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45-529: November 1976 — Ukrainian community groups was established to promote the implementation of the Helsinki agreements. Almost all members of this Ukrainian Helsinki Group where subsequently repressed, four of them ( V. Stus , Yu. Lytvyn, O. Tykhyi, V. Marchenko) died in Soviet camps (Gulag) . March 1988 — Ukrainian Helsinki Union (UKhS) was formed. Since 1989, UKhS has moved to open propaganda activity of promoting

90-759: A Lithuanian) announced their symbolic membership in the Group in 1983. By 1983, the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 ( Mykhailo Melnyk ) committed suicide. On July 7, 1988, members of the group established and officially registered the Ukrainian Helsinki Association which in 1990 transformed itself into

135-678: A modified transliteration is based on the ALA-LC , or Library of Congress (in North America), or, less commonly, the British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits diacritics and ligatures (tie-bars) from, e.g., i͡e , ï or ĭ , often simplifies -yĭ and -iĭ word endings to "-y", omits romanizing the Ukrainian soft sign ( ь ) and apostrophe ( ' ), and may substitute ya, ye, yu, yo for ia, ie, iu, io at

180-738: A psychiatric unit. Hanna Mykhailenko, who was a sympathizer of the Group, was detained in a psychiatric hospital in 1980. Bad conditions in Soviet camps and prisons caused the deaths of UHG members Oleksiy Tykhy and Vasyl Stus later on. In 1982, the 'Initiative Group for the Defense of Believers and the Church' was established, which considered itself a part of the Helsinki movement in Ukraine. Its organizers, Yosyp Terelia and Vasyl Kobryn, were both sentenced in 1985. Some political prisoners from outside of Ukraine (Mart Niklus, an Estonian, and Viktoras Petkus,

225-504: A special Unicode font. In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives to be read and pronounced naturally by anglophones . Such transcriptions are also used for the surnames of people of Ukrainian ancestry in English-speaking countries (personal names have often been translated to equivalent or similar English names, e.g., "Alexander" for Oleksandr , "Terry" for Taras ). Typically such

270-748: A version without ligatures and diacritical marks is sometimes used. For broader audiences, a "modified Library of Congress system" is employed for personal, organizational, and place names, omitting all ligatures and diacritics, ignoring the soft sign ь (ʹ), with initial Є- ( I͡E- ), Й- ( Ĭ- ), Ю- ( I͡U- ), and Я- ( I͡A- ) represented by Ye- , Y- , Yu- , and Ya- , surnames' terminal -ий ( -yĭ ) and -ій ( -iĭ ) endings simplified to -y , and sometimes with common first names anglicized, for example, Олександр ( Oleksandr ) written as Alexander . Similar principles were systematically described for Russian by J. Thomas Shaw in 1969, and since widely adopted. Their application for Ukrainian and multilingual text were described in

315-640: Is also mentioned in the DSTU 9112:2021 standard (approved in 2022) as the "B system"; the new standard also includes an "A system" with diacritical marks and some differences from ISO 9:1995: г=ğ, ґ=g, є=je, и=y, і=i, х=x, ь=j, ю=ju, я=ja. ISO 9 is a series of systems from the International Organization for Standardization . The ISO published editions of its "international system" for romanization of Cyrillic as recommendations (ISO/R 9) in 1954 and 1968, and standards (ISO 9) in 1986 and 1995. This

360-642: Is always represented by the transliteration g ; ґ ( Ukrainian letter Ge ) is represented by g̀ . Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode, and a few characters are rarely present in computer fonts, for example g-grave: g̀. This is the official system of Ukraine, also employed by the United Nations and many countries' foreign services. It is currently widely used to represent Ukrainian geographic names, which were almost exclusively romanized from Russian before Ukraine's independence in 1991, and for personal names in passports. It

405-678: Is based on English orthography , and requires only ASCII characters with no diacritics. It can be considered a variant of the "modified Library of Congress system", but does not simplify the -ий and -ій endings. Its first version was codified in Decision No. 9 of the Ukrainian Committee on Issues of Legal Terminology on April 19, 1996, stating that the system is binding for the transliteration of Ukrainian names in English in legislative and official acts. A new official system

450-555: Is based on the Croatian Latin alphabet . Different variations are appropriate to represent the phonology of historical Old Ukrainian (mid 11th–14th centuries) and Middle Ukrainian (15th–18th centuries). A variation was codified in the 1898 Prussian Instructions for libraries, or Preußische Instruktionen (PI), and widely used in bibliographic cataloguing in Central Europe and Scandinavia. With further modifications it

