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82-850: Like all Turkic languages in Central Asia and its literary predecessor Chagatai , Uzbek was written in various forms of the Arabic script historically. Following the Russian revolution and Soviet takeover of Russian Turkestan , in January 1921, a reformed Arabic orthography designed by the Jadidists was adopted, which replaced the harakat marks used for short vowels with a fully alphabetic system that indicated every vowel and removed all letters that occurred only in Arabic loanwords and did not have

164-583: A Romanian -speaking country that formed part of Romania prior to its conquest by the USSR in World War II , Soviet language planners replaced the Romanian Latin alphabet with a new Cyrillic alphabet derived from Russian , and exaggerated Moldovan regionalisms in vocabulary , to create the impression of a Moldovan language distinct from Romanian. Pseudo-historical arguments are also included in

246-598: A Soviet official in the nationalities policy, criticized the Latinization policy as a means of "separating the Turkic peoples from Russia". Related to this is the use of two languages (namely Russian and other languages) which use different ways of writing. It is felt that the use of Latin scripts, which had been encouraged since the 1920s, prevented non-Russian peoples from learning the Russian language. As according to

328-717: A commission was created at the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Uzbek SSR to develop the Uzbek alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This commission developed an alphabet that included all 33 letters of the Russian alphabet , as well as six additional characters Ң ң, Ҷ ҷ, Ө ө, Қ қ, Ƶ ƶ, Ҳ ҳ and an apostrophe. However, this project was heavily criticized by linguists and educators for its cumbersomeness and

410-410: A distinct phonetic value. It had six vowels and twenty-three consonants. Notably, unlike the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets that followed, it did not contain a letter to represent /f/ , due to the argument that it was always assimilated to /p/ in the orthophony. Some had also proposed that there be no letter to represent /h/ , due to many dialects assimilating it to /x/ , but this was not implemented in

492-542: A new version of the Uzbek alphabet and spelling. The alphabet compiled by this team had the following order: A a, B b, V v, G g, D d, E e, Ƶ ƶ, Z z, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Å å, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, F f, X x, C c, Ş ş, Ç ç, Q q, Ƣ ƣ, H h, Ꞑ ꞑ . However, at this time the Cyrillization process was already gaining momentum in the USSR, which made the reform of the Latinized alphabet irrelevant. In 1939,

574-744: A number of anti-Soviet emigrants who settled there, for example the Musavat Party from Azerbaijan, had been writing in Turkish (which had Latin letters since 1928) which the Soviets felt was not much different from the Azeri language in the Soviet Union (which had also been using the Latin alphabet since the early 1920s). In the same period, the practice of korenizatsiya (indigenization)

656-473: A number of languages that do not implement it, such as Estonian , Latvian , Lithuanian , Finnish , Georgian , Karelian , Armenian and Yiddish . The Abkhaz and Ossetic language is a special case: these two languages are not converted into Cyrillic (unlike many Latinized alphabets), but were initially converted to Georgian scripts ; only in the 1950s Abkhaz and Ossetic began to use Cyrillic. Some languages, which still do not have written forms during

738-569: A number of languages that occurred several times (as in the languages of Central Asia, from the Perso-Arabic script , to Latin script and finally to Cyrillic script) also made many peoples do not understand their own history and culture because they are unable to read their historical records in the past. The cyrillicization process is also characterized by "artificial" efforts to separate and differentiate languages; for example, in Moldova ,

820-624: A process of documentation and standardization. The question of the transition of the Uzbek language to the Latin alphabet was raised back in 1920. In January 1921, it was discussed at the regional congress in Tashkent, but then supporters of romanization did not receive approval from numerous adherents of reforming the Arabic script. This issue was raised for the second time in 1926 at the First Turkic Congress in Baku. At this congress,

902-479: A region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China , where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken, from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium. They are characterized as a dialect continuum . Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish , spoken mainly in Anatolia and

