148-650: United States Naval Construction Battalions , better known as the Navy Seabees , form the U.S. Naval Construction Forces (NCF) . The Seabee nickname is a heterograph of the initial letters "CB" from the words "Construction Battalion". Depending upon context, "Seabee" can refer to all enlisted personnel in the USN's occupational field 7 (OF-7), all personnel in the Naval Construction Force (NCF), or Construction Battalion. Seabees serve both in and outside
296-513: A Silver Star for their initiative while unintentionally creating the UDT "naked warrior" image. Diving masks were uncommon in 1944 and some men had tried using goggles at Kwajalein. Diving masks were a rare item in Hawaii so Lt. Crist and CB Chief Howard Roeder had requested supply get them. A fortuitous observation by one of the men spotted a magazine advertisement for diving masks. A priority dispatch
444-721: A "Junior Bee". In early May 1943, a two-phase "Naval Demolition Project" was ordered by the Chief of Naval Operations "to meet a present and urgent requirement" for the invasion of Sicily . Phase-1 began at Amphibious Training Base (ATB) Solomons, Maryland with the creation of Operational Naval Demolition Unit # 1. Six Officers led by Lt. Fred Wise CEC and eighteen enlisted reported from Camp Peary dynamiting and demolition school. Seabees called them "Demolitioneers". Naval Combat Demolition Units (NCDUs) consisted of one junior CEC officer, five enlisted, and were numbered 1–216. After that first group had been trained, Lt. Commander Draper Kauffman
592-606: A Lion being a main Fleet Base (numbered 1–6). Cubs were Secondary Fleet Bases 1/4 the size of a Lion (numbered 1–12). Oak and Acorn were the names given air installations, new or captured (airfield or airstrip). Cubs quickly gained status. The speed with which the Seabees could make one operational led the Marines to consider them a tactical component. Camp Bedilion shared a common fence-line with Camp Rousseau at Port Hueneme and
740-484: A combination of words that strictly belong to Korean and words that are loanwords from Chinese. Due to Chinese being pronounced with varying tones and Korean's removal of those tones, and because the modern Korean writing system, Hangeul, has a more finite number of phonemes than, for example, Latin-derived alphabets such as that of English, there are many homonyms with both the same spelling and pronunciation. For example There are heterographs, but far fewer, contrary to
888-580: A different tone can produce an entirely different word altogether. If tones are included, the number of unique syllables in Mandarin increases to at least 1,522. However, even with tones, Mandarin retains a very large amount of homophones. Yì , for example, has at least 125 homophones, and it is the pronunciation used for Chinese characters such as 义, 意, 易, 亿, 议, 一, and 已. There are even place names in China that have identical pronunciations, aside for
1036-487: A few are triples like Most are couples like lehren (to teach) – leeren (to empty). Although Spanish has far fewer homophones than English, they are far from being non-existent. Some are homonyms, such as basta , which can either mean 'enough' or 'coarse', and some exist because of homophonous letters. For example, the letters b and v are pronounced exactly alike, so the words basta (coarse) and vasta (vast) are pronounced identically. Other homonyms are spelled
1184-607: A larger amount of possible syllables so that words sounded more distinct from each other. Scholars also believe that Old Chinese had no phonemic tones, but tones emerged in Middle Chinese to replace sounds that were lost from Old Chinese. Since words in Old Chinese sounded more distinct from each other at this time, it explains why many words in Classical Chinese consisted of only one syllable. For example,
1332-484: A major role in the naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet , and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas , commanding Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II . Nimitz was the leading US Navy authority on submarines . Qualified in submarines during his early years, he later oversaw the conversion of these vessels' propulsion from gasoline to diesel, and then later
1480-464: A method for blasting coral under combat conditions and putting together a team to do it. Lt. Crist started by getting men from CB 10, but got the remainder from the 7th Construction Regiment. By 1 December 1943 he had close to 30 officers and 150 enlisted at Waipio Amphibious Operating Base on Oahu. In November the Navy had a hard lesson with coral and tides at Tarawa . It prompted Adm. Turner to request
1628-473: A mud bank in the Philippines on July 7, 1908, while under the command of Ensign Nimitz. The incident was the result of a navigational error. Nimitz had failed to check the harbor's tide tables and tried Batangas' harbor when the water level was low, leaving Decatur stuck until the tide rose again the next morning, and she was pulled free by a small steamer. Following the grounding, a naval board of inquiry
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#17328018461461776-615: A phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as a counterpart. Any unit with this property is said to be homophonous ( / h ə ˈ m ɒ f ən ə s / ). Homophones that are spelled the same are both homographs and homonyms . For example, the word read , in "He is well read " and in "Yesterday, I read that book". Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs , e.g. to , too , and two . "Homophone" derives from Greek homo- (ὁμο‑), "same", and phōnḗ (φωνή), "voice, utterance". Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive
1924-721: A review to get a grip on the problem. VAC found that the only people having any applicable experience with the material were men in the Naval Construction Battalions. Lt. Thomas C. Crist, of CB 10, was in Pearl Harbor from Canton Island where he had been in charge of clearing coral heads . His being in Pearl Harbor was pivotal in UDT history. While there he learned of the Adm. Turner's interest in coral blasting and met with him. The Admiral tasked Lt. Crist to develop
2072-449: A second septet). The questionable octet is: Other than the common words raise , rays , and race this octet includes The inclusion of "race" in the octet above is questionable, since its pronunciation differs from the other words on the list (ending with /s/ instead of /z/). If proper names are included, then a possible nonet would be: The Portuguese language has one of the highest numbers of homophones and consequently homographs in
2220-420: A situation where they did not have the men to man the lines and get the wounded to safety . Coming to their aid were the 2 companies of the 16th Marine Field Depot (segregated) and the 17th Special CB. The Japanese mounted a banzai counter-attack at 0200 hours that night. By the time it was over, nearly the entire 17th had volunteered to carry ammunition to the front lines on the stretchers they brought
2368-708: A special assistant to the Secretary of the Navy in the Western Sea Frontier. He worked to help restore goodwill with Japan after World War II by helping to raise funds for the restoration of the Japanese Imperial Navy battleship Mikasa , Admiral Heihachiro Togo 's flagship at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. From 1949 to 1953, Nimitz served as UN-appointed plebiscite administrator for Jammu and Kashmir . His proposed role as administrator
2516-526: A storied legacy of creative field ingenuity, stretching from Normandy and Okinawa to Iraq and Afghanistan . Adm. Ernest King wrote to the Seabees on their second anniversary, "Your ingenuity and fortitude have become a legend in the naval service." They were unique at conception and remain unchanged from Adm. Moreell's model today. In the October 1944 issue of Flying , the Seabees are described as "a phenomenon of WWII". CB Conceptual Formation In
2664-496: A vowel, and a nasal or retroflex consonant in respective order), there are only a little over 400 possible unique syllables that can be produced, compared to over 15,831 in the English language. Chinese has an entire genre of poems taking advantage of the large amount of homophones called one-syllable articles , or poems where every single word in the poem is pronounced as the same syllable if tones are disregarded. An example
2812-417: Is kikō ( hiragana : きこう ), which is the pronunciation of at least 22 words (some quite rare or specialized, others common; all these examples are two-character compounds), including: Even some native Japanese words are homophones. For example, kami ( かみ ) is the pronunciation of the words The former two words are disambiguated from the latter two by pitch accent. The Korean language contains
