drink made of grape must and aguardente ) and aguapé (a sort of weak and watered-down wine). According to

1210-484: A provisional government of national defense was established, and France's Third Republic was proclaimed. Paris was evacuated due to the advancing enemy and for a brief time (September–December 1870), Tours became the effective capital of France. During the French Third Republic, he was seen as a patron saint of France. St Martin was promoted by the clerical right as the protector of the nation against

SECTION 10

#1732775356220

1320-424: A short distance upstream from Tours on the opposite shore of the river Loire . Martin introduced a rudimentary parish system in his diocese. Once a year, the bishop visited each of his parishes, traveling on foot, or by donkey or boat. He continued to set up monastic communities, and extended the influence of his episcopate from Touraine to such distant points as Chartres, Paris, Autun, and Vienne. In one instance,

1430-447: A town and one coming to its relief. Unless a commander was able to arrange a form of regular resupply, a fortress or town with a devastated countryside could become immune to either operation. Napoleon made logistics a major part of his strategy. He dispersed his corps along a broad front to maximise the area from which supplies could be drawn. Each day forage parties brought in supplies. This differed from earlier operations living off

1540-665: A wedge between the Church and the Republic. By 1905, the influence of Rene Waldeck-Rousseau and Emile Combes , combined with deteriorating relations with the Vatican , led to the separation of church and state. St. Martin's popularity was renewed during the First World War. Anticlericalism declined, and priests served in the French forces as chaplains. More than 5,000 of them died in the war. In 1916, Assumptionists organized

1650-418: Is also a dependence on geography, for in desert campaigns there may not be food, water or fodder available locally. Looting was a means of obtaining supplies in the field. It is possible to capture supplies from the enemy or enemy population. An alternative is purchasing , whereby an army takes cash and buys its supplies in the field. Cash can also be obtained in the field through local taxation, backed by

1760-487: Is also the patron saint of the US Army Quartermaster Corps (also because of sharing his cloak), geese (some say because they gave his hiding place away when he tried to avoid being chosen as bishop, others because their migration coincides with his feast), vintners and innkeepers (because his feast falls just after the late grape harvest), and France. He was proclaimed patron of Italian volunteering by

1870-646: Is best known for the account of his using his sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to a beggar clad only in rags in the depth of winter. His shrine in Tours became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. His cult was revived in French nationalism during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1, and as a consequence he was seen as a patron saint of France during

1980-440: Is more restricted than the military definition. Logistics is an enabler of military operations, not an end in itself. Poor logistics can result in defeat, but even the best logistics cannot guarantee victory. Conversely, the best possible logistics is not always required: fit for purpose can suffice. Historian James A. Huston proposed sixteen principles of military logistics: The United States Joint Chiefs of Staff reduced

2090-495: Is often that of a goose, whose annual migration is about late autumn. By the early 9th century, respect for Saint Martin was well-established in Ireland. His monastery at Marmoûtiers became the training ground for many Celtic missions and missionaries. Some believe that St. Patrick was his nephew and that Patrick was one of many Celtic notables who lived for a time at Marmoûtiers. St. Ninian definitely studied at Marmoûtiers and

2200-506: Is required for planning by the medical services. Mathematical models of combat have been developed for this purpose. Lanchester's laws are differential equations that describe the time dependence of two armies' strengths as a function of time. Mathematical models exist for scheduling of convoys to ensure that vehicles and the goods they carry arrive in time. Vehicle routing models can be used to select routes for timely delivery with minimum exposure to enemy action and without overloading

2310-461: Is the dominant concern. The development of computers facilitated the use of analytic tools. Multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision making. The location of a supply depot could involve multiple considerations and constraints, such as the access to road, rail and sea transport, and travel times to desired delivery destinations. Sometimes

SECTION 20

#1732775356220

2420-555: The Department of Defense call this methodology the Analysis of Alternatives , and require it for military acquisitions. Logistical planning requires forecasting of future consumption and attrition. There are two types of attrition: material attrition and personnel attrition. The former relates to the loss of equipment through combat, accidents and ordinary wear and tear through usage. Reliability theory can be used to forecast

2530-523: The French Third Republic . Sulpicius Severus , a contemporary Christian writer, who knew Martin personally wrote a hagiography of the early life of the saint. It contains, among other things, descriptions of supernatural events such as interactions with the Devil and various miracles performed by the saint such as the casting out of demons, the healing of a paralytic and the raising of