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984-460: A report in 2023, Uzbek publishing houses still mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet. In September 2023, linguists proposed another project for reform of the Latin alphabet. Thus, in the new alphabet it is proposed to modify four letters: Ў/ў, Ғ/ғ, Ч/ч, & Ш/ш respectively to Õ/õ, Ğ/ğ, C/c, Ş/ş. This is the third attempt to reform the Uzbek alphabet since 2018. The current (1995) Uzbek Latin alphabet has 29 letters: The symbol ⟨‘⟩ does not constitute

1066-399: A result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922). The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches: In this classification, Oghur Turkic is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic . It

1148-546: A separate letter. Below is a table of Uzbek Cyrillic and Latin alphabets with represented sounds. Note that in Arabic script, vowel-initial words begin with a silent ا (traditional alphabet; may be replaced with an etymological ع in loans) or with a silent ئ (Yangi Imlo alphabet). The Cyrillic letters Ё ё, Ю ю, Я я correspond to the sound combinations yo, yu, ya . The Cyrillic letters Ц ц and ь (capital Ь occurs only in all-capitals writing), called (t)se and yumshatish belgisi respectively, are used only in loanwords. In

1230-524: A statement submitted by one of the following sections of the CPSU: [Students]... now have to get acquainted with two completely different writing systems at the same time in a relatively short period, often confusing the letters of one script with the letters of another (script). With the transition to Cyrillic, it is hoped that non-Russian people can learn Russian more easily. Soviet Turcologists , such as Nikolai Baskakov , stated that learning Cyrillic script

1312-515: Is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia ( Mongolic , Tungusic , Uralic and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differs from each other, specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called palatal vowel harmony ) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type. The homeland of the Turkic peoples and their language

1394-482: Is also used to mark a long vowel when placed immediately after a vowel, as in maʼno (meaning). Since this character is also absent from most keyboard layouts, many Uzbek websites use U+2019 ’ RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK or U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE instead. Currently most typists do not bother with the differentiation between the modifier letter turned comma and modifier letter apostrophe as their keyboard layouts likely accommodate only

1476-443: Is currently regarded as one of the world's primary language families . Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial Altaic language family , but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be

1558-461: Is different from the process when korenizatsiya is carried out, which is characterized by efforts to purify local languages from foreign influences (in Turkic languages, by changing Arabic and Persian loanwords ). During this period there were also attempts to replace words borrowed from Persian and Arabic for words borrowed from Russian; for example şura replaced by sovet , cumhuriyet replaced by respublika , and others. Not only that,

1640-582: Is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged. With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic , the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic . Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to

1722-517: Is suggested to be somewhere between the Transcaspian steppe and Northeastern Asia ( Manchuria ), with genetic evidence pointing to the region near South Siberia and Mongolia as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity. Similarly several linguists, including Juha Janhunen , Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language. Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about

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1804-411: Is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historico-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory Though vowel harmony

1886-548: Is time for these cultures to unite into one nation, namely the Soviet nation which uses one language, namely Russian ( Japhetic theory ). With this it was hoped that Soviet people could become Homo Sovieticus who was loyal to the leadership of the Communist Party. On the contrary, indigenous culture is now seen as " bourgeois nationalism " which is inconsistent with the spirit of " proletarian internationalism ". Also,

1968-604: Is widely rejected by historical linguists. Similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis. However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact . Turkic languages are null-subject languages , have vowel harmony (with

2050-415: The ğ in dağ and dağlı is not realized as a consonant, but as a slight lengthening of the preceding vowel. The following table is based mainly upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across

2132-769: The Balkans ; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by Uzbek . Characteristic features such as vowel harmony , agglutination , subject-object-verb order, and lack of grammatical gender , are almost universal within the Turkic family. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility , upon moderate exposure, among the various Oghuz languages , which include Turkish , Azerbaijani , Turkmen , Qashqai , Chaharmahali Turkic , Gagauz , and Balkan Gagauz Turkish , as well as Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar . Other Turkic languages demonstrate varying amounts of mutual intelligibility within their subgroups as well. Although methods of classification vary,

