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53-498: In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet , usually based on those used by West Slavic languages , but none have been widely accepted. Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another writing system . Rudnyckyj classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, used in academic and especially linguistic works, and practical systems, used in administration, journalism, in

106-569: A Latin alphabet, transliteration of Ukrainian from Cyrillic into the Latin script (or romanization ) is usually not intended for native speakers, and may be designed for certain academic requirements or technical constraints. The Mozilla Add-ons website published the Ukrajinsjka Latynka extension to transliterate Ukrainian texts from Cyrillic to Latin script on web pages. In the nineteenth century, there were attempts to introduce

159-601: A fierce publicly debated Alphabetical War ( Ukrainian : Азбучна війна ), and in the end the Latin alphabet was rejected. A Latin alphabet for Ukrainian publications was also imposed in Romanian Bessarabia , Bukovina and Dobrudja , Hungarian Zakarpattia . In Ukraine under the Russian Empire , Mykhailo Drahomanov promoted a purely phonemic Cyrillic alphabet (the Drahomanivka ) including

212-678: A modified transliteration is based on the ALA-LC , or Library of Congress (in North America), or, less commonly, the British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits diacritics and ligatures (tie-bars) from, e.g., i͡e , ï or ĭ , often simplifies -yĭ and -iĭ word endings to "-y", omits romanizing the Ukrainian soft sign ( ь ) and apostrophe ( ' ), and may substitute ya, ye, yu, yo for ia, ie, iu, io at

265-517: A policy of international growth through acquisition as follows: In 2021, BSI Group, supported by the Construction Products Association , led the development of a system known as BSI Identify , which has been established in response to Dame Judith Hackitt 's recommendation that The built environment sector ... needs to accelerate the adoption of readily available means of providing product traceability. ... [T]here

318-504: A special Unicode font. In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives to be read and pronounced naturally by anglophones . Such transcriptions are also used for the surnames of people of Ukrainian ancestry in English-speaking countries (personal names have often been translated to equivalent or similar English names, e.g., "Alexander" for Oleksandr , "Terry" for Taras ). Typically such

371-514: A unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc. It has been adopted internationally. The 27th session of the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names ( UNGEGN ), held in New York on 30 July and 10 August 2012, approved the Ukrainian system of romanization. The BGN/PCGN jointly adopted

424-746: A version without ligatures and diacritical marks is sometimes used. For broader audiences, a "modified Library of Congress system" is employed for personal, organizational, and place names, omitting all ligatures and diacritics, ignoring the soft sign ь (ʹ), with initial Є- ( I͡E- ), Й- ( Ĭ- ), Ю- ( I͡U- ), and Я- ( I͡A- ) represented by Ye- , Y- , Yu- , and Ya- , surnames' terminal -ий ( -yĭ ) and -ій ( -iĭ ) endings simplified to -y , and sometimes with common first names anglicized, for example, Олександр ( Oleksandr ) written as Alexander . Similar principles were systematically described for Russian by J. Thomas Shaw in 1969, and since widely adopted. Their application for Ukrainian and multilingual text were described in

477-663: A wide range of sectors, including construction, fire safety, electrical and electronic and engineering products. Within Healthcare, BSI provides regulatory and quality management reviews and product certification for medical device manufacturers in Europe, the United States, Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Canada and China. It is the market leader in the US, the world's biggest healthcare market. Starting in 1998, BSI Group has adopted

530-445: Is a strong case for materials and products to carry permanent marking to ensure their identification and traceability...and...a consistent labelling and traceability system. BSI Identify uses new Digital Object Identifier (DOI) technology "to deliver a unique, constant , and interoperable identifier", known as a BSI UPIN, "which can be assigned to products to help UK manufacturers to directly manage information about their products in