2960-920: Is a stern taskmaster. The best way to get along with either is to learn all you can, then do your best and don't worry – especially about things over which you have no control." His grandfather had become a Texas Ranger in the Texas Mounted Volunteers in 1851 and later served as captain of the Gillespie Rifles Company in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War . Originally, Nimitz applied to West Point in hopes of becoming an Army officer, but no appointments were available. James L. Slayden , US Representative for Texas's 12th congressional district , told him that he had one appointment available for
3108-477: Is mistakenly placed before -ся in the present tense of the third person, while in others, on the contrary, Ь before -ся is missing in the infinitive form. It is estimated that there are approximately 4,500 to 4,800 possible syllables in Vietnamese, depending on the dialect. The exact number is difficult to calculate because there are significant differences in pronunciation among the dialects. For example,
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#17328018461463256-416: Is no record of how many CBs received USMC issue. It is known that the 31st, 43rd, 76th, 121st and 133rd CBs received partial or complete issues. On 15 January 1944 the 142nd CB was commissioned at New River,Camp Lejeune. On 2 February that Battalion arrived at Camp Pendelton for further training, mounting out 19 April. After Guadalcanal amphibious operations became joint USMC/Seabee pairings. The 6th CB joined
3404-597: Is now the National Museum of the Pacific War . His frail, rheumatic father had died six months earlier, on August 14, 1884. In 1890 Anna married William Nimitz (1864–1943), Chester B. Nimitz's brother. He was significantly influenced by his German-born paternal grandfather, Charles Henry Nimitz , a former seaman in the German Merchant Marine , who taught him, "the sea – like life itself –
3552-492: Is of a threatening nature and one is not ( e.g. slay/sleigh, war/wore) have been used in studies of anxiety as a test of cognitive models that those with high anxiety tend to interpret ambiguous information in a threatening manner. Chester Nimitz Chester William Nimitz ( / ˈ n ɪ m ɪ t s / ; February 24, 1885 – February 20, 1966) was a fleet admiral in the United States Navy . He played
3700-544: Is the Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den . Like all Chinese languages, Mandarin uses phonemic tones to distinguish homophonic syllables; Mandarin has five tones. A famous example, Although all these words consist of the same string of consonants and vowels, the only way to distinguish each of these words audibly is by listening to which tone the word has, and as shown above, saying a consonant-vowel string using
3848-484: The 1st Marine Division after combat had started on Guadalcanal. The 18th CB was sent to join them from Fleet Marine Force depot Norfolk. Many more would follow. The 6th Special CB was tasked to the 4th Marines Depot in the Russells . November saw the 14th CB tasked to the 2nd Raider Bn on Guadalcanal. In June, the 24th CB had been tasked to the 9th Marine Defense Bn on Rendova . The 33rd and 73rd CBs had dets tasked to
3996-626: The Battle of Midway . The Battle of the Coral Sea, while a loss in terms of total damage suffered, has been described as resulting in the strategic success of turning back an apparent Japanese invasion of Port Moresby on the island of New Guinea. Two Japanese carriers were temporarily taken out of action in the battle, which would deprive the Japanese of their use in the Midway operation that shortly followed. The Navy's intelligence team reasoned that
4144-547: The National Science Foundation would take advantage of those skillsets. Ingenuity and resourcefulness were tools they became famous for. Postwar assignments with the CIA and State Department added further to the toolbox in electronic fields related to national security . Their official motto is "We build, we fight." The NCF also adopted the motto "Can Do" as the force believed it could do anything it
4292-684: The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps program. Nimitz was honored on October 17, 1964, by the University of California on Nimitz Day. Nimitz married Catherine Vance Freeman (March 22, 1892 – February 1, 1979) on April 9, 1913, in Wollaston, Massachusetts . Nimitz and his wife had four children: Catherine Vance graduated from the University of California, Berkeley , in 1934, became a music librarian with
4440-645: The New York Navy Yard , he became executive and engineer officer of Maumee at her commissioning on October 23, 1916. After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Nimitz was chief engineer of Maumee while the vessel served as a refueling ship for the first squadron of US Navy destroyers to cross the Atlantic, to take part in the war. Under his supervision, Maumee conducted
4588-620: The Normandy landing . After which CBMUs 627, 628, and 629 were tasked to facilitate the crossing of the Rhine . For CBMU 629 it was front-line work. The Pacific is where 80% of the NCF deployed. In February 1942 CNO Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark recommended African Americans for ratings in the construction trades. In April the Navy announced it would enlist African Americans in the Seabees. Even so, there were just two CBs that were " colored " units,
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4736-738: The Nuremberg Trials in 1946, Nimitz furnished an affidavit in support of the practice of unrestricted submarine warfare , a practice that he himself had employed throughout the war in the Pacific. This evidence is widely credited as a reason why Dönitz was sentenced to only 10 years of imprisonment. Nimitz endorsed an entirely new course for the US Navy's future by way of supporting then-Captain Hyman G. Rickover 's chain-of-command-circumventing proposal in 1947 to build USS Nautilus ,
4884-627: The Russian language is associated in some cases with the phenomenon of devoicing of consonants at the end of words and before another consonant sound, in other cases with the reduction of vowels in an unstressed position. Examples include: поро г — п о ро к — п а рок, лу г — лу к , пло д — пло т , ту ш — ту шь , падё ж — падё шь , ба л — ба лл , ко сн ый — ко стн ый, пр е дать — пр и дать, к о мпания — к а мпания, к о сатка — к а сатка, прив и дение — прив е дение, ко т — ко д , пру т — пру д , т и трация — т е трация, компл и мент — компл е мент. Also,
5032-629: The Secretary of the Navy , Frank Knox . On 19 March 1942, Knox gave the CEC complete command of all NCF personnel. Almost 11,400 would become CEC during WWII with 7,960 doing CB service. Two weeks earlier, on 5 March all CB personnel were officially named "Seabees". The first volunteers were tradesmen that received advanced rank for their trade skills. This resulted in the Seabees being the highest-paid group in uniform. To recruit these men, age and physical standards were waived up to age 50. Until November 1942
5180-753: The Standard Mandarin word 狮子( shīzi , meaning "lion") was simply 狮 ( shī ) in Classical Chinese, and the Standard Mandarin word 教育 ( jiàoyù, "education") was simply 教 ( jiào ) in Classical Chinese. Since many Chinese words became homophonic over the centuries, it became difficult to distinguish words when listening to documents written in Classical Chinese being read aloud. One-syllable articles like those mentioned above are evidence for this. For this reason, many one-syllable words from Classical Chinese became two-syllable words, like
5328-635: The Supply dept . could get them. In the Seabee dominated teams the next largest group of UDT volunteers came from the joint Army-Navy Scouts and Raiders school that was also in Fort Pierce. Additional volunteers came from the Navy's Bomb disposal School , Marine Corps and U.S. Fleet. The first team commanders were Cmdr. E.D. Brewster (CEC) UDT 1 and Lt. Crist (CEC) UDT 2. Both Teams were "provisional" totaling
5476-859: The United States Naval Academy and that he would award it to the best-qualified candidate. Nimitz felt that this was his only opportunity for further education and spent extra time studying to earn the appointment. He was appointed to the Naval Academy by Slayden in 1901, and graduated with distinction on January 30, 1905, seventh in a class of 114. Among his classmates were several future World War II admirals including: Harold G. Bowen Sr. , Arthur B. Cook, Wilhelm L. Friedell , William R. Furlong , Stanford C. Hooper , Royal E. Ingersoll , Herbert F. Leary , Byron McCandless , John H. Newton , Harry E. Shoemaker, John M. Smeallie, John W. Wilcox Jr. and Walter B. Woodson . Nimitz joined