2640-456: The Iron Age . Animals such as horses, oxen, camels and elephants were used as beasts of burden to carry supplies. Food, water and fodder for the animals could usually be found or purchased in the field. The Roman Empire built networks of roads, but it was far less expensive to transport a ton of grain from Egypt to Rome by sea than 80 kilometres (50 mi) by road. After the fall of

2750-492: The Middle Ages , the supposed relic of St. Martin's miraculous cloak ( cappa Sancti Martini ) was carried by the king even into battle, and used as a holy relic upon which oaths were sworn. The cloak is first attested to in the royal treasury in 679, when it was conserved at the palatium of Luzarches , a royal villa that was later ceded to the monks of Saint-Denis by Charlemagne , in 798/99. The priest who cared for

2860-635: The dead . Other miracle stories described are: turning back the flames from a house while Martin was burning down the Roman temple it adjoined; deflecting the path of a felled sacred pine ; the healing power of a letter written by Martin. Martin was born in AD 316 or 336 in Savaria in the Diocese of Pannonia (now Szombathely, Hungary). His father was a senior officer ( tribune ) in the Roman military. His father

2970-429: The mean time between failures of equipment and parts. This can be used to develop replacement factors, on which manufacturing and stock levels can be based. In the case of items like subsistence and soap, where demand is highly predictable, it is more convenient to use consumption factors instead. Forecasting of casualties in combat is more difficult, as past experience may not be a reliable guide to future losses, but

3080-469: The pagans agreed to fell their sacred pine tree, if Martin would stand directly in its path. He did so, and it miraculously missed him. Sulpicius, a classically educated aristocrat, related this anecdote with dramatic details, as a set piece. Sulpicius could not have failed to know the incident the Roman poet Horace recalls in several Odes of his own narrow escape from a falling tree. The churches of other parts of Gaul and in Spain were being disturbed by

3190-421: The 1870s, the procession to St. Martin's tomb at Tours became a display of ecclesiastical and military cooperation. Army officers in full uniform acted as military escorts, symbolically protecting the clergy and clearing the path for them. Anti-clerics viewed the staging of public religious processions as a violation of civic space. In 1878, M. Rivière, the provisional mayor of Tours, with anticlerical support banned

3300-498: The 19th century, but even in the 17th century the much larger armies of the period were highly dependent on food supplies being gathered in magazines and shipped to the front. Starting with the Industrial Revolution , new technological, technical and administrative advances permitted supplies to be transported at speeds and over distances never before possible. At the same time, increased demands for ammunition, and

3410-603: The Arians with so much zeal that he was publicly whipped and forced to leave. Returning from Illyria , he was confronted by Auxentius , the Arian Archbishop of Milan , who expelled him from the city. According to the early sources, Martin decided to seek shelter on the island then called Gallinaria, now Isola d'Albenga , in the Ligurian Sea , where he lived the solitary life of a hermit. Not entirely alone, since

United States Army Quartermaster Corps - Misplaced Pages Continue

3520-753: The Army Medical Service Corps. Quartermaster organizations include field service, general supply, petroleum supply and petroleum pipeline, aerial delivery (rigger), water, and mortuary affairs units. Most are company level except petroleum and water, which has battalion and group level units. There is one Bulk petroleum Company on Active Duty. The nine Quartermaster Enlisted Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs) are: The five Quartermaster Warrant Officer Military Occupational Specialties (MOSs) are: The three Quartermaster Officer Areas of Concentration (AOCs) have been merged into 92A as Additional Skill Identifiers (ASIs) The officer in charge of

3630-598: The Emperor. Martin died in Candes-Saint-Martin , Gaul (central France) in 397. After he died, local citizens of the Poitou region and residents of Tours quarreled over where Martin would be buried. One evening after dark, several residents of Tours carried Martin's body to a waiting boat on the river Loire , where teams of rowers ferried his body on the river to Tours, where a huge throng of people waited on

3740-463: The German threat. Conservatives associated the dramatic collapse of Napoleon III's regime as a sign of divine retribution on the irreligious emperor. Priests interpreted it as punishment for a nation led astray due to years of anti-clericalism . They preached repentance and a return to religion for political stability. The ruined towers of the old royal basilica of St. Martin at Tours came to symbolize

3850-618: The Greek logos , which refers to the principles of thought and action. Another Latin root, log- , gave rise around 1380 to logio , meaning to lodge or dwell, and became the French verb loger , meaning "to lodge". Around 1670, the French King Louis XIV created the position of Maréchal des logis , an officer responsible for planning marches, establishing camp sites, and regulating transport and supply. The term logistique soon came to refer to his duties. It