495-560: Is intuitive for English-speakers. For Ukrainian, the former BGN/PCGN system was adopted in 1965, but superseded there by the Ukrainian National System in 2019. A modified version is also mentioned in the Oxford Style Manual. Requires only ASCII characters if optional separators are not used. The Soviet Union's GOST , COMECON 's SEV, and Ukraine's Derzhstandart are government standards bodies of

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540-526: The 1994 parliamentary elections the URP core party obtained nine seats initially adding three more by the end of the year. During the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party was part (together with Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists & Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party ) of the Election Bloc "National Front" ( Ukrainian : Виборчий блок партій «Національний фронт» ) which won 2,71% of

585-506: The 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election in 5 single-member districts; but again did not win seats. The party has not taken part in national elections since 2012. The party occupies a few seats in local and provincial councils. In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections the party gained 4 deputies (0.01% of all available mandates). Ukrainian Helsinki Group The Ukrainian Helsinki Group ( Ukrainian : Українська Гельсінська Група , romanized :  Ukrainska Helsinska Hrupa )

630-708: The Encyclopedia of Ukraine ". Requires Unicode for connecting diacritics, but only plain ASCII characters for a simplified version. British Standard 2979:1958 "Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek Characters" , from BSI , is used by the Oxford University Press. A variation is used by the British Museum and British Library, but since 1975 their new acquisitions have been catalogued using Library of Congress transliteration. In addition to

675-802: The Ukrainian Republican Party "Sobor" . In May 2006 Levko Lukyanenko tried to reestablish URP after URP Sobor switched to Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc from the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc ; the new party became known as the URP of Lukyanenko and registered in 2006. The Ukrainian Republican Party ( Ukrainian : Українська республіканська партія ; Ukrajinska Respublikanska Partija ) reregistered in December 2006 as Ukrainian Republican Party Lukyanenko ( Ukrainian : Українська республіканська партія Лук’яненка ). The party

720-607: The Ukrainian Republican Party . In 2004, the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union was established as an association of public human rights organizations. By the estimations of Vasyl Ovsiienko, the Group involved 41 persons in total. About 27 of them were sentenced by Soviet authorities to prisons and camps directly for their membership in the association. They spent altogether about 170 years in prisons, mental hospitals and in exile. In 1980, for UHG abroad, Nadiya Svitlychna became an editor of

765-540: The phonemes , or meaningful sounds of a language, and is useful to describe the general pronunciation of a word. Phonetic transcription represents every single sound, or phone , and can be used to compare different dialects of a language. Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets [ ... ]. The International Phonetic Alphabet precisely represents pronunciation. It requires

810-537: The "British" system, the standard also includes tables for the "International" system for Cyrillic, corresponding to ISO/R 9:1968 (and ISO's recommendation reciprocally has an alternate system corresponding to BSI's). It also includes tables for romanization of Greek. BGN/PCGN romanization is a series of standards approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. Pronunciation

855-774: The "Herald of Repressions in Ukraine" publication. By 1982, most members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had been arrested: Romanization of Ukrainian The romanization of Ukrainian , or Latinization of Ukrainian , is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters . Ukrainian is natively written in its own Ukrainian alphabet , which is based on the Cyrillic script . Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation for non-Ukrainian readers, on computer systems that cannot reproduce Cyrillic characters, or for typists who are not familiar with

900-509: The 1984 English translation of Kubiiovych's Encyclopedia of Ukraine and in the 1997 translation of Hrushevskyi's History of Ukraine-Rusʹ , and other sources have referred to these, for example, historian Serhii Plokhy in several works. However, the details of usage vary, for example, the authors of the Historical Dictionary of Ukraine render the soft sign ь before о with an i , "thus Khvyliovy, not Khvylovy, as in

945-487: The American Library Association in 1885, and published in 1904 and 1908, including rules for romanizing Church Slavic, the pre-reform Russian alphabet, and Serbo-Croatian. Revised tables including Ukrainian were published in 1941, and remain in use virtually unchanged according to the latest 2011 release. This system is used to represent bibliographic information by US and Canadian libraries, by