5624-433: The University of California, Berkeley , where he established one of the first Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps units and successfully advocated for the program's expansion. Nimitz lost part of a finger in an accident with a diesel engine, saving the rest of it only when the machine briefly jammed against his Annapolis ring. In June 1929, he took command of Submarine Division 20. In June 1931, he assumed command of
5772-540: The Vietnam War . Malaria and Epidemic Control Group Navy Medicine created the Malaria and Epidemic Control Group to deal with insect-borne diseases. Between August 1942, and February 1943, American troops in the Pacific averaged 10 malaria cases for every combat injury. Seabees oiled, drained and sprayed mosquito breeding areas and inspected and fumigated ships and aircraft transiting malaria-infested areas. It
5920-768: The Washington D.C. Public Library , and married US Navy Commander James Thomas Lay (1909–2001 ), from St. Clair, Missouri, in Chester and Catherine's suite at the Fairfax Hotel in Washington, D.C., on March 9, 1945. She had met Lay in the summer of 1934 while visiting her parents in Southeast Asia. Chester Nimitz Jr. graduated from the US Naval Academy in 1936 and served as a submariner in
6068-515: The battleship Ohio at San Francisco , and cruised on her to the Far East. In September 1906, he was transferred to the cruiser Baltimore ; on January 31, 1907, after the two years at sea as a warrant officer then required by law, he was commissioned as an ensign . Remaining on Asiatic Station in 1907, he successively served on the gunboat Panay , destroyer Decatur , and cruiser Denver . The destroyer Decatur ran aground on
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6216-638: The destroyer tender Rigel and the destroyers out of commission at San Diego, California . In October 1933, he took command of the cruiser Augusta and deployed to the Far East , where in December, Augusta became the flagship of the Asiatic Fleet . While in command of the Augusta, his legal aide was Chesty Puller . In April 1935, Nimitz returned home for three years as assistant chief of
6364-712: The oil reserve in 1923. Today NPR-4 is the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska . The detachment's mission was: On July 19 the USS Spica headed north with the SS Jonathan Harrington for Point Barrow and Cape Simpson . The det's base camp was constructed at Point Barrow . Four D-8s with twenty sleds of supplies were prepped for the 330-mile trek to Umiat once the tundra had frozen. The first tractor train delivered supplies,
6512-657: The 180 men Lt Crist had put together from the 7th NCR. Those men were put through five weeks of training by a Marine Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion . They wore fatigues, life-vests and were expected to stay in their rubber boats like the NCDUs. At Kwajalein Adm.Turner ordered daylight recon . It was apparent to the Seabees that staying in the boats would not get the Admiral the intel he wanted. Cmdr. Brewester's men all wore swim trucks under their fatigues . Ensign Lewis F. Luehrs, and Charp. Bill Acheson spent 45 minutes in
6660-591: The 1930s Bureau of Yards and Docks (BuDocks) began providing for "Navy Construction Battalions" (CB) in contingency war plans. In 1934, Capt. Carl Carlson's version of the CB was approved by Chief of Naval Operations In 1935, RADM. Norman Smith, head of BuDocks, selected Captain Walter Allen, War Plans Officer , to represent BuDocks on the War Plans Board. Capt. Allen presented the bureau's CB concept with
6808-658: The 1980s, an attempt was made to promote a distinctive term for same-sounding multiple words or phrases, by referring to them as "oronyms", but the term oronym was already well established in linguistics as an onomastic designation for a class of toponymic features (names of mountains, hills, etc.), the alternative use of the same term was not well accepted in scholarly literature. There are online lists of multinyms. In English, concerning groups of homophones (excluding proper nouns), there are approximately 88 triplets, 24 quadruplets, 2 quintuplets, 1 sextet, 1 septet, and 1 questionable octet (possibly
6956-491: The 1st Pioneers as shore party on Peleliu as was the 17th Special CB colored . At Enogi Inlet on Munda , a 47th det was shore party to the 1st and 4th Marine Raiders . The 3rd Marine Div. made the Commander of the 71st CB shore party commander on Bougainville. His 71st had support from the 25th, 53rd, and 75th CBs. At Cape Torokina the 75th had 100 men volunteer to make the assault of the 3rd Marines. Also at Bougainville,
7104-404: The 34th and 80th. Both had white Southern officers and black enlisted. Both battalions experienced problems with that arrangement that led to the replacement of the officers. The men of the 34th went on a hunger strike which made national news. The Commander of the 80th had 19 enlisted dishonorably discharged for sedition. The NAACP and Thurgood Marshall got 14 of those reversed. In early 1943
7252-403: The 3rd Marines on beaches Red 1 and Red 2. The 3rd Marines would award 25's shore party 17 bronze stars. V Amphibious Corps (VAC) had the 23rd Special and 62nd CBs on Iwo Jima. On Tinian the 6th Construction Brigade was attached to V Amphibious Corps. When the war ended the Seabees had a unique interservice standing with the U.S. Marine Corps. Seabee historian William Bradford Huie wrote "that
7400-478: The 4th Marines on Green Island, Papua New Guinea and Emirau Island . Later, NCDUs 1–10 were combined to form the short-lived UDT Able. NCDUs 2, 3, 19, 20, 21 and 24 were assigned to MacArthur's 7th Amphibious Force and were the only NCDUs remaining at the war's end. see Notes Prior to Operation Galvanic and Tarawa, V Amphibious Corps had identified coral as an issue for future amphibious operations . RADM Kelly Turner , commander V Amphibious Corps had ordered
7548-472: The 4th and 5th Marine Divisions. The 133rd was shore party to the 23rd Marines . while the 31st CB was in the 5th Shore Party Regiment. The 31st demolitionsmen attached directly to the Division. The 8th Marine Field Depot was the shore party command eschelon for Iwo Jima. They requested 26 heavy equipment operators and received volunteers from CB 8. Okinawa saw the 58th, 71st, 130th, and 145th CBs detached from
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#17328018461467696-582: The 53rd provided shore parties to the 2nd Raiders on green beach and the 3rd Raiders on Puruata Island . The 121st was formed at the CB Training Center of MTC Camp Lejuene as 3rd Bn 20th Marines. They would be shore party to the 23rd Marines on Roi-Namur, Saipan, and Tinian. When the Marine Engineer Regiments were inactivated in 1944, CBs were then tasked to Marine Divisions. For Iwo Jima , the 31st and 133rd were attached to
7844-444: The 7th Marines would not have been repulsed". "The negro race can well be proud of the work performed [by the 11th Marine Depot Co./ 7th Marine Ammunition Co./ 17th Special CB]. The wholehearted co-operation and untiring efforts which demonstrated in every respect that they appreciated the privilege of wearing a Marine uniform and serving with the marines in combat. Please convey to your command these sentiments and inform them that in
7992-611: The Army Navy Country Club, in Arlington, Virginia. Ten days after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Rear Admiral Nimitz was selected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the commander-in-chief of the United States Pacific Fleet (CINCPACFLT). Nimitz immediately departed Washington for Hawaii and took command in a ceremony on the top deck of the submarine Grayling . He
8140-442: The Atlantic Submarine Flotilla from May 1912 to March 1913, he supervised the building of diesel engines for the fleet oil tanker Maumee , under construction at the New London Ship and Engine Company , Groton, Connecticut . In the summer of 1913, Nimitz (who spoke fluent German) studied engines at the Maschinenfabrik-Augsburg-Nürnberg (M.A.N.) diesel engine plants in Nuremberg , Germany, and Ghent , Belgium. Returning to
8288-554: The Board including it in the Rainbow war plans. The Seabees named their first training center for Capt. Allen. A criticism of the proposal was CBs would have a dual command; military control administrated by fleet line Officers while construction operations would be administrated by Civil Engineer Corps officers. Additional criticisms were no provisions for the military organization or military training necessary to provide unit structure, discipline , and esprit de corps . In December 1937, RADM. Ben Moreell became BuDocks Chief and
