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58-467: Many artefacts and historic sites from the prehistoric age show that a settlement of settlers had already been formed in Ulju-gun in the prehistoric age. Jungsan-ri, Nongso-myeon (now Nongso 2-dong, Buk District, Ulsan), Ijeon-ri, Dudong-myeon, Dagae-ri, Eonyang-eup, Samgwang-ri, Onyang-eup, Daedae-ri, Ungchon-myeon, as well as Janghyeon-dong, Ulsan (now Byeongyeong 2-dong, Jung-gu) Hwangbangsan Mountain and

116-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with

174-428: A boat with its body seems to be dead, and stripes carved on its body are thought to be distribution or breakup lines, resembling ethnographic material describing natives distributing pieces of whale. These engravings are assessed to provide important information about the hunting and subsequent distribution of large animals. The three turtles on the upper left of the main rock face appear to be guiding whales swimming in

232-480: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this

290-435: A group upward as if seen from a bird's-eye view. Sideway engravings of whales are made in a "twisted method" in which the tail is carved sideways to show the horizontal tail of the whale, which is different from fish. Other rock art shows a mother whale with her baby on her back, whale jumping scenes, and large cetaceans migrating to and from the remote sea, all vividly depicting whale behaviour. The whale horizontally overturning

348-450: A group. Since sea turtles come to the shore to spawn between early spring and summer, they are often regarded in ancient myth as symbolic animals crossing the boundary of sea and land. In the case of fish, heads of fish looking like sharks are depicted sideways, and there are salmon jumping above the sea surface. On later engravings there is the suggestion of a wooden fence, but since the inner outlines resemble fish and land animals are lacking

406-545: A later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations ,

464-574: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding

522-619: Is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since the end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from

580-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to

638-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean

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696-509: Is hard to classify them on the basis of engravings on the rock alone. Signs are conceptual expressions that are impossible to find in real life but are repeated expressions of a certain pattern. According to the results of an analysis of animal bones discovered in a shell midden in Ulsan and widespread along the southeastern coasts and of research on Ulsan Bay's archaeological environment, the site dates from 6,000 to 1,000 BC. Many relics related to

754-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be

812-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with

870-544: Is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by

928-747: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on

986-521: The Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has a few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which

1044-527: The yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By

1102-809: The Dongsam-dong Shell Midden suggest that nets were widely used not only for fishing but also for hunting in those days. The site has scenes showing whaling activities in great detail. Around 5–17 people are on boats surrounding whales. The bows and sterns are semi-circular and are connected to a harpoon stuck into the body of whales and to floats hanging on a rope. The tools are almost identical to those used by natives for whaling today. Engravings of uncertain theme and content have been classified into two types: those of unknown theme which are in good condition and those of unknown shape which have been worn and damaged over time and are therefore hard to decode. Some have signs with certain patterns, but it

1160-668: The National Treasure of South Korea No. 285 and registered as the Tentative UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011. The name Bangudae comes from the Korean ban(반), the word for a shell, gu(구), meaning a turtle, and dae(대), a structure or a site since the carving site forms itself like the back of turtle. More than 300 petroglyphs are engraved. Three hundred and four representations can be seen, of which 166 figures are animals and 108 are unidentified motifs. Representations of cetaceans are

1218-589: The Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and

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1276-568: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,

1334-889: The 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea

1392-408: The 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language )

1450-407: The annual change of seasons and the breeding season. Tools relating to hunting and fishing such as boats, floats, harpoons, fishing net, fish pounds, and bows provide information on the age of the rock art and livelihood of the time. This site also has scenes of whales and tigers being captured with a net. Although no prehistoric net has yet been excavated, fine marks of net on pottery discovered in

1508-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,

1566-547: The entire area of Dongmyeon was renamed Bangeojin-eup. On June 1, 1962, in order to prepare the foundation for industrial city construction, the South Korean government established Ulsan-eup, Bangeojin-eup, Daehyeon-myeon, Hasang-myeon, Duwang-ri of Cheongnyang-myeon (currently Cheongnyang-eup), and Mugeori and Daun of Beomseo-myeon (currently Beomseo-eup), all areas of the industrial district. Ri, Nongso-myeon, Songjeong-ri and Hwabong-ri were combined to create Ulsan City, and