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990-687: The British Library since 1975, and in North American publications. In addition to bibliographic cataloguing, simplified versions of the Library of Congress system are widely used for romanization in the text of academic and general publications. For notes or bibliographical references, some publications use a version without ligatures, which offers sufficient precision but simplifies the typesetting burden and easing readability. For specialist audiences or those familiar with Slavic languages,

1035-589: The German or Polish. Others are transcribed from equivalent names in other languages, for example Ukrainian Pavlo ("Paul") may be called by the Russian equivalent Pavel , Ukrainian Kyiv by the Russian equivalent Kiev . The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example, the English translation of Kubijovyč's Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia uses a modified Library of Congress (ALA-LC) system as outlined above for Ukrainian and Russian names—with

1080-591: The UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names ( UNGEGN ) held in New York 30 July and 10 August 2012 after a report by the State Agency of Land Resources of Ukraine (now known as Derzhheokadastr: Ukraine State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre) experts approved the Ukrainian system of romanization. The BGN/PCGN jointly adopted the system in 2019. Official geographic names are romanized directly from

1125-663: The Ukrainian keyboard layout . Methods of romanization include transliteration (representing written text) and transcription (representing the spoken word). In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a native Ukrainian Latin alphabet , usually based on those used by West Slavic languages , but none have been widely accepted. Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another writing system . Rudnyckyj classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, used in academic and especially linguistic works, and practical systems, used in administration, journalism, in

1170-475: The available character set. For telegraph transmission. Each separate Ukrainian letter had a 1:1 equivalence to a Latin letter. Latin Q, W, V, and X are equivalent to Ukrainian Я (or sometimes Щ), В, Ж, Ь. Other letters are transcribed phonetically. This equivalency is used in building the KOI8-U table. Transcription is the representation of the spoken word. Phonological , or phonemic, transcription represents

1215-527: The beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the English language where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the Ukrainian language it is a letter. Therefore sometimes Rus' is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for most other names and words. Conventional transliterations can reflect the history of a person or place. Many well-known spellings are based on transcriptions into another Latin alphabet, such as

1260-492: The exceptions for endings or doubled consonants applying variously to personal and geographic names. For technical reasons, maps in the Encyclopedia follow different conventions. Names of persons are anglicized in the encyclopedia's text, but also presented in their original form in the index. Various geographic names are presented in their anglicized, Russian, or both Ukrainian and Polish forms, and appear in several forms in

1305-425: The former Eurasian communist countries. They published a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian, which were replaced by ISO 9:1995. For details, see GOST 16876-71 . On 1 April 2022, the "Cyrillic-Latin transliteration and Latin-Cyrillic retransliteration of Ukrainian texts. Writing rules" ( SSOU 9112:2021 ) was approved as State Standard of Ukraine . The standard is based on modified ISO 9:1995 standard and

1350-403: The founding members were tried and sentenced to exile or imprisonment for 7 to 10 years. At the end of 1979, six members of the group were forced to emigrate, while other Ukrainian dissidents were not allowed to do so. Soviet authorities used punitive medicine : some Ukrainian Helsinki Group members ( Oksana Meshko , Vasyl Stus , Petro Sichko and his son Vasyl) were threatened with committal to

1395-576: The independence of Ukraine . April 29–30, 1990 — Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) was established in the place of the UKhS. The party was registered on November 5, 1990 by the Ministry of Justice of the Ukrainian SSR as the first political party in Ukraine. A 1992 split in the party resulted in the creation of the rival Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party (UKRP) led by Stepan Khmara . In

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1440-647: The national votes and 6 ( single-mandate constituency ) seats. In January 2001 the "National Front" parliamentary faction had grown to 17 deputies. After being part of the National Salvation Committee the party became part of the Yulia Tymoshenko Electoral Bloc alliance during the Ukrainian 2002 parliamentary elections . On April 21, 2002 the party merged with the Ukrainian People's Party "Sobor" as

1485-399: The normal orthography of another Slavic language, such as Polish or Croatian (such as the established system of scientific transliteration, described above). Czech and Slovak standard transliteration uses letters with diacritics (ž, š, č, ď, ť, ň, ě) and letters i, y, j, h, ch, c in the local meaning. Diphthong letters are transcribed as two letters (ja, je, ji, ju, šč). Czech transliteration

1530-550: The original Ukrainian and not translated. For example, Kyivska oblast not Kyiv Oblast , Pivnichnokrymskyi kanal not North Crimean Canal . Romanization intended for readers of other languages than English is usually transcribed phonetically into the familiar orthography. For example, y , kh , ch , sh , shch for anglophones may be transcribed j , ch , tsch , sch , schtsch for German readers (for letters й, х, ч, ш, щ), or it may be rendered in Latin letters according to