3960-689: The Imperial Court. When Hilary was forced into exile from Pictavium (now Poitiers ), Martin returned to Italy. According to Sulpicius, he converted an Alpine brigand on the way, and confronted the Devil himself. Having heard in a dream a summons to revisit his home, Martin crossed the Alps, and from Milan went over to Pannonia. There he converted his mother and some other persons; his father he could not win over. While in Illyricum he took sides against

4070-574: The Italian bishops in the spring of 2021. Beyond his patronage of the French Third Republic , Saint Martin more recently has also been described in terms of "a spiritual bridge across Europe" due to his "international" background, being a native of Pannonia who spent his adult life in Gaul . Martin is most generally portrayed on horseback dividing his cloak with the beggar. His emblem in English art

4180-683: The Merciful , was the third bishop of Tours . He has become one of the most familiar and recognizable saints in France, heralded as the patron saint of the Third Republic . He is the patron saint of many communities and organizations across Europe. A native of Pannonia (in present-day Hungary), he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the Roman cavalry in Gaul , but left military service at some point prior to 361, when he became

4290-550: The November procession in honor of St. Martin. President Patrice de Mac-Mahon was succeeded by the Republican Jules Grévy , who created a new national anticlerical offensive. Bishop Louis-Édouard-François-Desiré Pie of Poitiers united conservatives and devised a massive demonstration for the November 1879 procession. Pie's ultimate hope was that St Martin would stop the "chariot" of modern society, and lead to

4400-479: The Priscillianists, an ascetic sect, named after its leader, Priscillian . The First Council of Saragossa had forbidden several of Priscillian's practices (albeit without mentioning Priscillian by name), but Priscillian was elected bishop of Avila shortly thereafter. Ithacius of Ossonoba appealed to the emperor Gratian , who issued a rescript against Priscillian and his followers. After failing to obtain

4510-649: The Quartermaster Corps is to provide the following support to the Army: Former functions and missions of the Quartermaster Corps were: Quartermaster detachments, companies and battalions are normally assigned to corps or higher level commands. Divisions and smaller units have multifunctional support battalions which combine functional areas from the Army Transportation Corps, Army Quartermaster Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, and

United States Army Quartermaster Corps - Misplaced Pages Continue

4620-733: The Reserves, or Civilian status, is awarded in three grades: An updated list of recipients is maintained on the Association of Quartermasters website . The Military Order of Saint Martin is awarded by the Association of Quartermasters and not the United States Army. Sustainment (military) The word "logistics" is derived from the Greek adjective logistikos meaning "skilled in calculating", and its corresponding Latin word logisticus . In turn this comes from

4730-495: The Roman Empire in the fifth century there was the shift from a centrally organised army to a combination of military forces made up of local troops. Feudalism was a distributed military logistics system where magnates of the households drew upon their own resources for men and equipment. When operating in enemy territory an army was forced to plunder the local countryside for supplies, which allowed war to be conducted at

4840-569: The U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General . The current Quartermaster General is Colonel Erin C. Miller. The Quartermaster Corps is the U.S. Army's oldest logistics branch, established 16 June 1775. On that date, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution providing for "one Quartermaster General of

4950-445: The abbey was destroyed by fire on several occasions and ransacked by Norman Vikings in 853 and in 903. It burned again in 994, and was rebuilt by Hervé de Buzançais, treasurer of Saint Martin, an effort that took 20 years to complete. Expanded to accommodate the crowds of pilgrims and to attract them, the shrine of St. Martin of Tours became a major stopping-point on pilgrimages . In 1453 the remains of Saint Martin were transferred to

5060-606: The angels, "Martin, who is still but a catechumen , clothed me with this robe." ( Sulpicius, ch 2 ). In another version, when Martin woke, he found his cloak restored to wholeness. The dream confirmed Martin in his piety, and he was baptised at the age of 18. The part kept by himself became the famous relic preserved in the oratory of the Merovingian kings of the Franks at the Marmoutier Abbey near Tours . During

5170-449: The application of this word by some writers as more ambitious than accurate. It is derived from Latin logista , the administrator or intendant of the Roman armies. It is properly that branch of the military art embracing all the details for moving and supplying armies. It includes the operations of the ordnance, quartermaster's, subsistence, medical, and pay departments. It also embraces the preparation and regulation of magazines, for opening

5280-428: The backs of the soldiers themselves. Since ancient times, troops had carried rations and personal equipment such as weapons, armour, cooking gear and bedrolls. Animals could be driven to accompany the army and consumed for meat. Roads facilitate the movement of wheeled vehicles, and travel by river or sea permits the carriage of large volumes of supplies. This allowed the army some measure of self-sufficiency, and until