1624-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in

1682-712: The foundation for promotion to a metropolitan city. As Ulsan City was promoted to a metropolitan city on July 15, 1997, Ulju-gu was renamed Ulju-gun (autonomous county), Nongso-eup and Gangdong-myeon were incorporated into Buk-gu, and Ulju-gun was maintained as a system of 2 eup and 10 myeon. In 2001, Onyang-myeon and Beomseo-myeon were elevated to eup status, making them 4 eup and 8 myeon. 35°32′N 129°12′E  /  35.54°N 129.20°E  / 35.54; 129.20 Bangudae Petroglyphs The Bangudae Petroglyphs ( Korean :  반구대 암각화 ) are pre-historic engravings on flat vertical rock faces. They are on rocks around 8m wide and around 5m high on steep cliffs on

1740-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains

1798-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it

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1856-421: The jurisdiction of Dongrae-bu, and from May of that year, Ulsan protector genrralship was changed to Ulsan-gun during the reorganization of local government. During the reorganization of the local government in 1914 and 1915, Eonyang-gun was merged with Ulsan-gun. In 1931, as the existing exemption system was reorganized and the eup-myeon system was newly implemented, Ulsan-myeon was promoted to Ulsan-eup. In 1934,

1914-639: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or

1972-472: The language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until

2030-455: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to

2088-696: The military barracks castle site, Comb-pattern earthenware remains were found. In addition, remains from the Bronze Age, such as ancient tombs in Daun-dong and recently, stone carvings in Cheonjeon-ri, Dudong-myeon and Bangudae Petroglyphs in Daegok-ri, Eonyang-eup, have been discovered. It was called Gulahwachon(屈阿火村) during the Samhan era , and King Pasa of Silla acquired this place and established

2146-515: The most ancient evidence of whaling worldwide and is considered highly important not only as a first whaling representation, but also for understanding prehistoric maritime culture in the northern Pacific area. The Sayeon Dam, built from 1962 to 1965 and expanded between 1999 and 2002, helps supply Ulsan with drinking water but has caused the rocks on which the petroglyphs are carved to be flooded for about eight months of every year. This periodic flooding raises concerns of erosion and water damage of

2204-457: The most frequent, being 14.4% of the figures. In terms of theme, the representations are either anthropomorphic, depicting the body or face of a human; zoomorphic, showing sea and land animals; hunting and fishing tools; and indeterminate markings whose themes or shapes are hard to identify. The engravings of whales and deer were made in most cases by carving out the body, while those of land animals mostly consist of outlines and patterns drawn on

2262-515: The population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by

2320-446: The possibility of a fishpond has been considered. Among whole images, whales take its highest priority to look up - as people living in the area used to rely on whales for their livelihood, whales often considered to be even an object of faith. In Ulsan, a whale shrine still exists. Most of the land animals are shown in a side view, which can best express the shape of four-limbed land animals. Some species can be classified according to

2378-571: The rest of Ulsan-gun was reorganized into Ulju-gun. In addition, for efficient support for the construction of the industrial complex, the Ulsan Special Construction Bureau was established as an agency under the direct control of the Ministry of Construction to accelerate the construction of the industrial complex in Ulsan. In 1991, Ulju-gun was renamed Ulsan-gun, and in 1995, Ulsan-si and Ulsan-gun were integrated to lay

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2436-654: The riverside of the Daegokcheon stream, a branch of the Taehwa River , which runs eastward and joins the East Sea at Ulsan . The surrounding ten rock faces have a small number of engravings as well. The rocks consist of shale and hornfels oriented toward the north and they shine for a while at sunset. As an overhanging cliff they are in the structure of a rock shelter. It is believed that people congregated around huge rocks to take place several rituals. They are

2494-524: The rock art seems to have been made between the early and mid-Neolithic era. Before the site was discovered, the first whaling was thought to have taken place between the 10th and 11th century. From the abundant representations of marine animals, the site seems to be in close relationship with hunter-fishers attributed to the Neolithic era (between 8000 BP and 3500 BP). Consequently, the Bangudae site has

2552-480: The rock surface. Such difference suggest difference in the time of production, given the overlapping relationships of the depictions. At the site, cetaceans are most important, followed by deer and land animals in that order, and there are a small number of turtles, deer, seals, fish, and birds. Both sea and land animals are described as being pregnant, referring to the ancient people’s desire for food and fertility. Since these kinds of images are hard to find out around

2610-458: The rock-art motifs, which are considered to be masterpieces of prehistoric art and an invaluable source of prehistoric information. The government of Korea is considering building a polycarbonate “dam” to protect the rock faces. 35°35′57″N 129°11′06″E  /  35.5991°N 129.185°E  / 35.5991; 129.185 Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ )

