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62-849: The Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) is an intelligence agency and combat support agency of the United States Department of Defense , specializing in defense and military intelligence . A component of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Intelligence Community (IC), DIA informs national civilian and defense policymakers about the military intentions and capabilities of foreign governments and non-state actors . It also provides intelligence assistance, integration and coordination across uniformed military service intelligence components , which remain structurally separate from DIA. The agency's role encompasses

124-761: A Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate on April 30, 1963. DIA assumed the staff support functions of the J-2, Joint Staff, on July 1, 1963. Two years later, on July 1, 1965, DIA accepted responsibility for the Defense Attaché System —the last function the Services transferred to DIA. During the 1960s, DIA analysts focused on China's detonation of an atomic bomb and the launching of its Cultural Revolution ; increasing unrest among African and South Asian nations; fighting in Cyprus and Kashmir ; and

186-414: A U.S. intelligence agency. Intelligence agency Means of information gathering are both overt and covert and may include espionage , communication interception , cryptanalysis , cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. The assembly and propagation of this information is known as intelligence analysis or intelligence assessment . Intelligence agencies can provide

248-508: A general rule, DIA handles national-level, long-term and strategic intelligence needs, whereas service-level intelligence components handle tactical, short-term goals pertinent to their respective services. DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services ( NSA , NGA , NRO ) in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board and through

310-484: A military intelligence officer, defined and established a clandestine services program under the U.S. Southern Command 's "Plan Green". The program was then authorized by JCS Chairman John Vessey, and sanctioned by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence ("SSCI"), with the sponsorship of Senator Jesse Helms (R-NC) and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ). The Goldwater–Nichols DoD Reorganization Act

372-566: Is a national-level intelligence organization which does not belong to a single military element or within the traditional chain of command , instead answering to the Secretary of Defense directly through the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence . Three-quarters of the agency's 17,000 employees are career civilians who are experts in various fields of defense and military interest or application; and although no military background

434-558: Is a technical intelligence discipline that serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is designated the national manager for MASINT collection within the United States Intelligence Community , coordinating all MASINT gathering across agencies. DIA

496-581: Is also the national manager of the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), the central Top Secret / Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) processing network for the United States, and Stone Ghost , a network for US and partner nations. Directorate for Mission Services: The Directorate for Mission Services provides administrative, technical, and programmatic support to

558-590: Is concentrated on broader, more general intelligence needs of the President and Cabinet . Additionally, due to DIA's designation as a combat support agency , it has special responsibilities in meeting intelligence requirements specifically for the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Combatant Commanders, both in peace and at war. Although there are misconceptions in the media and public about

620-685: Is located in the garden at the Defense Intelligence Agency Analysis Center in Washington, D.C. Since the September 11 attacks, DIA has been active in nuclear proliferation intelligence collection and analysis with particular interests in North Korea and Iran as well as counter-terrorism . DIA was also involved with the intelligence build-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and was a subject in

682-519: Is not a collective of all U.S. military intelligence units and the work it performs is not in lieu of that falling under intelligence components of individual services . Unlike the Russian GRU , which encompasses equivalents of nearly all joint U.S. military intelligence operations, DIA assists and coordinates the activities of individual service-level intelligence units (i.e. 25 AF , INSCOM , etc.), but they nevertheless remain separate entities. As

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744-548: Is required, 48% of agency employees have some past military service. DIA has a tradition of marking unclassified deaths of its employees on the organization's Memorial Wall . Established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , DIA was involved in U.S. intelligence efforts throughout the Cold War and rapidly expanded, both in size and scope, after the September 11 attacks . Because of

806-791: Is the primary intelligence adviser to the Secretary of Defense and also answers to the Director of National Intelligence . The Director is also the Commander of the Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance , a subordinate command of United States Strategic Command , which is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, he or she chairs the Military Intelligence Board , which coordinates activities of

868-923: The Berlin Wall , Air Force Lieutenant General Joseph Carroll took the lead in planning and organizing this new agency. The JCS published Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on August 1, and DIA began operations with a handful of employees in borrowed office space on October 1, 1961. DIA originally reported to the Secretary through the JCS. The new agency's mission was the continuous task of collecting, processing, evaluating, analyzing, integrating, producing, and disseminating military intelligence for DoD and related national stakeholders. Other objectives included more efficiently allocating scarce intelligence resources, more effectively managing all DoD intelligence activities, and eliminating redundancies in facilities, organizations, and tasks. Following DIA's establishment,