5390-672: The branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General . The current Quartermaster General is Brigadier General Michelle Donahue. The Quartermaster General does not have command authority over Quartermaster units, but instead commands the United States Army Quartermaster Center and School , located at Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia , near Petersburg . This school provides enlisted advanced individual training (AIT) and leader training for Quartermaster officers , warrant officers and non-commissioned officers . For

5500-457: The capabilities of modern armies while making them highly dependent on this method. The history of military logistics goes back to Neolithic times. The most basic requirements of an army were food and water. Early armies were equipped with weapons used for hunting like spears, knives, axes and bows and arrows, and rarely exceeded 20,000 men due to the practical difficulty of supplying a large number of soldiers. Large armies began to appear in

5610-478: The capacity of transportation networks. Scheduling models can be used to coordinate convoys the share the same routes. There are also models for inventory management that can be used to scheduling and quantity of orders, and stock levels, taking into account factors such as storage capacity, demand rates and delivery lead times. Martin of Tours Martin of Tours ( Latin : Martinus Turonensis ; 316/336 – 8 November 397), also known as Martin

SECTION 50

#1732775356220

5720-452: The chronicles indicate that he would have been in the company of a priest, a man of great virtues , and for a period with Hilary of Poitiers , on this island, where the wild hens lived. Martin lived on a diet of herbs and wild roots . With the return of Hilary to his see in 361, Martin joined him and established a hermitage at what is now the town of Ligugé south of Poitiers , and soon attracted converts and followers. The crypt under

5830-493: The church in great numbers. As Martin was a man's saint, the devotion to him was an exception to this trend. For men serving in the military, Martin of Tours was presented by the Catholic Right as the masculine model of principled behavior. He was a brave fighter, knew his obligation to the poor, shared his goods, performed his required military service, followed legitimate orders, and respected secular authority. During

5940-465: The cloak in its reliquary was called a cappellanu , and ultimately all priests who served the military were called cappellani . The French translation is chapelains , from which the English word chaplain is derived. A similar linguistic development took place for the term referring to the small temporary churches built for the relic. People called them a "capella", the word for a little cloak. Eventually, such small churches lost their association with

6050-553: The cloak, and all small churches began to be referred to as "chapels". The veneration of Martin was widely popular in the Middle Ages , above all in the region between the Loire and the Marne , where Le Roy Ladurie and Zysberg noted the densest accretion of place names commemorating Martin. Venantius Fortunatus had earlier declared, "Wherever Christ is known, Martin is honored." When Bishop Perpetuus took office at Tours in 461,

6160-535: The context in which the Life of St Martin was brought from Gaul to Ireland at an early date, and could explain how Columbanus was familiar with it before he ever left Ireland. Founded by Martin of Tours in 360, Ligugé Abbey is one of the earliest monastic foundations in France. The reputation of the founder attracted a large number of disciples to the new monastery; the disciples initially living in locaciacum or small huts, this name later evolved to Ligugé. Its reputation

6270-407: The creation of a France where the religious and secular sectors merged. The struggle between the two men was reflective of that between conservatives and anti-clerics over the church's power in the army. From 1874, military chaplains were allowed in the army in times of peace, but anti-clerics viewed the chaplains as sinister monarchists and counter-revolutionaries. Conservatives responded by creating

6380-414: The crowd; that may account for complaints by a few that his appearance was too disheveled to be commensurate with a bishopric, but the critics were hugely outnumbered. As bishop, Martin set to enthusiastically ordering the destruction of pagan temples, altars and sculptures: [W]hen in a certain village he had demolished a very ancient temple, and had set about cutting down a pine-tree, which stood close to

6490-722: The decline of traditional Catholic France. With the government's relocation to Tours during the Franco-Prussian War , 1870, numerous pilgrims were attracted to St. Martin's tomb. It was covered by a temporary chapel built by archbishop Guibert . The popular devotion to St. Martin was also associated with the nationalistic devotion to the Sacred Heart . The flag of Sacre-Coeur, borne by Ultramontane Catholic Pontifical Zouaves who fought at Patay, had been placed overnight in St. Martin's tomb before being taken into battle on 9 October 1870. The banner read "Heart of Jesus Save France" and on

6600-561: The deserts of our great Southwest. My pack mules perished seeking water holes, and I went on with camels. I gave flags to serve. The medals and crest you wear are my design. Since 1862, I have sought our fallen brothers from Private to President. In war or peace I bring them home and lay them gently down in fields of honor. Provisioner, transporter. In 1898 I took you to Havana harbor and the Philippines. I brought you tents, your khaki cloth for uniforms. When yellow fever struck, I brought