583-640: Is also mentioned in the DSTU 9112:2021 standard (approved in 2022) as the "B system"; the new standard also includes an "A system" with diacritical marks and some differences from ISO 9:1995: г=ğ, ґ=g, є=je, и=y, і=i, х=x, ь=j, ю=ju, я=ja. ISO 9 is a series of systems from the International Organization for Standardization . The ISO published editions of its "international system" for romanization of Cyrillic as recommendations (ISO/R 9) in 1954 and 1968, and standards (ISO 9) in 1986 and 1995. This

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636-642: Is always represented by the transliteration g ; ґ ( Ukrainian letter Ge ) is represented by g̀ . Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode, and a few characters are rarely present in computer fonts, for example g-grave: g̀. This is the official system of Ukraine, also employed by the United Nations and many countries' foreign services. It is currently widely used to represent Ukrainian geographic names, which were almost exclusively romanized from Russian before Ukraine's independence in 1991, and for personal names in passports. It

689-676: Is based on English orthography , and requires only ASCII characters with no diacritics. It can be considered a variant of the "modified Library of Congress system", but does not simplify the -ий and -ій endings. Its first version was codified in Decision No. 9 of the Ukrainian Committee on Issues of Legal Terminology on April 19, 1996, stating that the system is binding for the transliteration of Ukrainian names in English in legislative and official acts. A new official system

742-772: Is based on modified ISO 9:1995 standard and was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine . According to the SSTL , it could be used in future cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine , in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation." Some letters borrowed from Polish were used in

795-553: Is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet . Different variations are appropriate to represent the phonology of historical Old Ukrainian (mid 11th–14th centuries) and Middle Ukrainian (15th–18th centuries). A variation was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or Preußische Instruktionen (PI), and widely used in bibliographic cataloguing in Central Europe and Scandinavia. With further modifications it

848-557: Is intuitive for English-speakers. For Ukrainian, the former BGN/PCGN system was adopted in 1965, but superseded there by the Ukrainian National System in 2019. A modified version is also mentioned in the Oxford Style Manual. Requires only ASCII characters if optional separators are not used. The Soviet Union's GOST , COMECON 's SEV, and Ukraine's Derzhstandart are government standards bodies of

901-489: Is the official transliteration system of Ukraine , also employed by the United Nations and many countries' foreign services. It is currently widely used to represent Ukrainian geographic names and for personal names in passports. It is based on English orthography , and requires only ASCII characters with no diacritics. It can be considered a variant of the "modified Library of Congress system" but does not simplify

954-704: The Encyclopedia of Ukraine ". Requires Unicode for connecting diacritics, but only plain ASCII characters for a simplified version. British Standard 2979:1958 "Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Characters" , from BSI , is used by the Oxford University Press. A variation is used by the British Museum and British Library, but since 1975 their new acquisitions have been catalogued using Library of Congress transliteration. In addition to

1007-714: The national standards body of the United Kingdom. BSI produces technical standards on a wide range of products and services and also supplies standards certification services for business and personnel. BSI was founded as the Engineering Standards Committee in London in 1901. It subsequently extended its standardization work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting

1060-540: The phonemes , or meaningful sounds of a language, and is useful to describe the general pronunciation of a word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone , and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [ ... ]. The International Phonetic Alphabet precisely represents pronunciation. It requires

1113-536: The "British" system, the standard also includes tables for the "International" system for Cyrillic, corresponding to ISO/R 9:1968 (and ISO's recommendation reciprocally has an alternate system corresponding to BSI's). It also includes tables for romanization of Greek. BGN/PCGN romanization is a series of standards approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. Pronunciation

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1166-558: The -ий and -ій endings. The first version of the system was codified in Decision No. 9 of the Ukrainian Committee on Issues of Legal Terminology on 19 April 1996, stating that the system is binding for the transliteration of Ukrainian names in English in legislative and official acts. The current 2010 version is used for transliterating all proper names was approved as Resolution 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine , on 27 January 2010. This modified earlier laws and brought together