930-777: The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center for three months before being certified. DIA Police operate under the U.S. Marshal's Office Special Deputation and jurisdictional and functional authority within the District of Columbia under a cooperative agreement with the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia . DIA Police have the following rank structure: DIA Police have K9, HAZMAT, SRT and also support DIA field operations. From World War II until

992-639: The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of his decision to establish the DIA in February 1961. He ordered them to develop a plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD, a move that met strong resistance from the service intelligence units, whose commanders viewed DIA as undesirable encroachment on their turf. Despite this resistance, during the spring and summer of 1961, as Cold War tensions flared over

1054-821: The Joint Chiefs of Staff with foreign military intelligence for defense policy and war planning. DIA also managed the National Intelligence University (NIU) on behalf of the Intelligence Community before transitioning it to ODNI in June 2021. NIU and the John T. Hughes Library is housed at the Intelligence Community campus in Bethesda, Maryland and has several branch campuses at RAF Molesworth , MacDill Air Force Base , and Marine Corps Base Quantico as well as academic programs at

1116-617: The Joint Special Operations Command in overseas operations. In October 2015, the Pentagon said that DIA appointed a British Royal Air Force officer as its first deputy director in charge of improving integration between U.S. intelligence units and spy agencies of other English-speaking countries in the Five Eyes alliance. This was the first time that a foreign national was appointed to a senior position at

1178-933: The Middle East intensified as the Iran–Iraq War spilled into the Persian Gulf . DIA provided significant intelligence support to Operation Earnest Will while closely monitoring incidents such as the Iraqi rocket attack on the USS ; Stark , the destruction of Iranian oil platforms, and Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers. The "Toyota War" between Libya and Chad and the turmoil in Haiti added to DIA's heavy production workload, as did unrest in other parts of Latin America , Somalia , Ethiopia , Burma , Pakistan , and

1240-860: The Missile and Space Intelligence Center , the National Media Exploitation Center , and the Underground Facilities Analysis Center (UFAC). Further, DIA is responsible for administering the JIOCEUR and various Joint Intelligence Centers which serve and are co-located with each of the Unified Combatant Commands . Additionally, DIA manages the Directorate for Intelligence, Joint Staff (J2) which advises and supports

1302-664: The NSA and NGA . The DIA has its own police force (established in 1963), made up of federal officers who protect DIA people and property. DIA Police provide law enforcement and police services, emergency response and physical security at DIA campuses. DIA Police have 170 sworn, uniformed officers that protect and police the six DIA sites (Headquarters, Reston, Charlottesville, DIA Logistics Operation Center, National Center for Medical Intelligence and Missile and Space Intelligence Center). DIA Police has 26 Special Agents that carry out security investigations. DIA Police Officers are trained at

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1364-650: The Philippines . With the end of the Cold War, defense intelligence began a period of reevaluation following the fall of the Soviet system in many Eastern European countries, the reunification of Germany , and ongoing economic reforms in the region. In response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 , DIA set up an extensive, 24-hour, crisis management cell designed to tailor national-level intelligence support to

1426-558: The President's Daily Brief and the National Intelligence Estimates . Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities and DIA has the most forward deployed analysts in the Intelligence Community. Directorate for Science and Technology: The Directorate for Science and Technology manages DIA's technical assets and personnel. These assets gather and analyze Measurement and Signature Intelligence , which

1488-829: The Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq . After the invasion, DIA led the Iraq Survey Group to find the alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction . The agency has conflicted with the CIA in collection and analysis on the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA–DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's own Clandestine HUMINT collection. In 2012, DIA announced an expansion of clandestine collection efforts. The newly consolidated Defense Clandestine Service (DCS) would absorb

1550-939: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , the overthrow of Iranian monarchy , and the taking of American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979 . Also, of serious concern were the Vietnamese takeover in Phnom Penh , the China–Vietnam border war , the overthrow of Idi Amin in Uganda , the north–south Yemen dispute, troubles in Pakistan , border clashes between Libya and Egypt , the Sandinista takeover in Nicaragua , and