8436-443: The Bureau of Navigation, before becoming commander, Cruiser Division 2, Battle Force. In September 1938 he took command of Battleship Division 1, Battle Force. On June 15, 1939, he was appointed chief of the Bureau of Navigation. During this time, Nimitz conducted experiments in the underway refueling of large ships which would prove a key element in the Navy's success in the war to come. From 1940 to 1941, Nimitz served as president of
8584-423: The CBs on the island and got everything needed. Coral paving got placed the night before Admiral Nimitz inspected, giving teams 8 & 10 a glowing review. By V-J day 34 teams had been formed. Teams 1–21 saw actual deployment with the Seabees providing over half of the men in those teams. The Navy did not publicize the existence of the UDTs until post-war and when they did they gave credit to Lt. Cmdr. Kauffman and
8732-426: The CO and XO were both CEC. UDT 15 was the last team formed of NCDUs. Teams 12–15 were sent to Iwo Jima. Three cleared the shoreline for five days, D+2-D+7. After July 1944 new UDTs were only USN. In 1945, CBMU 570 was tasked to the UDT coldwater training center at ATB Oceanside, CA. On Guam team 8 requested permission to build a base. It was approved by AdComPhibsPac, but disapproved by Island Command. Team 8 turned to
8880-453: The Chief of Naval Operations, in Washington, rejected the plan of General Douglas MacArthur to advance on Japan through New Guinea and the Philippines and Formosa. Instead, they proposed an island-hopping plan that would allow them to bypass most of the Japanese strength in the Central Pacific until they reached Okinawa. President Roosevelt compromised, giving both MacArthur and Nimitz their own theaters. The two Pacific theaters were favored, to
9028-444: The Chinese language is that in non-rap songs, tones are disregarded in favor of maintaining melody in the song. While in most cases, the lack of phonemic tones in music does not cause confusion among native speakers, there are instances where puns may arise. Subtitles in Chinese characters are usually displayed on music videos and in songs sung on movies and TV shows to disambiguate the song's lyrics. The presence of homophones in
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#17328018461469176-408: The Japanese homeland within range of new strategic bombers. Nimitz's forces inflicted a decisive defeat on the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19–20, 1944), which allowed the capture of Saipan , Guam , and Tinian . His Fleet Forces isolated enemy-held bastions on the central and eastern Caroline Islands and secured in quick succession Peleliu , Angaur , and Ulithi . In
9324-399: The Japanese would be attacking Midway, so Nimitz moved all his available forces to the defense. The severe losses in Japanese carriers at Midway affected the balance of naval air power during the remainder of 1942 and were crucial in neutralizing Japanese offensive threats in the South Pacific. Naval engagements during the Battle of Guadalcanal left both forces severely depleted. However, with
9472-535: The Marine Corps and the Army during WWII and the Marines and Army Special forces during Vietnam . It also led to combat as machine gunners on USN LCVP and PT boats during WWII. On the construction side of their toolbox the NCF CBs were formed with skilled tradesmen making the NCF competent in all types of vertical and horizontal civil construction as well as the associated engineering . The newly formed Naval Construction Force (NCF) toolbox quickly focused on airfield and harbor construction . The toolbox
9620-470: The Marine Corps wanted one for each of the three Marine Divisions, but were told no because of war priorities. Even so, early Seabee units were connected with Marine Corps ops. The 1st Naval Construction Detachment (Bobcats) together with and A Co CB 3 was transferred to the Marines and redesignated 3rd Battalion 22nd Marines . The Bobcats had deployed without receiving advanced military training. The 22nd Marines took care of that. The 4th Construction Detachment
9768-462: The NCF. During World War II they were plank-holders of both the Naval Combat Demolition Units and the Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs). The men in the NCF considered these units to be "Seabee". In addition, Seabees served as elements of Cubs, Lions, Acorns and the United States Marine Corps . They also provided the manpower for the top secret CWS Flame Tank Group . Today the Seabees have many special task assignments starting with Camp David and
9916-626: The Naval Support Unit at the Department of State . Seabees serve under both Commanders of the Naval Surface Forces Atlantic/Pacific fleets as well as on many base Public Works and USN diving commands. Naval Construction Battalions were conceived of as replacements for civilian construction companies in combat zones after the attack on Pearl Harbor . At the time civilian contractors had roughly 70,000 men working U.S.N. contracts overseas. International law made it illegal for civilian workers to resist an attack. Doing so would classify them as guerrillas and could lead to summary execution . The formation of
10064-477: The Navy and tasked to the Marine Corps 6th, 2nd, and 1st Marine Divisions respectively. From Iwo Jima the 5th Marine Div. returned to Camp Tarawa to have the 116th CB attached. When Japan fell the 116th CB was part of the occupation force. V-J day left thousands of Japanese troops in China and the III Marine Amphibious Corps was sent there to get them home. The 33rd NCR was assigned to III Marine Amphib. Corps for this mission. CBs were also tasked individually to
10212-435: The Navy commissioned its first African American officers. The first to enter the Seabees officer corps was MIT grad Edward Swain Hope. In May 1943 he completed CEC training at Camp Endicott and was posted as the Public Works officer at Manana barracks Hawaii Territory. That same year, the Navy drew up a proposal to raise the number of colored CBs to 5 and require that all non-rated men in the next 24 CBs be colored. The proposal
10360-458: The Navy until his retirement in 1957, reaching the (post-retirement) rank of rear admiral; he served as chairman of PerkinElmer from 1969 to 1980. Anna Elizabeth ("Nancy") Nimitz was an expert on the Soviet economy at the RAND Corporation from 1952 until her retirement in the 1980s. Sister Mary Aquinas (Nimitz) joined the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael , working at the Dominican University of California . She taught biology for 16 years and
10508-469: The Navy's Bureau of Navigation in 1939, Nimitz served as Chief of Naval Operations from 1945 until 1947. He was the United States' last surviving officer who served in the rank of fleet admiral. The USS Nimitz supercarrier , the lead ship of her class , is named after him. Nimitz, a German Texan , was born the son of Anna Josephine (Henke) and Chester Bernhard Nimitz on February 24, 1885, in Fredericksburg, Texas , where his grandfather's hotel
10656-538: The Philippines, his ships destroyed much of the remaining Japanese naval power at the Battle of Leyte Gulf , October 24 to 26, 1944. With the loss of the Philippines, Japan's energy supply routes from Indonesia came under direct threat, crippling their war effort. By act of Congress, passed on December 14, 1944, the rank of fleet admiral – the highest rank in the Navy – was established. The next day President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Nimitz to that rank. Nimitz took
10804-508: The President that he was willing to serve as the CNO for one two-year term, but no longer. He tackled the difficult task of reducing the most powerful navy in the world to a fraction of its war-time strength while establishing and overseeing active and reserve fleets with the strength and readiness required to support national policy. For the postwar trial of German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz at
10952-480: The Seabees amidst the aftermath of the Battle of Wake Island inspired the backstory for the World War II movie The Fighting Seabees . They also feature prominently in the wartime musical drama (and subsequent film) South Pacific . Adm. Moreell 's concept model CB was a USMC trained military equivalent of those civilian companies: able to work anywhere, under any conditions or circumstances. They have
11100-483: The Seabees have been tasked with large-scale land surveys. The first was done by CBD 1058 for a proposed NPR 4 pipeline route to Fairbanks. The Trans-Alaskan pipeline follows a portion of their survey from roughly the Arctic Circle to Fairbanks. The second would be done by a Seabee team from MCB 10. They went to Vietnam in 1956 to survey and map the existing road network . That survey was extensively used during