6710-479: The details of the transport, quartering, and supply of troops in military operations." As the word is used in the following pages, its meaning is even broader. It embraces all military activities not included in the terms "strategy" and "tactics." In this sense, logistics includes procurement, storage, and distribution of equipment and supplies; transport of troops and cargo by land, sea, and air; construction and maintenance of facilities; communication by wire, radio, and

SECTION 60

#1732775356220

6820-400: The development of faster firing weapons in the 19th century most of the ammunition a soldier needed for an entire campaign could be carried on their person or in wagons accompanying the troops. However, this method led to an extensive baggage train which could slow the army's advance. Obtaining supplies in the field and carrying supplies with the army remained the primary means of supply until

6930-401: The distinction between them, the three-level hierarchy is deeply embedded in the organisational structure of military forces. Unlike business logistics, the objective of military logistics is not cost effectiveness of the supply chain, but maximum sustained combat effectiveness. At the tactical level, efficiency is the overriding consideration, whereas at the strategic level effectiveness

7040-478: The eastern part of the Belgian province of East Flanders (Aalst) and the western part of West Flanders ( Ypres ), traditionally children receive presents from St. Martin on November 11, instead of from Saint Nicholas on December 6 or Santa Claus on December 25. They also have lantern processions, for which children make lanterns out of beets . In recent years, the lantern processions have become widespread as

7150-440: The emperor into such matters. He prevailed upon the emperor to spare the life of the heretic Priscillian. At first, Maximus acceded to his entreaty, but, when Martin had departed, yielded to Ithacius and ordered Priscillian and his followers to be beheaded (in 385). Martin then pleaded for a cessation of the persecution of Priscillian's followers in Spain. Deeply grieved, Martin refused to communicate with Ithacius, until pressured by

7260-430: The enemy's expense. However, with the increase in army sizes from the late sixteenth century onward, this reliance on pillage and plunder became problematic, as decisions regarding where and when an army could move or fight became based not on strategic objectives but on whether a given area was capable of supporting the soldiers' needs. Sieges in particular were affected by this, both for an army attempting to lay siege to

7370-471: The established faith of "patriotic Republicanism". St. Martin has long been associated with France's royal heritage. Monsignor René François Renou (Archbishop of Tours, 1896–1913) worked to associate St. Martin as a specifically "republican" patron. Renou had served as a chaplain to the 88 Régiment des mobils d'Indre-et-Loire during the Franco-Prussian war and was known as the "army bishop". Renou

7480-647: The feast day, people ate and drank very heartily for a last time before they started to fast. This fasting time was later called " Advent " by the Church and was considered a time for spiritual preparation for Christmas. On St. Martin's Day, children in Flanders , the southern and northern parts of the Netherlands , and the Catholic areas of Germany and Austria participate in paper lantern processions. Often,

7590-454: The front of the troops. His superiors planned to take him up on the offer, but before they could, the invaders sued for peace, the battle never occurred, and Martin was released from military service. Martin declared his vocation, and made his way to the city of Caesarodunum (now Tours ), where he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers ' Christian orthodoxy. He opposed the Arianism of

7700-592: The grand army and a deputy, under him, for the separate army". In 1802 under President Thomas Jefferson the size of the US Army was reduced with the Quartermaster Department being disbanded. In its place the nation was divided into three departments, each with its own agent and subordinates who were responsible for quartermaster functions within each Department The Quartermaster Corps was re-established in 1812. From 1775 to 1912, this organization

7810-438: The heavier weight of shells and bombs made it more difficult for armies to carry their requirements, and they soon became dependent on regular replenishment of ammunition from depots. At the same time, mechanisation, with motor vehicles replacing animals, created a demand for fuel and spare parts, neither of which could be obtained locally. This led to a "logistical revolution" which began in the 20th century and drastically improved

7920-521: The historian to pin down the exact date of Martin's exit from military service. Still, historian Andre Mertens has provided this guidance: "He [Martin] served under the Roman emperor Constantine II (ruled 337-61) and afterwards under Julian (ruled 355-60)." Regardless of the difficulties in chronology, Sulpicius reports that just before a battle in the Gallic provinces at Borbetomagus (now Worms, Germany) , Martin determined that his switch of allegiance to