1575-399: The original text, or it may be preferable to have a transliteration which sounds like the original language when read aloud. Scientific transliteration , also called the academic , linguistic , international , or scholarly system, is most often seen in linguistic publications on Slavic languages. It is purely phonemic, meaning each character represents one meaningful unit of sound, and

1620-409: The participation of Petro Hryhorenko , Nadiya Svitlychna , Leonid Plyushch . Later, Nina Strokata Karavanska and Nadiya Svitlichna began to host the human rights themed radio programs on Svoboda radio. From the very early days, the group endured the repressions of Soviet authorities. In February 1977 the authorities began to arrest members of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group, and within two years all

1665-403: The postal system, in schools, etc. Scientific transliteration, also called the scholarly system, is used internationally, with very little variation, while the various practical methods of transliteration are adapted to the orthographical conventions of other languages, like English, French, German, etc. Depending on the purpose of the transliteration it may be necessary to be able to reconstruct

1710-737: Was developed by the Technical Committee 144 "Information and Documentation" of the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine . According to the SSTL , it could be used in future cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine , in which "Ukrainian will soon, along with other European languages, take its rightful place in multilingual natural language processing scenarios, including machine translation." The Derzhstandart 1995 system (invented by Maksym Vakulenko)

1755-690: Was founded on November 9, 1976, as the Ukrainian Public Group to Promote the Implementation of the Helsinki Accords on Human Rights ( Ukrainian : Українська громадська група сприяння виконанню гельсінських угод , romanized :  Ukrainska hromadska hrupa spryiannia vykonanniu helsinskykh uhod ) to monitor human rights in Ukraine . The group was active until 1981 when all members were jailed. The group's goal

1800-599: Was introduced for transliteration of Ukrainian personal names in Ukrainian passports in 2007. An updated 2010 version became the system used for transliterating all proper names and was approved as Resolution 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine , January 27, 2010. This modified earlier laws and brought together a unified system for official documents, publication of cartographic works, signs and indicators of inhabited localities, streets, stops, subway stations, etc. It has been adopted internationally. The 27th session of

1845-401: Was led by political veteran Levko Lukyanenko (1928-2018). The party did not participate in the 2007 parliamentary election as well as the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election nationwide proportional party-list system; instead three members of the party tried to win a seat in three of the 225 local single-member districts. None of the parties candidates did win. The party did participate in

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1890-648: Was originally derived from scientific transliteration in 1954, and is meant to be usable by readers of most European languages. The 1968 edition also included an alternative system identical to the British Standard. The 1995 edition supports most national Cyrillic alphabets in a single transliteration table. It is a pure transliteration system, with each Cyrillic character represented by exactly one unique Latin character, making it reliably reversible, but sacrificing readability and adaptation to individual languages. It considers only graphemes and disregards phonemic differences. So, for example, г ( Ukrainian He or Russian Ge )

1935-714: Was published by the International Organization for Standardization as recommendation ISO/R 9 in 1954, revised in 1968, and again as an international standard in 1986 and 1995. Representing all of the necessary diacritics on computers requires Unicode , Latin-2 , Latin-4 , or Latin-7 encoding. Other Slavic based romanizations occasionally seen are those based on the Slovak alphabet or the Polish alphabet , which include symbols for palatalized consonants. The ALA-LC Romanization Tables were first discussed by

1980-606: Was to monitor the Soviet Government's compliance with the Helsinki Accords , which ensure human rights . The members of the group based the group's legal viability on the provision in the Helsinki Final Act , Principle VII, which established the rights of individuals to know and act upon their rights and duties. Since 1977, the Ukrainian Helsinki Group foreign affiliate began its activities with

2025-964: Was used, for example, on hiking signs in Transcarpathia, which was established according to the methodology of the Czech Tourists Club – the Ukrainian markers replaced that later with the English transcription. However, the fact that Ukraine itself has started to use English transliteration on its documents and boards, also influences the practice in Czech and Slovak, which is also penetrated by English transliteration of Ukrainian. Users of public-access computers or mobile text messaging services sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may include both sound-alike and look-alike letter substitutions. Example: YKPAIHCbKA ABTOPKA for "УКРАЇНСЬКА АВТОРКА". See also Volapuk encoding. This system uses

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