11248-570: The Seabees. During World War II the Navy did not have a rating for the UDTs nor did they have an insignia. Those men with the CB rating on their uniforms considered themselves Seabees that were doing underwater demolition. They did not call themselves "UDTs" or " Frogmen ", but rather "Demolitioneers" reflecting where Lt. Cmdr. Kauffman had recruited them from, the CB dynamiting and demolition school. UDTs had to be of standard recruiting age, Seabees older could not volunteer. Mid-year 1945, in preparation for
11396-580: The Seabees. They never reached the Navy's authorized quota of 321,056. In 1942, initial CB boot was at Camp Allen in Norfolk, Virginia , which moved to Camp Bradford, which moved to Camp Peary , and finally moved to Camp Endicott in Quonset Point, Rhode Island . CBs 1-5 were sent directly overseas for urgent projects. CBs that followed were sent to Advance Base Depots (ABDs) for deployment. Camp Rousseau at Port Hueneme became operational first and
11544-444: The UDTs and elevated to Commander 7th NCR instead of back to CB 10. Adm. Turner also requested the formation of a Demolition Training Center at Kihei . It was approved. The actions of UDT 1 provided the training model, making UDT training distinctly different from Fort Pierce's NCDU program. Lt. Crist was briefly the first training officer and emphasized swimming and recon until he was made CO of UDT 3. When UDT 3 returned from Leyte in
11692-551: The UDTs for the Pacific. That netted him 20 NCDUs that had received Presidential Unit Citations and another 11 that had gotten Navy Unit Commendations. Prior to Normandy 30 NCDUs had embarked to the Pacific and another three had gone to the Mediterranean . NCDUs 1–10 were staged at Turner City on Florida Island in the beginning of 1944. NCDU 1 was briefly in the Aleutians in 1943. The first NCDUs in combat were 4 and 5 with
11840-567: The allied advantage in land-based air-power, the results were sufficient to secure Guadalcanal. The US and allied forces then undertook to neutralize remaining Japanese offensive threats with the Solomon Islands campaign and the New Guinea campaign , while building capabilities for major fleet actions. In 1943, Midway became a forward submarine base, greatly enhancing US capabilities against Japanese shipping. In terms of combat, 1943
11988-497: The average Seabee was 37, even so, all received the same physical training . In December, FDR ordered the Selective Service System to provide CB recruits. Enlistees could request CB service with a written statement certifying that they were trade qualified. This lasted until October 1943 when voluntary enlistment in the Seabees ceased until December 1944. By war's end, 258,872 officers and enlisted had served in
12136-759: The beach asking the Marines "What took you so long?" The Seabees in the UDTs made an effort of this of which their mates in the CBs approved. When the first three CBs were formed the Seabees did not have a base of their own. Upon leaving boot the recruits were sent to National Youth Administration camps in Illinois, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia to receive military training from the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps listed CBs on their Table of organization : "D-Series Division" for 1942, "E-Series Division" for 1943, and "Amphibious Corps" for 1944–45. When CBs were created
12284-542: The biggest contributions the Navy made to the Marine Corps during WWII was the creation of the Seabees". In exchange, the Corps would be influential upon the CB organization and its history. After the experience of Guadalcanal the Department of War decided that the Marines and Seabees would make all subsequent landings together. That arrangement led to numerous Seabee claims that they had landed first, even leaving signs on
12432-600: The cooler waters around Japan, a cold water training center was created. With it came a more demanding physical . Team 9 lost 70% of the team to this change. Heterograph A homophone ( / ˈ h ɒ m ə f oʊ n , ˈ h oʊ m ə -/ ) is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning or in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, for example rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or spelled differently, as in rain , reign , and rein . The term homophone sometimes applies to units longer or shorter than words, for example
12580-539: The creation of nine Underwater Demolition Teams to address those issues. Six teams for VAC in the Central Pacific while the other three would go to III Amphibious Corps in the South Pacific. UDTs 1 & 2 were formed from the 180 men Lt. Crist had staged. Seabees make up the majority of the men in teams 1–9, 13 and 15. How many Seabees were in UDTs 10 and 12 is not listed, for UDT 11 they composed 20% of
12728-426: The difference in tone. For example, there are two neighboring provinces with nearly identical names, Shanxi (山西) and Shaanxi (陕西) Province. The only difference in pronunciation between the two names are the tone in the first syllable (Shanxi is pronounced Shānxī whereas Shaanxi is pronounced Shǎnxī ) . As most languages exclude the tone diacritics when transcribing Chinese place names into their own languages,
12876-526: The disciplinary action in the aftermath of the investigation was considered a model of even-handed fairness, cementing his reputation as a solid and capable leader. Returning to the mainland in the summer of 1922, he studied at the Naval War College , Newport, Rhode Island . In June 1923, he became aide and assistant chief of staff to the Commander, Battle Fleet , and later to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet . In August 1926, he went to
13024-399: The dismay of generals George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower , who favored a Germany-first strategy. King and Nimitz provided MacArthur with some naval forces but kept most of the carriers. However, when the time came to plan an invasion of Japan, MacArthur was given overall command. Nimitz faced superior Japanese forces at the crucial defensive actions of the Battle of the Coral Sea and
13172-447: The disparity of treatment was obvious even to the Navy. The 14th Naval District Command felt they deserved proper shelter with at least separate but equal barracks. Manana Barracks and Waiawa Gulch became the United States' largest "colored" installation with over 4,000 Seabee stevedores barracked there. It was the site of racial strife to the point that the camp was fenced in and placed under armed guard. The Seabees were trucked to and from
13320-435: The distinction (a minimal pair ) are homophonous in the accent with the merger. Some examples from English are: Wordplay is particularly common in English because the multiplicity of linguistic influences offers considerable complication in spelling and meaning and pronunciation compared with other languages. Malapropisms , which often create a similar comic effect, are usually near-homophones. See also Eggcorn . During
13468-590: The docks in cattle trucks. Two naval supply depots were located at Waiawa Gulch. At wars end 12,500 African Americans would serve in the Construction Battalions. The 17th Special CB was one of the segregated Specials and was at Peleliu in September 1944. The unit is not listed in the USMC order of battle at Peleliu despite being attached to the 1st Marine Pioneers. On D-day, the 7th Marines had
13616-473: The dynamite school, assemble the (Seabees) in the auditorium and say, "I need volunteers for hazardous, prolonged and distant duty." Fort Pierce had two CB units assigned, CBD 1011 and CBMU 570. They were tasked with the construction and maintenance of obstacles needed for demolition training. The invasion of Normandy had 34 NCDUs. When the first ten arrived in England they had no CO. Lt. Smith (CEC) assumed
13764-706: The evening of February 20 at Quarters One on Yerba Buena Island in San Francisco Bay , four days before his 81st birthday. His funeral on February 24—what would have been his 81st birthday—was at the chapel of adjacent Naval Station Treasure Island , and Nimitz was buried with full military honors at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno . He lies alongside his wife and his lifelong friends Admiral Raymond A. Spruance , Admiral Richmond K. Turner , and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood and their wives, an arrangement made by all of them while living. Besides