8030-517: The intervention of St Martin with his success, and with several following triumphs, including the defeat of Alaric II . The popular devotion to St Martin continued to be closely identified with the Merovingian monarchy: in the early seventh century Dagobert I commissioned the goldsmith Saint Eligius to make a work in gold and gems for the tomb-shrine. The bishop Gregory of Tours wrote and distributed an influential Life filled with miraculous events of St. Martin's career. Martin's cultus survived

8140-455: The land in the size of the forces involved, and because the primary motivation was the emperor's desire for mobility. Ammunition could not as a rule be obtained locally, but it was still possible to carry sufficient ammunition for an entire campaign. The nineteenth century witnessed technological developments that facilitated immense improvements to the storage, handling and transportation of supplies which made it easier to support and army from

8250-422: The little chapel over Martin's grave, built in the previous century by Martin's immediate successor, Bricius , was no longer sufficient for the crowd of pilgrims it was already drawing. Perpetuus built a larger basilica , 38 m (125 ft) long and 18 m (59 ft) wide, with 120 columns. Martin's body was taken from the simple chapel at his hermitage at Candes-St-Martin to Tours and his sarcophagus

8360-492: The mails; care of the sick and wounded; and the induction, classification, assignment, welfare and separation of personnel. NATO uses a more restrictive definition: The science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces. In its most comprehensive sense, the aspects of military operations which deal with: In the 1960s, the term " logistics " began to be used in the business world, where it means physical distribution and supply chain management . This

8470-513: The mattresses you lay upon. In 1918, soldier... like you. Pearl Harbor, too. Mine was the first blood spilled that day. I jumped in darkness into Normandy, D-Day plus 1. Bataan, North Africa, Sicily. I was there. The 'chutes that filled the gray Korean skies were mine; I led the endless trains across the beach in Vietnam. By air and sea I supported the fight for Grenada. Helicopters above the jungles of Panama carried my supplies. In Desert Storm, I

8580-527: The mid-7th century contains the text of a mass for St Martin. In the Life of Columba , Adamnan mentions in passing that St Martin was commemorated during Mass at Iona . In his Ireland and Her Neighbours in the Seventh Century , Michael Richter attributes this to the mission of Palladius seen within the wider context of the mission of Germanus of Auxerre to Britain around 429. Thus, this could be

8690-423: The most widespread variation of the cloak story, Saint Martin cut off half of his cloak in order to offer it to a beggar and along the way, he gave the remaining part to a second beggar. As he faced a long ride in a freezing weather, the dark clouds cleared away and the sun shone so intensely that the frost melted away. Such weather was rare for early November, so was credited to God's intervention. The phenomenon of

8800-408: The number of alternatives is small and they can be considered individually, but they can also be too large for this to be possible. The consideration of constraints simplifies the decision making. These constraints could be economic, such as cost, but might also be less easily quantified, such as political, strategic or operational considerations. The United States Office of Management and Budget and

8910-427: The number of principles to just seven: There are three basic options for the supply of an army in the field, which can be employed individually or in combination. The most basic requirements of an army were food and water. Foraging involved gathering food and fodder for animals in the field. The availability of these tends to be seasonal, with greater abundance around harvest time in agricultural regions. There

9020-515: The parish church (not the current Abbey Chapel) reveals traces of a Roman villa, probably part of the bath complex, which had been abandoned before Martin established himself there. The monastery became a centre for the evangelisation of the country districts around Poitiers, and later developed into Ligugé Abbey , belonging to the Order of St. Benedict and claiming to be the oldest monastery known in western Europe. In 371, Martin succeeded Litorius,

9130-616: The passage of power to the Merovingians' successors, the Carolingian dynasty. Martin is honored in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 11 November . In 1860 excavations by Leo Dupont (1797–1876) established the dimensions of the former abbey and recovered some fragments of architecture. The tomb of St. Martin was rediscovered on 14 December 1860, which aided in the nineteenth-century revival of

9240-418: The popular devotion to St. Martin. After the radical Paris Commune of 1871, there was a resurgence of conservative Catholic piety, and the church decided to build a basilica to St. Martin. They selected Victor Laloux as architect. He eschewed Gothic for a mix of Romanesque and Byzantine, sometimes defined as neo-Byzantine. The new Basilique Saint-Martin was erected on a portion of its former site, which

9350-495: The position of Abbot to his friend and adviser Alcuin . At this time the abbot could travel between Tours and the court at Trier in Germany and always stay overnight at one of his own properties. It was at Tours that Alcuin's scriptorium (a room in monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic scribes ) developed Caroline minuscule , the clear round hand that made manuscripts far more legible. In later times