1612-764: The missile gap between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the late 1960s, crises that tested intelligence responsiveness included: the Tet Offensive in Vietnam ; the Six-Day War between Egypt and Israel ; continuing troubles in Africa, particularly Nigeria ; North Korea 's seizure of the USS  Pueblo ; and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia . The early 1970s were transitional years as

1674-683: The prisoners of war being held in Southeast Asia. Subsequent challenges involved: détente ; the development of arms control agreements; the Paris peace talks (Vietnam); the Yom Kippur War ; and global energy concerns. Intense Congressional review during 1975–76 created turbulence within the Intelligence Community. The Murphy and Rockefeller Commission investigations of charges of intelligence abuse ultimately led to an Executive Order that modified many Intelligence Community functions. At

1736-414: The 1980s, DIA had transformed into a fully integrated national-level intelligence agency. Its 1981 flagship publication Soviet Military Power , the most comprehensive overview of Soviet military strength and capabilities at the time, was met with wide acclaim; SMP continued to be produced by DIA as a serialized publication roughly over the next decade. In 1983, in order to research the flow of technology to

1798-701: The DIA–CIA rivalry, the two agencies have a mutually beneficial relationship and division of labor . According to a former senior U.S official who worked with both agencies, "the CIA doesn't want to be looking for surface-to-air missiles in Libya " while it is also tasked with evaluating the Syrian opposition. CIA and DIA Operations Officers all go through the same type of clandestine training at Camp Peary , an interagency Defense installation under CIA administration better known in popular culture by its CIA nickname "The Farm". DIA

1860-575: The DNI's own facility was opened at Liberty Crossing in McLean, Virginia . Under DIA HQ is also the headquarters of the co-located United States Strategic Command 's Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (JFCC-ISR). DIA HQ also includes the DIA Memorial Wall , which commemorates 21 Defense Intelligence Agency employees who have died in the service of

1922-565: The Defense HUMINT Service and expand DIA's overseas espionage apparatus to complement the work of corresponding elements at CIA. DCS would focus on military intelligence concerns—issues that the CIA has been unable to manage due to lack of personnel, expertise or time—and would initially deal with Islamist militia groups in Africa, weapons transfers between North Korea and Iran, and Chinese military modernization. The DCS works in conjunction with CIA's Directorate of Operations and

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1984-740: The Defense Intelligence Analysis Center or DIAC) opened in 1983 and became operational in 1984. and designed by SmithGroupJJR to consolidate DIA activities in the Washington, D.C., area. In 2005, the agency opened the Headquarters Expansion, also designed by SmithGroupJJR, which allowed for more DIA personnel to serve under one roof than ever before. It simultaneously housed the Office of the Director of National Intelligence from 2005 until 2008, when

2046-414: The Defense Intelligence School (now the National Intelligence University ), and on January 1, 1963, it activated a new Production Center. Several Service elements were merged to form this production facility, which occupied the "A" and "B" Buildings at Arlington Hall Station , Virginia . The agency also added an Automated Data Processing (ADP) Center on February 19, a Dissemination Center on March 31, and

2108-480: The Kuwaiti Theater of Operations to provide intelligence support. The Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC), and the Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC), associated with the Army for over 20 and 50 years respectively, became part of DIA in January 1992. This was part of the continuing effort to consolidate intelligence production and make it more efficient. On September 11, 2001, seven DIA employees lost their lives along with 118 other victims at

2170-411: The Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 piloted by five Al-Qaeda hijackers plowed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks . The death of seven employees at once was the largest combined loss in DIA's history. On September 11, 2009, DIA dedicated a memorial to the seven employees lost in the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial

2232-466: The Services reluctantly transferred intelligence functions and resources to it on a time-phased basis to avoid rapidly degrading the overall effectiveness of defense intelligence. A year after its formation, in October 1962, the agency faced its first major intelligence test during the superpower Cuban Missile Crisis confrontation that developed after Soviet missiles were discovered at bases in Cuba by Air Force spy planes. In late 1962, DIA established