1219-507: The 1984 English translation of Kubiiovych's Encyclopedia of Ukraine and in the 1997 translation of Hrushevskyi's History of Ukraine-Rusʹ , and other sources have referred to these, for example, historian Serhii Plokhy in several works. However, the details of usage vary, for example, the authors of the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine render the soft sign ь before о with an i , "thus Khvyliovy, not Khvylovy, as in

1272-482: The American Library Association in 1885, and published in 1904 and 1908, including rules for romanizing Church Slavic, the pre-reform Russian alphabet, and Serbo-Croatian. Revised tables including Ukrainian were published in 1941, and remain in use virtually unchanged according to the latest 2011 release. This system is used to represent bibliographic information by US and Canadian libraries, by

1325-686: The British Library since 1975, and in North American publications. In addition to bibliographic cataloguing, simplified versions of the Library of Congress system are widely used for romanization in the text of academic and general publications. For notes or bibliographical references, some publications use a version without ligatures, which offers sufficient precision but simplifies the typesetting burden and easing readability. For specialist audiences or those familiar with Slavic languages,

1378-589: The German or Polish. Others are transcribed from equivalent names in other languages, for example Ukrainian Pavlo ("Paul") may be called by the Russian equivalent Pavel , Ukrainian Kyiv by the Russian equivalent Kiev . The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč's Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA-LC) system as outlined above for Ukrainian and Russian names—with

1431-560: The Latin letter ј in 1876, replacing the digraphs я, є, ю, ї with ја, је, јu, јі , similar to the earlier Karadžić reform of the Serbian alphabet . In Soviet Ukraine , during the 1927 orthographical conference in Kharkiv , linguists Maik Yohansen , Borys Tkachenko, and Mykola Nakonechnyi proposed the application of the more "international" Latin script to Ukrainian, but the idea was opposed by Soviet government representatives. This

1484-531: The Latin script into Ukrainian writing, by J. Lozinskiy ( Polish : Józef Łoziński ), a Ukrainian scholar and priest from Lviv (Josyp Łozyński Ivanovyč, Ruskoje wesile , 1834), Tomasz Padura . The use of the Latin script for Ukrainian was promoted by authorities in Galicia under the Austrian Habsburg Empire . Franz Miklosich developed a Latin alphabet for Ukrainian in 1852, based on

1537-669: The Polish and Czech alphabets (adopting Czech č, š, ž, dž, ď, ť, Polish ś, ź, ć, ń, and ľ following the same pattern). Czech politician Josef Jireček took an interest in this concept and managed to gain support for the project in the Imperial Ministry of Interior. As part of a Polonization campaign in Galicia during the period of neo-absolutist rule after 1849, Viceroy Agenor Gołuchowski attempted to impose this Latin alphabet on Ukrainian publications in 1859. This started

1590-856: The UK's National Standards Body, is also responsible for the UK publication, in English, of international and European standards. BSI is obliged to adopt and publish all European Standards as identical British Standards (prefixed BS EN) and to withdraw pre-existing British Standards that are in conflict. However, it has the option to adopt and publish international standards (prefixed BS ISO or BS IEC). In response to commercial demands, BSI also produces commissioned standards products such as Publicly Available Specifications , (PASs), Private Standards and Business Information Publications. These products are commissioned by individual organizations and trade associations to meet their needs for standardized specifications, guidelines, codes of practice etc. Because they are not subject to

1643-476: The UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names ( UNGEGN ) held in New York 30 July and 10 August 2012 after a report by the State Agency of Land Resources of Ukraine (now known as Derzhheokadastr: Ukraine State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre) experts approved the Ukrainian system of romanization. The BGN/PCGN jointly adopted the system in 2019. Official geographic names are romanized directly from

Romanization of Ukrainian - Misplaced Pages Continue

1696-584: The Ukrainian language is very rare. However, discussions of a united format of Latynka and its status still continue. Comparison of several romanization systems for Ukrainian and historical versions of Ukrainian Latin alphabet in example of the State Anthem of Ukraine . Contemporary literature concerning the Alphabet Wars: BSI Group The British Standards Institution ( BSI ) is