2668-528: The same year, Ulsan-gun was promoted to Ulsan Protectorate Generalship (蔚山都護府, Ulsandohobu), and then lowered to county again in August. In 1598 (Seonjo 31), Ulsan was elevated from county to Protectorate Generalship , and the officials of soldiers on the left were assigned to was given the title of the officials of this new subdivision. In 1895, the local subdivision system was revised, and 23 departments were newly established. At this time, Ulsan-gun came under

2726-410: The shape of body, skin patterns, the length of tail and legs, and the shoulder line. These include sika deer , red deer, musk deer, roe deer, and water deer, most of which were deeply valued as a prey for the hunting. Sea birds are always placed around whales as they are hunting prey. Some engravings show mating and molt scenes of land animals and because of different patterns and angle of fall suggest

2784-788: The shell midden in Sejuk-ri, Ulsan. Furthermore, a boat was excavated from the shell midden in Bibong-ri, Changnyeong, and during the Hwangseong-dong site excavation research project conducted by the Korea Archaeology and Art History Research Institute a whale bone stuck with a harpoon was found, which empirically proves whaling. The layers which contain the bones of captured whales date back to 5500 to 4700 BP. Consequently, considering livelihoods in that period, hunting and fishing tools, related relics, and contemporary contents,

2842-669: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting

2900-755: The species to be discriminated. Most of them are whales and concentrated on the left main rock face. Ungulate mammals like deer and predatory animals like tigers, leopard, and wolves are mainly on the right main rock face. Animals whose species can be identified include large cetaceans such as the northern right whale , the humpback whale , the right whale , the gray whale , and the sperm whale . There are also sea animals such as sea turtles, seal, salmon-like fish; sea birds; and land animals such as red deer , musk deer , roe deer , water deer , tigers, leopards, wolves, foxes, raccoon dogs , and wild boars . Whale engravings are in general 20 to 30 cm long and between 10 and 80 cm high. Most show whales swimming in

2958-573: The subdivision of Gulahwahyeon(屈阿火縣). In 757, (the 16th year of King Gyeongdeok), the name was changed to Hagok(河曲), and it was made the into a subdomain the county of Imgwan-gun, which was in the Mohwa region of Wolseong-gun. According to the geographical section of record『 Goryeosa 』, "During the reign of King Taejo of Goryeo , due to the great achievements of the villager Park Yun-ung, Hagok-hyeon, Dongjin-hyeon (the area around Gangdong-myeon), Ugchon-myeon and Ungsang-myeon (Yangsan-gun) were Heungnyebu (興禮府)

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3016-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at

3074-701: The themes of the rock art were found at Neolithic sites, include deer pattern pottery, net pattern pottery and shell mask discovered in the Dongsam-dong Shell Midden in Busan , a figure with human faces in Osan-ri in Yangyang, a small clay wild pig excavated from the shell midden on Yokjido island of Tongyeong , the clay figure of a woman in Sinam-ri in Ulsan, and a small clay seal excavated from

3132-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ

3190-422: The world, the value Bangudae site holds is considered to be huge. The figures are side views of the whole body with a somewhat exaggerated penis or front images of people with mask-like faces spreading their four limbs. There are engravings of people hunting animals with a bow, raising their hands, and playing a long rod like a musical instrument, recalling hunting and religious acts. Shapes and features enable

3248-414: Was established by combining Punghyeon." During the reign of King Seongjong, it was lowered to Gonghwa-hyeon (恭化縣), while its alternative name was changed to Hakseong (鶴城). In 1014 (the 9th year of King Hyeonjong), Gonghwa-hyeon, Heonyang-hyeon, Gijang-hyeon, and Dongnae-hyeon were reorganized into Ulju, and Bangeosa (防禦使) was installed. In 1143 (21st year of King Injong), Heonyang-hyeon was divided and Gammu

3306-804: Was established. In 1397 (Taejo 6 of Joseon ), the first camp was established in Ulju, and soldiers were assigned to serve as both byeongmasa and Jijusa, but in 1413 it was merged into one position called jigunsa. In 1426 (the 8th year of King Sejong), the Gyeongsangjwa-do Byeongmajeoldosayeong (兵馬節度使營) in Geomagok (巨磨谷), a barracks-dong in Ulsan, was abolished, and the Byeongmacheomjeoljesa (兵馬僉節制使) represented it, and in 1437 came and rewrote it. And in January of

3364-487: Was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of

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