9460-410: The preferred method of moving personnel over long distances, although it was still more economical to move cargo by sea and land. In forward areas, the helicopter was well-suited to moving troops and supplies, especially over rugged terrain. Akin to the three levels of war, there can be considered to be three levels of logistics. Although modern communications and information technology may have blurred

9570-605: The railhead, although many armies still used animals during the Second World War . The development of air transport provided an alternative to both land and sea transport, but with limited tonnage and at high cost. An airlift over " the Hump " helped supply the Chinese war effort , and after the war the 1948 Berlin Air Lift was successful in supplying half of the city. With the subsequent development of large jets, aircraft became

9680-463: The rear. Canning simplified storage and distribution of foods, and reduced waste and the incidence of food-related illness. Refrigeration allowed frozen meat and fresh produce to be stored and shipped. Steamships made water transports faster and more reliable. Railways were a more economical form of transport than animal-drawn carts and wagons, although they were limited to tracks, and therefore could not support an advancing army unless its advance

9790-569: The reverse side Carmelite nuns of Tours embroidered "Saint Martin Protect France". As the French army was victorious in Patay, many among the faithful took the victory to be the result of divine favor. Popular hymns of the 1870s developed the theme of national protection under the cover of Martin's cloak, the "first flag of France". During the nineteenth-century Frenchmen, influenced by secularism, agnosticism, and anti-clericalism , deserted

9900-461: The river banks to meet and pay their last respects to Martin's body. One chronicle states that "2,000 monks, and nearly as many white-robed virgins, walked in the procession" accompanying the body from the river to a small grove just west of the city, where Martin was buried and where his shrine was established. The shrine chapel at Tours developed into one of the most prominent and influential establishments in medieval France. Charlemagne awarded

10010-429: The second bishop of Tours . He impressed the city with his demeanour. He was enticed to Tours from Ligugé by a ruse — he was urged to come to minister to someone sick — and was brought to the church, where he reluctantly allowed himself to be consecrated bishop. According to one version, he was so unwilling to be made bishop that he hid in a barn full of geese, but their cackling at his intrusion gave him away to

10120-402: The short-lived Legion de Saint Maurice in 1878 and the society, Notre Dame de Soldats, to provide unpaid voluntary chaplains with financial support. The legislature passed the anticlerical Duvaux Bill of 1880, which reduced the number of chaplains in the French army. Anticlerical legislators wanted commanders, not chaplains, to provide troops with moral support and to supervise their formation in

10230-534: The spread of the religion, it was still a minority faith. As the son of a veteran officer, Martin at 15 was required to join a cavalry ala . At the age of 18 (around 334 or 354), he was stationed at Ambianensium civitas or Samarobriva in Gaul (now Amiens , France). It is likely that he joined the Equites catafractarii Ambianenses , a heavy cavalry unit listed in the Notitia Dignitatum . As

10340-471: The support of Ambrose of Milan and Pope Damasus I , Priscillian appealed to Magnus Maximus , who had usurped the throne from Gratian. Although greatly opposed to the Priscillianists, Martin traveled to the Imperial court of Trier to remove them from the secular jurisdiction of the emperor. With Ambrose, Martin rejected Bishop Ithacius's principle of putting heretics to death—as well as the intrusion of

10450-509: The temple, the chief priest of that place, and a crowd of other heathens began to oppose him; and these people, though, under the influence of the Lord, they had been quiet while the temple was being overthrown, could not patiently allow the tree to be cut down. Sulpicius writes that Martin withdrew from the city to live in Marmoutier ( Majus Monasterium ), a rural monastery which he founded

10560-441: The threat of violence. The major drawback of using local sources of supply is that they can be exhausted if an army remains in one place for too long, so a force dependent on local supply needs to keep moving. The widespread use of resources in the field gives rise to counter-logistics, whereby they are denied to the enemy through devastation of the land and removal or destruction of resources. Pre-emptive purchasing can be used as

10670-528: The tomb in the apse , which may have been visible through a fenestrella in the apse wall. St. Martin's popularity can be partially attributed to his adoption by successive royal houses of France. Clovis , King of the Salian Franks , one of many warring tribes in sixth-century France, promised his Christian wife Clotilda that he would be baptised if he was victorious over the Alemanni . He credited

10780-456: The unit was stationed at Milan and is also recorded at Trier , it is likely to have been part of the elite cavalry bodyguard of the Emperor, which accompanied him on his travels around the Empire. Martin's biographer, Sulpicius Severus , provided no dates in his chronology, so although he indicated that Martin served in the military "for nearly two years after his baptism," it is difficult for