1749-623: The Ukrainian Łatynka as stated above, which also has a close resemblance to the Belarusian Łacinka . Although never broadly accepted, it was used mostly by Ukrainians living in territories near Poland (where it was called Abecadło ). As example, the Introduction of Josyp Łozynśkyj's Ruskoje Wesile ('Ruthenian Wedding', 1834): Josef Jireček proposed an alphabet based more closely on Czech orthography (except some letters like ć, ń, ś, ź). In modern Ukraine, use of Latin alphabets for

1802-475: The available character set. For telegraph transmission. Each separate Ukrainian letter had a 1:1 equivalence to a Latin letter. Latin Q, W, V, and X are equivalent to Ukrainian Я (or sometimes Щ), В, Ж, Ь. Other letters are transcribed phonetically. This equivalency is used in building the KOI8-U table. Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonological , or phonemic, transcription represents

1855-583: The beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the English language where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the Ukrainian language it is a letter. Therefore sometimes Rus' is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for most other names and words. Conventional transliterations can reflect the history of a person or place. Many well-known spellings are based on transcriptions into another Latin alphabet, such as

1908-492: The exceptions for endings or doubled consonants applying variously to personal and geographic names. For technical reasons, maps in the Encyclopedia follow different conventions. Names of persons are anglicized in the encyclopedia's text, but also presented in their original form in the index. Various geographic names are presented in their anglicized, Russian, or both Ukrainian and Polish forms, and appear in several forms in

1961-424: The former Eurasian communist countries. They published a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian, which were replaced by ISO 9:1995. For details, see GOST 16876-71 . On 1 April 2022, the "Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" ( SSOU 9112:2021 ) was approved as State Standard of Ukraine . The standard is based on modified ISO 9:1995 standard and

2014-693: The history in Ukraine , but it has never replaced the dominant Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet . Standard Ukrainian has been written with the Cyrillic script in a tradition going back to the introduction of Christianity and Old Church Slavonic to Kievan Rus' . Proposals for Latinization, if not imposed for outright political reasons, have always been politically charged and have never been generally accepted, although some proposals to create an official Latin alphabet for Ukrainian have been expressed lately by national intelligentsia . While superficially similar to

2067-606: The implementation and auditing requirements of national and international management systems standards. It is independently accredited and assesses a wide range of standards and other specifications including: Within Testing Services, BSI's best known product in the UK is the Kitemark , a registered certification mark first used in 1903. The Kitemark – which is recognized by 82% of UK adults – signifies products or services which have been assessed and tested as meeting

2120-462: The index. Scientific transliteration is used in linguistics articles. The Encyclopedia's explanation of its transliteration and naming convention occupies 2-1/2 pages. Ukrainian Latin alphabet The Ukrainian Latin alphabet is the form of the Latin script used for writing, transliteration, and retransliteration of Ukrainian . The Latin alphabet has been proposed or imposed several times in

2173-702: The name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving a Royal Charter in 1929. In 1998 a revision of the Charter enabled the organization to diversify and acquire other businesses, and the trading name was changed to BSI Group. The Group now operates in 195 countries. The core business remains standards and standards related services, although the majority of the Group's revenue comes from management systems assessment and certification work. In 2021, BSI appointed its first female chief executive officer, Susan Taylor Martin. BSI produces British Standards , and, as

Romanization of Ukrainian - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-528: The normal orthography of another Slavic language, such as Polish or Croatian (such as the established system of scientific transliteration, described above). Czech and Slovak standard transliteration uses letters with diacritics (ž, š, č, ď, ť, ň, ě) and letters i, y, j, h, ch, c in the local meaning. Diphthong letters are transcribed as two letters (ja, je, ji, ju, šč). Czech transliteration was used, for example, on hiking signs in Transcarpathia, which