13912-686: The eyes of the entire division they have earned a 'well done'." The Department of the Navy made an official press release 28 November 1944 of the 17th CB's copy of this letter. Construction Battalion Detachment (CBD) 1058 was formed from "screening Camp Peary and the NCF for geologists , petroleum engineers , oil drillers , tool pushers , roustabouts and roughnecks " and later designated 1058. Additional personnel were chosen for their arctic experience with CBs 12 and 66. They mustered at Camp Lee Stephenson for Operation Pet 4. Congress put $ 1,000,000 aside to wildcat for oil in U.S. Navy Petroleum Reserve No. 4 (NPR-4) in 1944. NPR-4 had been created and placed in
14060-506: The fall of 1944 it became the school instructors with Lt. Crist again OIC of training. The classes now included: night ops , weapons, bivouacking , small unit tactics , along with coral and lava blasting. In April 1945, team 3 was sent to Fort Priece to instruct there. Lt. Crist was promoted to Lt. Cmdr. and sent back to Kihei. Team 3 would train teams 12–22. UDT 14 is called the first "all fleet team" even though it had Seabees from Team Able and
14208-520: The first fully integrated units in the U.S. Navy. V-J Day brought the decommissioning of all of them. The Special CBs were forerunners of today's Navy Cargo Handling Battalions of the Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group (United States) . The arrival of 15 African American Special CBs in Pearl Harbor made segregation an issue for the 14th Naval District . For a protracted period the men lived in tents, but
14356-436: The first-ever underway refuelings . On August 10, 1917, Nimitz became aide to Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robison , Commander, Submarine Force, US Atlantic Fleet ( ComSubLant ). On February 6, 1918, Nimitz was appointed chief of staff and was awarded a Letter of Commendation for meritorious service as COMSUBLANT 's chief of staff. On September 16, he reported to the office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and on October 25
14504-505: The graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "r" are all pronounced /z/ in the Hanoi dialect, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and rao (advertise) are all pronounced /zaw˧/. In Saigon dialect, however, the graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "v" are all pronounced /j/, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and vao (enter) are all pronounced /jaw˧/. Pairs of words that are homophones in one dialect may not be homophones in
14652-643: The home waters of Japan. In addition, Nimitz also arranged for the Army Air Force to mine the Japanese ports and waterways by air with B-29 Superfortresses in a successful mission called Operation Starvation , which severely interrupted Japanese logistics. On September 2, 1945, Nimitz signed as representative of the United States when Japan formally surrendered on board USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay . On October 5, 1945, which had been officially designated as "Nimitz Day" in Washington, D.C. , Nimitz
14800-478: The infinitive and the present (or simple future) tense of the third person of the same verb are often pronounced the same way (in writing they differ in the presence or absence of the letter Ь (soft sign) before the postfix -ся): (надо) решиться — (он) решится, (хочу) строиться — (дом) строится, (металл может) гнуться — (деревья) гнутся, (должен) вернуться — (они) вернутся. This often leads to incorrect spelling of reflexive verbs ending with -ться/-тся: in some cases, Ь
14948-515: The influence of homophones can be seen everywhere, from CCTV evening sketch programmes, folk art performances and popular folk life. In recent years, receiving the influence of Internet pop culture, young people have invented more new and popular homophones. Homophones even play a major role in daily life throughout China, including Spring Festival traditions, which gifts to give (and not give), political criticism, texting, and many other aspects of people's lives. Another complication that arises within
15096-402: The infrastructure needed to take the war to Japan. By war's end CBs had, served on six continents, constructed over 300 bases on as many islands. They built everything: airfields, airstrips, piers , wharves , breakwaters , PT & seaplane bases, bridges, roads, com-centers, fuel farms, hospitals, barracks and anything else. In the Atlantic the Seabees biggest job was the preparations for
15244-464: The latter of which varies between /ˈɡe:stə/ and /ˈɡɛstə/ and by a pair like Stiel (handle, stalk) – Stil (style), the latter of which varies between /ʃtiːl/ and /stiːl/. Besides websites that offer extensive lists of German homophones, there are others which provide numerous sentences with various types of homophones. In the German language homophones occur in more than 200 instances. Of these,
15392-1073: The lead proponent of the CB proposal. In 1941, the Navy and BuDocks decided to improve project oversight of civilian contractors by creating "Headquarters Construction Companies". These companies would have 2 officers and 99 enlisted, but would do no actual construction. On 31 October 1941, RADM. Chester Nimitz , Chief of the Bureau of Navigation , authorized the formation of the 1st Headquarters Construction Company. Recruiting began in November while boot training began 7 December 1941 at Naval Station Newport . By 16 December, four additional companies had been authorized, but Pearl Harbor changed everything. The Seabee skillset became multi- faceted with all advanced military training being USMC instruction. That training led to CBs being tasked as USMC Pioneers (Shore party) in multiple landings . They added pontoon development , fabrication , and combat utilization. The military training added frontline combat with both
15540-933: The newly formed US-British Combined Chiefs of Staff issued a directive designating the Pacific theater an area of American strategic responsibility. Six days later, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) divided the theater into three areas: the Pacific Ocean Areas , the Southwest Pacific Area (commanded by General Douglas MacArthur ), and the Southeast Pacific Area . The JCS designated Nimitz as "Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas", with operational control over all Allied units (air, land, and sea) in that area. Nimitz, in Hawaii, and his superior Admiral Ernest King ,
15688-443: The number of homophones varies accordingly. Regional variation is especially common in words that exhibit the long vowels ä and e . According to the well-known dictionary Duden , these vowels should be distinguished as /ɛ:/ and /e:/, but this is not always the case, so that words like Ähre (ear of corn) and Ehre (honor) may or may not be homophones. Individual variation is shown by a pair like Gäste (guests) – Geste (gesture),
15836-492: The oath of that office on December 19, 1944. In January 1945, Nimitz moved the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet forward from Pearl Harbor to Guam for the remainder of the war. Nimitz's wife remained in the continental United States for the duration of the war and did not join her husband in Hawaii or Guam. In 1945, Nimitz's forces launched successful amphibious assaults on Iwo Jima and Okinawa and his carriers raided
15984-545: The only way to visually distinguish the two names is to write Shaanxi in Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization . Otherwise, nearly all other spellings of placenames in mainland China are spelled using Hanyu Pinyin romanization. Many scholars believe that the Chinese language did not always have such a large number of homophones and that the phonological structure of Chinese syllables was once more complex, which allowed for
16132-623: The other. For example, the words sắc (sharp) and xắc (dice) are both pronounced /săk˧˥/ in Hanoi dialect, but pronounced /ʂăk˧˥/ and /săk˧˥/ in Saigon dialect respectively. Pseudo-homophones are pseudowords that are phonetically identical to a word. For example, groan/grone and crane/crain are pseudo-homophone pairs, whereas plane/plain is a homophone pair since both letter strings are recognised words. Both types of pairs are used in lexical decision tasks to investigate word recognition . Homophones, specifically heterographs, where one spelling
16280-399: The rank of fleet admiral is a lifetime appointment, he remained on active duty for the rest of his life, with full pay and benefits. He and his wife, Catherine, moved to Berkeley, California . After he suffered a serious fall in 1964, he and Catherine moved to US Naval quarters on Yerba Buena Island in the San Francisco Bay . In San Francisco, Nimitz served in the mostly ceremonial post as