2294-432: The Soviet Union, the Reagan Administration created Project Socrates within the agency. Over the following years Project Socrates's scope broadened to include monitoring of foreign advanced technology as a whole. Project Socrates ended in 1990 with Michael Sekora, the project's director, leaving in protest when the Bush Administration reduced funding. In 1984, the Clandestine Services organization, designated STAR WATCHER,

2356-424: The Soviet movement of combat troops to Cuba during the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II . Following the promulgation in 1979 of Executive Order 12036 , which restructured the Intelligence Community and better outlined DIA's national and departmental responsibilities, the agency was reorganized around five major directorates: production, operations, resources, external affairs, and J-2 support. By

2418-443: The agency and of the United States. Additionally, the facility houses a memorial honoring seven employees who died in the attacks of September 11, 2001 at the Pentagon , the Torch Bearers Wall, which recognizes employees' exceptional contributions to the agency’s mission, and the DIA Museum, which chronicles the history of the agency along with associated historical artifacts. Currently, approximately 30% of DIA's workforce serves in

2480-498: The agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N. Rowe Building at Rivanna Station in Charlottesville, Virginia , National Center for Medical Intelligence (NCMI) in Fort Detrick , Maryland, Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) in Huntsville, Alabama , Russell-Knox Building on Marine Corps Base Quantico , National Center for Credibility Assessment at Fort Jackson, South Carolina , and Defense Intelligence Support Center (DISC) in Reston, Virginia . DIA also recently completed

2542-428: The agency shifted its focus from consolidating its functions to establishing itself as a credible producer of national-level intelligence. This proved difficult at first since sweeping manpower decrements between 1968 and 1975 had reduced agency manpower by 31 percent and precipitated mission reductions and a broad organizational restructuring. Challenges facing DIA at this time included the rise of Ostpolitik in Germany;

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2604-457: The agency's domestic and global operations and analytic efforts. The Directorate also manages DIA's training centers -- the Joint Military Intelligence Training Center and the Joint Military Attaché School . This includes providing counterintelligence to the agency as well as serving as the counterintelligence executive agent for the Department of Defense. Centers: DIA is divided into five regional centers and two functional centers which manage

2666-443: The agency's efforts in these areas of responsibility. These centers are the Americas and Transnational Threats Center, the Indo-Pacific Regional Center, the Europe/Eurasia Regional Center, the Middle East/Africa Regional Center, the China Mission Group, the Defense Resources and Infrastructure Center, and the Defense Combating Terrorism Center. DIA also manages Community-wide centers such as the National Center for Medical Intelligence ,

2728-511: The agency's role has occasionally been confused with those of law enforcement agencies. DIA's parent organization, the Department of Defense, features in fiction and media much more prominently due to the public's greater awareness of its existence and the general association of military organizations with warfare , rather than spycraft. DIA and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA

2790-413: The all-source analysis elements of DIA, and is responsible for developing and deploying analytic tradecraft throughout the Defense Intelligence Enterprise. Analysts analyze and disseminate finalized intelligence products, focusing on national, strategic and operational-level military issues that may arise from worldwide political, economic, medical, natural or other related processes. Analysts contribute to

2852-436: The co-located Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance . The Military Intelligence Integrated Database (MIDB) is due to be replaced by the Machine-Assisted Analytic Rapid-Repository System (MARS) beginning in spring 2024. DIA is organized into four directorates and five regional centers Directorate for Operations: Directorate for Analysis: The Directorate of Analysis manages

2914-430: The coalition forces assembled to expel Iraq from Kuwait . By the time Operation Desert Storm began, some 2,000 agency personnel were involved in the intelligence support effort. Most of them associated in some way with the national-level Joint Intelligence Center (JIC), which DIA established at The Pentagon to integrate the intelligence being produced throughout the Community. DIA sent more than 100 employees into

2976-472: The collection and analysis of human-source intelligence (HUMINT), both overt and clandestine , while also handling U.S. military-diplomatic relations abroad. DIA concurrently serves as the national manager for the highly technical measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) and as the Defense Department manager for counterintelligence programs. The agency has no law enforcement authority, contrary to occasional portrayals in American popular culture. DIA

3038-465: The collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, and medical and health intelligence . DIA produces approximately one-quarter of all intelligence content that goes into the President's Daily Brief . DIA's intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations and in U.S. embassies in 140 countries. The agency specializes in