2279-497: The original Ukrainian and not translated. For example, Kyivska oblast not Kyiv Oblast , Pivnichnokrymskyi kanal not North Crimean Canal . Romanization intended for readers of other languages than English is usually transcribed phonetically into the familiar orthography. For example, y , kh , ch , sh , shch for anglophones may be transcribed j , ch , tsch , sch , schtsch for German readers (for letters й, х, ч, ш, щ), or it may be rendered in Latin letters according to

2332-399: The original text, or it may be preferable to have a transliteration which sounds like the original language when read aloud. Scientific transliteration , also called the academic , linguistic , international , or scholarly system, is most often seen in linguistic publications on Slavic languages. It is purely phonemic, meaning each character represents one meaningful unit of sound, and

2385-402: The postal system, in schools, etc. Scientific transliteration, also called the scholarly system, is used internationally, with very little variation, while the various practical methods of transliteration are adapted to the orthographical conventions of other languages, like English, French, German, etc. Depending on the purpose of the transliteration it may be necessary to be able to reconstruct

2438-754: The requirements of the related specification or standard within a Kitemark scheme. BSI also conducts testing of products for a range of certifications, including for CE marking . CE marking must be applied to a wide range of products intended for sale in the European Economic Area. Frequently manufacturers or importers need a third-party certification of their product from an accredited or 'Notified' body. BSI holds Notified Body status for 15 EU Directives, including construction products, marine equipment, pressurised equipment and personal protective equipment. BSI also conducts testing for manufacturers developing new products and has facilities to test across

2491-470: The same consultation and consensus requirements as formal standards, the lead time is shorter. BSI also publishes standards-related books, CD-ROMs, subscription and web-based products as well as providing training on standards-related issues. With 80,000 clients, BSI is one of the world's largest certification bodies. It audits and provides certification to companies worldwide who implement management systems standards. BSI also runs training courses that cover

2544-430: The system in 2020. Official geographic names are romanized directly from the original Ukrainian and not translated. For example, Kyivska oblast not Kyiv Oblast , Pivnichnokrymskyi kanal not North Crimean Canal . On 1 April 2022, the "Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" ( SSOU 9112:2021 ) was approved as State Standard of Ukraine . The standard

2597-486: Was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine . According to the SSTL , it could be used in future cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine , in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation." The Derzhstandart 1995 system (invented by Maksym Vakulenko)

2650-833: Was established according to the methodology of the Czech Tourists Club – the Ukrainian markers replaced that later with the English transcription. However, the fact that Ukraine itself has started to use English transliteration on its documents and boards, also influences the practice in Czech and Slovak, which is also penetrated by English transliteration of Ukrainian. Users of public-access computers or mobile text messaging services sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may include both sound-alike and look-alike letter substitutions. Example: YKPAIHCbKA ABTOPKA for "УКРАЇНСЬКА АВТОРКА". See also Volapuk encoding. This system uses

2703-543: Was introduced for transliteration of Ukrainian personal names in Ukrainian passports in 2007. An updated 2010 version became the system used for transliterating all proper names and was approved as Resolution 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine , January 27, 2010. This modified earlier laws and brought together a unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc. It has been adopted internationally. The 27th session of

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2756-647: Was originally derived from scientific transliteration in 1954, and is meant to be usable by readers of most European languages. The 1968 edition also included an alternative system identical to the British Standard. The 1995 edition supports most national Cyrillic alphabets in a single transliteration table. It is a pure transliteration system, with each Cyrillic character represented by exactly one unique Latin character, making it reliably reversible, but sacrificing readability and adaptation to individual languages. It considers only graphemes and disregards phonemic differences. So, for example, г ( Ukrainian He or Russian Ge )

2809-714: Was published by the International Organization for Standardization as recommendation ISO/R 9 in 1954, revised in 1968, and again as an international standard in 1986 and 1995. Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode , Latin-2 , Latin-4 , or Latin-7 encoding. Other Slavic based romanizations occasionally seen are those based on the Slovak alphabet or the Polish alphabet , which include symbols for palatalized consonants. The ALA-LC Romanization Tables were first discussed by

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