10890-481: Was a soldier in the Roman army and stationed in Gaul (modern-day France), he experienced a vision, which became the most-repeated story about his life. One day as he was approaching the gates of the city of Amiens, he met a scantily clad beggar. He impulsively cut his military cloak in half to share with the man. That night, Martin dreamed of Jesus wearing the half of the cloak he had given away. He heard Jesus say to some of

11000-586: Was a strong supporter of St. Martin and believed that the national destiny of France and all its victories were attributed to him. He linked the military to the cloak of St. Martin, which was the "first flag of France" to the French tricolor, "the symbol of the union of the old and new." This flag symbolism connected the devotion to St. Martin with the Third Republic. But, the tensions of the Dreyfus Affair renewed anti-clericalism in France and drove

11110-471: Was along existing railway lines. At the same time, the advent of industrial warfare in the form of bolt-action rifles , machine guns and quick-firing artillery sent ammunition consumption soaring during the First World War . In the twentieth century the advent of motor vehicles powered by internal combustion engines offered an alternative to animal transport for moving supplies forward of

11220-488: Was concentrated in cities, brought along the trade routes by converted Jews and Greeks (the term 'pagan' literally means 'country-dweller'). Christianity was far from accepted among the higher echelons of society; among members of the army the worship of Mithras would have been stronger. Although the conversion of the Emperor Constantine and the subsequent programme of church-building gave a greater impetus to

11330-531: Was in this sense that Antoine-Henri Jomini referred to the term in his Summary of the Art of War (1838). In the English translation, the word became "logistics". In 1888, Charles C. Rogers created a course on naval logistics at the Naval War College . In Farrow's Military Encyclopedia (1895), Edward S. Farrow , and instructor in tactics at West Point provided this definition: Bardin considers

11440-519: Was known as the Quartermaster Department. In 1912, Congress consolidated the former Subsistence, Pay, and Quartermaster Departments to create the Quartermaster Corps. Quartermaster units and soldiers have served in every U.S. military operation from the Revolutionary War to recent operations in Iraq ( Operation Iraqi Freedom ) and Afghanistan ( Operation Enduring Freedom ). The function of

11550-400: Was profoundly influenced by Martin. Ninian dedicated a new church to Martin. The Book of Armagh contains, among other texts, almost the complete body of writings on Saint Martin by Sulpicius Severus. In Jonas of Bobbio 's Vita Columbani , Jonas relates that Saint Columbanus , while travelling, requested to be allowed to pray at the tomb of St Martin. The Irish palimpsest sacramentary from

11660-603: Was purchased from the owners. Started in 1886, the church was consecrated 4 July 1925. Martin's renewed popularity in France was related to his promotion as a military saint during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. During the military and political crisis of the Franco-Prussian war, Napoleon III 's Second Empire collapsed. After the surrender of Napoleon to the Prussians after the Battle of Sedan in September 1870,

11770-411: Was reburied behind the high altar of the new basilica. A large block of marble above the tomb, the gift of bishop Euphronius of Autun (472–475), rendered it visible to the faithful gathered behind the high altar. Werner Jacobsen suggests it may also have been visible to pilgrims encamped in the atrium of the basilica. Contrary to the usual arrangement, the atrium was situated behind the church, close to

11880-655: Was soon eclipsed by Martin's later foundation at Marmoutier. As of 2013, the Benedictine community at Ligugé numbered twenty-five. From the late 4th century to the late Middle Ages , much of Western Europe , including Great Britain , engaged in a period of fasting beginning on the day after St. Martin's Day , November 11. This fast period lasted 40 days (not including Saturdays and Sundays), and was, therefore, called Quadragesima Sancti Martini , which means in Latin "the forty days of St. Martin". At St. Martin's eve and on

11990-586: Was then allowed veteran status and was given land on which to retire at Ticinum (now Pavia ), in northern Italy, where Martin grew up. At the age of 10 he attended the Christian church against the wishes of his parents and became a catechumen . Christianity had been made a legal religion (in 313) in the Roman Empire . It had many more adherents in the Eastern Empire, whence it had sprung, and

12100-476: Was there when we crossed the border into Iraq...sustaining combat and paying the ultimate sacrifice as we liberated Kuwait. I AM QUARTERMASTER. I can shape the course of combat, change the outcome of battle. Look to me: Sustainer of Armies...Since 1775. I AM QUARTERMASTER. I AM PROUD. The Quartermaster Corps established this private order on 7 February 1997. The emblematic figure is of Saint Martin of Tours . The medal, for Quartermasters either on Active Duty, in

#219780