16428-665: The reader (as in crossword puzzles ) or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature . An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomas 's radio play Under Milk Wood : "The shops in mourning" where mourning can be heard as mourning or morning . Another vivid example is Thomas Hood 's use of birth and berth as well as told and toll'd (tolled) in his poem "Faithless Sally Brown": In some accents , various sounds have merged in that they are no longer distinctive, and thus words that differ only by those sounds in an accent that maintains
16576-624: The role, splitting them up to train with the 146th, 277th and 299th Combat Engineers . As more NCDUs arrived they did the same, with 5 combat engineers attached to each NCDU. Group III (Lt. Smith) did research and development and is credited with developing the Hagensen Pack. NCDUs had a 53% casualty rate at Normandy. Four from Utah beach later took part in Operation Dragoon . With Europe invaded, Admiral Turner requisitioned all available NCDUs from Fort Pierce for integration into
16724-404: The runways were completed additional supplies were flown in. In March 1946 civilians took over the project. Some Seabees of CBD 1058 were hired immediately upon discharge to continue doing the work they had been doing" The Navy applied the cold weather experience from CBD 1058 for Operation Highjump and Operation Deep Freeze . Seabee #1 remains a USGS monitor well today. Land surveys Twice
16872-417: The same way. CB 6 was the first battalion to deploy as a Battalion. Before all this could happen, BuDocks had to address the dual command issue. Naval regs stated unit command was strictly limited to line officers . BuDocks deemed it essential that CBs be commanded by CEC officers trained in construction. The Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers) was strongly opposed. Adm. Moreell took the issue directly to
17020-826: The same, but mean different things in different genders. For example, the masculine noun el capital means 'capital' as in 'money', but the feminine noun la capital means 'capital city'. There are many homophones in Japanese, due to the use of Sino-Japanese vocabulary , where borrowed words and morphemes from Chinese are widely used in Japanese, but many sound differences, such as the original words' tones , are lost. These are to some extent disambiguated via Japanese pitch accent (i.e. 日本 vs. 二本 , both pronounced nihon , but with different pitches), or from context, but many of these words are primarily or almost exclusively used in writing, where they are easily distinguished as they are written with different kanji ; others are used for puns, which are frequent in Japanese. An extreme example
17168-530: The second, heavy well equipment. The D8s would make eight trips total. When summer arrived a wildcat was drilled to 1,816' before the cold shut down operations. The hole was designated Seabee#1 It was near four known seeps at Umiat in the very south-east of NPR 4. The rock strata there was from the Upper Cretaceous and a stratum of it was named the "Seabee Formation". On the coast the Seabees drilled test holes at Cape Simpson and Point Barrow. Once
17316-425: The shortage of ships, planes, and supplies. He had a significant advantage in that the United States had cracked the Japanese diplomatic naval code and had made progress on the naval code JN-25 . The Japanese had kept radio silence before the attack on Pearl Harbor, although events were then moving so rapidly they had to rely on coded radio messages they did not realize were being read in Hawaii. On March 24, 1942,
17464-535: The team. UDT officers were mainly CEC. UDT 10 had 5 officers and 24 enlisted originally trained as OSS Maritime Unit: Operational Swimmer Group II , but the OSS was not allowed to operate in the Pacific Theater . Adm. Nimitz needed swimmers and approved their transfer from the OSS to his control. The MU men brought with the swimfins they had trained with and the Seabees made them a part of UDT attire as quickly as
17612-472: The tendency in English. For example, Using hanja ( 한자 ; 漢字 ), which are Chinese characters , such words are written differently. As in other languages, Korean homonyms can be used to make puns. The context in which the word is used indicates which meaning is intended by the speaker or writer. Due to phonological constraints in Mandarin syllables (as Mandarin only allows for an initial consonant,
17760-425: The three USMC Amphibious Corps. The 19th CB started out with the I MAC prior to joining the 17th Marines. The 53rd CB was attached to I MAC as Naval Construction Battalion I M.A.C. When I MAC was redesignated III Amphibious Corps the battalion became an element of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade . For Guam, III Amphibious Corps had the 2nd Special CB, 25th, and 53rd CBs. The CO 25 CB was shore party commander for
17908-448: The two have a camaraderie unknown else-wheres in the U.S. military". Even though they are "Navy" the Seabees adopted USMC fatigues with a Seabee insignia in place of the EGA. At least 10 CB units incorporated USMC insignia into theirs. Admiral Moreell wrote, tongue in cheek, that the Marines were the best fighting men in the Pacific, but one had to serve 90 days with the Seabees to qualify to as
18056-480: The water in broad daylight and were the first team members recovered. Still wet and in their trunks they reported directly to Adm. Turner. He concluded what they had done was the only way to get accurate intelligence on submerged obstacles and conveyed that opinion to Adm. Nimitz . At Engebi Cmdr. Brewster was wounded. The success of UDT-1 not following USMC Recon protocol rewrote the UDT mission model and training regimen. Ens. Luehrs and Charp. Acheson were each awarded
18204-415: The words mentioned in the previous paragraph. Even with the existence of two- or two-syllable words, however, there are even multisyllabic homophones. And there are also a lot of harmonic words. The cultural phenomenon brought about by such linguistic characteristics is that from ancient times to the present day, people have been keen to play games and jokes with homophonic and harmonic words. In modern life,
18352-558: The world's first nuclear-powered vessel. As is noted at a display at the Nimitz Museum in Fredericksburg, Texas: "Nimitz's greatest legacy as CNO is arguably his support of Admiral Hyman Rickover's effort to convert the submarine fleet from diesel to nuclear propulsion." Nimitz retired from office as CNO on December 15, 1947, and received a third Gold Star in lieu of a fourth Navy Distinguished Service Medal. However, since
18500-665: The world. Homophonic words include: "Jogo" - I throw, "Jogo" - I play, "Jogo" - Match (Sports), and "Jogo" - Game (This last one is controversial, with dialects like Paulistano considering it non-homophonic, while dialects like Caipira consider it only homophonic, noting that these are two Brazilian dialects.) For example, "Cinto" is a homophone for 9 other words, totalizing 10.(Oxford Languages) Although they are homophones, most of them are also homographs. There are many homophones in present-day standard German. As in other languages, however, there exists regional and/or individual variation in certain groups of words or in single words, so that
18648-604: The wounded back on. They filled the line where the wounded had been, manned 37mm guns that had lost crews and volunteered for anything the Marines needed. The 17th remained with the 7th Marines until the right flank had been secured D+3. There is nothing comparable in USMC history. According to the Military History Encyclopedia on the Web, "were it not for the Black Marine shore party---the (banzai) on
18796-532: Was a relatively quiet year, but it proved decisive inasmuch as Nimitz gained the materiel and manpower needed to launch major fleet offensives to destroy Japanese power in the central Pacific region. This drive opened with the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign from November 1943 to February 1944, followed by the destruction of the strategic Japanese base at Truk Lagoon , and the Marianas campaign that brought
18944-615: Was academic dean for 11 years, acting president for one year, and vice president for institutional research for 13 years before becoming the university's emergency preparedness coordinator. She held this job until her death, due to cancer, on February 27, 2006. He was also a freemason . In late 1965, Nimitz suffered a stroke, complicated by pneumonia . In January 1966, he left the US Naval Hospital (Oak Knoll) in Oakland to return home to his naval quarters. He died at home on