3100-402: The creation of DIA in 1961, the three Military Departments collected, produced and distributed their intelligence for individual use. This turned out to be duplicative, costly, and ineffective as each department provided their own, often conflicting estimates to the Secretary of Defense and other Federal agencies. While the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 aimed to correct these deficiencies,

3162-432: The emergence of the Palestine Liberation Organization in the Middle East ; and the U.S. incursion into Cambodia from South Vietnam . The agency's reputation grew considerably by the mid-1970s, as decision makers increasingly recognized the value of its products. Agency analysts in 1972 concentrated on Lebanon , President Richard Nixon 's visit to China , the 1973 Chilean coup d'état , the formation of Sri Lanka , and

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3224-425: The entire defense intelligence community . DIA is headquartered in Washington, D.C. , on Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling with major operational activities at the Pentagon and at each Unified Combatant Command , as well as in more than a hundred U.S. embassies around the world, where it deploys alongside other government partners (e.g., the CIA) and also operates the U.S. Defense Attache Offices . Additionally,

3286-445: The following services for their national governments. There is a distinction between "security intelligence" and "foreign intelligence". Security intelligence pertains to domestic threats, including terrorism and espionage. Foreign intelligence involves information collection relating to the political, or economic activities of foreign states. Some agencies have been involved in assassination , arms trafficking , coups d'état , and

3348-440: The intelligence responsibilities remained unclear, the coordination was poor and the results fell short of national reliability and focus. As a result of this poor organization, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed the Joint Study Group in 1960 to find better ways for organizing the nation's military intelligence activities. Acting on the recommendations of the Joint Study Group, Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara advised

3410-413: The organization was created to balance CIA's espionage operations which primarily targeted Soviet KGB / GRU officers, but ignored and were dismissive of Third World targets in areas of potential military conflict. Although there were previous attempts to establish such a DoD level espionage organization, there was no authorization document by which it could be established. This changed when Gregory Davis,

3472-468: The placement of misinformation propaganda and other covert and clandestine operations to support their own or their governments' interests. Books Journals Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters The Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters (DIA HQ) is the main operating center of the Defense Intelligence Agency . It is located on the premises of Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling in Washington, D.C. DIA Headquarters (sometimes called

3534-457: The renovation of Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda in Maryland, which serves as the new location of the National Intelligence University as well as a facility for DIA and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Less known than its civilian equivalent or its cryptologic counterpart , DIA and its personnel have at times been portrayed in works of American popular culture . As with other U.S. foreign intelligence organizations,

3596-584: The same time, with U.S. involvement in Vietnam ending, defense intelligence faced a significant decline in resources. During this period, DIA conducted numerous studies on ways of improving its intelligence products. Despite these and other Community-wide efforts to improve intelligence support, the loss of resources during the 1970s limited the Community's ability to collect and produce timely intelligence and ultimately contributed to intelligence shortcomings in Iran , Afghanistan , and other strategic areas. Special DIA task forces were set up to monitor crises such as

3658-410: The sensitive nature of its work, the spy organization has been embroiled in numerous controversies, including those related to its intelligence-gathering activities, to its role in torture , as well as to attempts to expand its activities on U.S. soil. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency is an intelligence officer who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . He or she

3720-470: Was crafted partly to force military officers to serve in a Joint Services assignment in order to qualify for flag rank—ensuring the future of case officers from each Service. The clandestine organization within DIA grew and flourished, and was cited by the SSCI for its intelligence achievements. Personnel selection and training were rigorous, and the case officers were notable for their advanced educations, area knowledge, and multilingual capabilities. The program

3782-421: Was created under DIA with the mission of conducting intelligence collection on perceived areas of conflict and against potential adversaries in developing countries. A critical objective was to create a Joint Services career path for case officers, since individual Services were inconsistent in their support of clandestine operations, and case officers were routinely sacrificed during reductions in force. Ultimately,

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3844-420: Was partially gutted under President Bill Clinton as he foresaw no conflict which would justify its existence, but, it was resurrected under President George W. Bush . Designated a combat support agency under the Goldwater–Nichols Act, DIA moved to increase cooperation with the Unified & Specified Commands and to begin developing a body of joint intelligence doctrine. Intelligence support to U.S. allies in

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