19092-534: Was accepted by Pakistan but rejected by India. Nimitz became a member of the Bohemian Club of San Francisco. In 1948, he sponsored a Bohemian dinner in honor of US Army General Mark Clark , known for his campaigns in North Africa and Italy. Nimitz served as a regent of the University of California from 1948 to 1956, where he had formerly been a faculty member as a professor of naval science for
19240-503: Was added to the toolbox when CBs were transferred to the Marine Corps as elements of USMC engineering regiments. War demands added stevedoring to the toolbox both in USMC assault operations and at forward operating facilities. Weapons development and manufacture were added by the USA Chemical Warfare Service . Polar petroleum exploration and construction were specialties that were also added. Postwar
19388-492: Was an important task that absolutely needed to be done in order for the United States to field an effective combat force. On Guadalcanal the 63rd CB had malaria control as its primary task. At Gulfport a school was established to train Battalions for the Malaria and Epidemic Control Group. During World War II Seabees were tasked outside the NCF in the USMC, NCDUs, and UDTs. USMC historian Gordon L. Rottman wrote "that one of
19536-404: Was approved, but not acted on. The lack of stevedores in combat zones was a huge issue for the Navy. Authorization for the formation of cargo handling CBs or "Special CBs" happened mid-September 1942. By wars end 41 Special CBs had been commissioned of which 15 were "colored". Neither the Navy or NCF used that label, the units were simply segregated in the men assigned to them. The Special CBs were
19684-409: Was assigned to Operation Bobcat . They were sent to Bora Bora and are known in Seabee history as "Bobcats". Concurrently, the other requested companies had been approved. BuDocks took Companies 2 & 3 to form the 1st Naval Construction Battalion at Charleston, South Carolina. HQ Companies 4 & 5 were used for the 2nd CB. All four companies deployed independently. CBs 3, 4, & 5 were deployed
19832-532: Was attached to the 5th Marine Defense Battalion for two years. By autumn, the 18th, 19th and 25th CBs had been transferred to the Corps as combat engineers. Each was attached to a composite engineer regiment, redesignated as 3rd Battalion: 17th Marine Regiment , 18th Marine Regiment , 19th Marine Regiment , and 20th Marine Regiment . The 18th and 19th CBs each claim to have been the first CBs authorized to wear standard USMC issue. Both received their military training and USMC duffle bag at MTC New River, NC . There
19980-562: Was convened to investigate the circumstances. The board found that Nimitz had indeed made an error in judgment, but they did not recommend any punitive measures against him. Instead, he received a letter of reprimand. Nimitz returned to the United States on board USS Ranger when that vessel was converted to a school ship , and in January 1909, began instruction in the First Submarine Flotilla. In May of that year, he
20128-522: Was expanded to include underwater construction , demolition , as well as the related combat applications used by the Seabees that comprised the NCDU's and UDTs . The toolbox was further expanded by the creation of Public works units to maintain the facilities they constructed. In addition mosquito / malaria control was added to their Public works skillset. The NCF added traditional fleet salvage , repair , and maintenance as needed. Combat engineering
20276-457: Was given additional duty as senior member, Board of Submarine Design. From May 1919 to June 1920, Nimitz served as executive officer of the battleship South Carolina . He then commanded the cruiser Chicago with additional duty in command of Submarine Division 14 , based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. While in command, he conducted an investigation into the R-14 sailing incident . His handling of
20424-539: Was given command of the flotilla, with additional duty in command of USS Plunger , later renamed A-1 . He was promoted directly from ensign to lieutenant in January 1910. He commanded USS Snapper (later renamed C-5 ) when that submarine was commissioned on February 2, 1910, and on November 18, 1910, assumed command of USS Narwhal (later renamed D-1 ). In the latter command, he had additional duty from October 10, 1911, as Commander 3rd Submarine Division Atlantic Torpedo Fleet. In November 1911, he
20572-477: Was home to the Acorn Assembly and Training Detachment (AATD) As the war progressed, BuDocks realized that logistics required that Advance Base Construction Depots (ABCDs) be built and CBs built seven. When the code was first created, BuDocks foresaw two CBs constructing a Lion. By 1944 an entire Regiment was being used. The invasion of Okinawa took four Construction Brigades of 55,000 men. The Seabees built
20720-471: Was key in acquiring approval to build the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus , whose propulsion system later completely superseded diesel-powered submarines in the US. He also, beginning in 1917, was the Navy's leading developer of underway replenishment techniques, the tool which during the Pacific war would allow the US fleet to operate away from port almost indefinitely. The chief of
20868-523: Was made to the States that appropriated the store's entire stock. The UDTs adopted goggles independent of the OSS. When UDTs 1 and 2 returned to Hawaii Chief Acheson and three other UDT Officers were transferred to the 301st dredging CB. The 301st had 12 dredges saving Teams from blasting channels, but needed divers to get the job done. Ensign Leuhrs made Lt. and was a member of UDT 3 until he was made XO of team 18. Commander Brewster's purple heart got him out of
21016-482: Was ordered to the Boston Navy Yard , to assist in fitting out USS Skipjack and assumed command of that submarine, which had been renamed E-1 , at her commissioning on February 14, 1912. On the monitor Tonopah (then employed as a submarine tender) on March 20, 1912, he rescued Fireman Second Class W. J. Walsh from drowning, receiving a Silver Lifesaving Medal for his action. After commanding
21164-619: Was personally presented a second Gold Star for the third award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal by President Harry S. Truman "for exceptionally meritorious service as Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas, from June 1944 to August 1945." On November 26, 1945, Nimitz's nomination as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) was confirmed by the US Senate, and on December 15, 1945, he relieved Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King . He had assured
21312-412: Was promoted to the rank of admiral , effective December 31, 1941, upon assuming command. The change of command ceremony would normally have taken place aboard a battleship, however every battleship in Pearl Harbor had been either sunk or damaged during the attack. Assuming command at the most critical period of the war in the Pacific, Admiral Nimitz organized his forces to halt the Japanese advance, despite
21460-542: Was selected to command the program. It had been set up in Camp Peary's "Area E"(explosives) at the dynamiting and demolition school. Between May and mid-July, the first six NCDU classes graduated at Camp Peary. While the program was at Camp Peary the men were given head-of-the-line privileges at the mess hall. The program was moved to Fort Pierce where the first class began mid-July. Despite the move, Camp Peary remained Kauffman's primary recruit center. "He would go back to
21608-411: Was tasked with. The Seabees boasted of this by posting signs reading: "The difficult we Can Do now, The impossible takes a little longer". On 28 December 1941, Adm. Moreell requested authority to commission three Naval Construction Battalions. His request was approved on 5 January 1942 by Admiral Nimitz . The 1st HQ Construction Company was used to commission the 1st Naval Construction Detachment, which
21756-505: Was the ABD to the Pacific. The Davisville ABD became operational in June with NTC Camp Endicott commissioned that August. Other CB Camps were Camp Parks , Livermore, Ca., and Camp Lee-Stephenson, Quoddy Village, Eastport, Maine and Camp Holliday, Gulfport, Mississippi . CBs sent to the Pacific were attached to one of the four Amphibious Corps: I, III, and V were USMC. The VII Amphibious Force
21904-450: Was under General Douglas MacArthur , Supreme Commander . MacArthur said the only problem he had with the Seabees was that he didn't have enough of them. Advance Bases The Office of Naval Operations created a code identifying Advance Base (AB) construction as a numbered metaphor for the size/type of base. That code was also used to identify the "unit" that would be the administration for that base. These were Lion, Cub, Oak and Acorn with
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