2214-606: The Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania . The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars , debatably the parent or a distant relative of Chuvash language , are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD. With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in

2296-559: The Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes. Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and

2378-624: The Cyrillic script under Joseph Stalin : The Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet contains all the letters of the Russian alphabet, apart from Щ and Ы, plus four extra ones, namely Ў, Қ, Ғ and Ҳ. These four letters are considered as separate letters and not letter variants. They come in alphabetical order after the letter Я. The letters Ц and Ь are not used in Uzbek native words, but are included in the alphabet for writing loanwords, e. g. кальций (calcium). However, Щ and Ы are not included, so they are replaced by ШЧ and И in loanwords and names from Russian, e. g.

2460-467: The Russification process. In general, this process is accompanied by efforts to absorb words from the Russian language on a large scale into non-Russian languages. Examples are in many Turkic languages . By one estimate, initially only about 25-40 words from Russian were absorbed, but by the late 1960s, there were thousands of Russian words absorbed, many of which were words in common use. This

2542-545: The Turkmen language , starting with a letter of support from group of teachers in the city of Baýramaly . The first language whose writing was changed from Latin to Cyrillic was Kabardian in 1935–1936, which was followed by languages in the North in 1936. Later, the cyrillicization project was applied to almost all languages that had previously been romanized, for example, to Kazakh , Bashkir , and Tatar ; by 1941, 60 of

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2624-471: The " Turco-Mongol " tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, Tengrism , and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and Mongolic languages . Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary. Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of

2706-494: The 1950s. In general, this process was preceded by campaigns and propaganda in various Soviet media . For example, it is claimed that in nations that have been writing their language using Latin script, there is an "enthusiasm" to change their writing system into Cyrillic. Various statements were issued to destroy the image of Latin script; for example, in the Azerbaijan SSR, it is said that Latin script are carriers of

2788-450: The 1995 reform and bring the orthography closer to those of Turkish , Turkmen , Karakalpak , Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani . This was met with mixed reactions from the citizens. The proposal was put up again for discussion in May of the same year, this time with a deadline of 1 November 2021. In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition

2870-470: The Arabic script. In 2018, the Uzbek government launched another reform effort for the Uzbek Latin alphabet. The new proposal called for replacing some digraphs with diacritical signs . In March 2021, the proposed changes were put up for public discussion and debate. They called for replacing Ch ch, Sh sh, Gʻ gʻ, Oʻ oʻ with Ç ç, Ş ş, Ḡ ḡ, Ō ō (and, in loans, Ts ts with C c). This would largely reverse

2952-399: The Latin alphabet previously used in many languages was now considered a "bourgeois script" that supported oppression, so that people who used it were "difficult to develop together". In fact, the concerns of Soviet policymakers about the "separation" of peoples who use languages that use Latin script from Russian have been a debate since the 1920s. For example, in 1929, Semyon Dimanstein ,

3034-544: The Latin script when writing in Uzbek. Most street signs are also in the new Latin script. The main national TV channel of Uzbekistan, Oʻzbekiston Telekanali (owned by MTRK ), has also switched to the Latin script when writing in Uzbek, although news programs are still broadcast in Cyrillic script (compare with another TV channel owned by the same company, Yoshlar, broadcasts news programs in Latin script). Additionally, in Afghanistan Uzbek continues to be written in

3116-521: The Latin script, the letters Oʻ (Cyrillic Ў ) and Gʻ (Cyrillic Ғ ) are properly rendered using the character U+02BB ʻ MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA , which is also known as the ʻokina . However, since this character is absent from most keyboard layouts (except for the Hawaiian keyboard in Windows 8, or above, computers) and many fonts, most Uzbek websites – including some operated by

3198-613: The Russian surnames Щедрин (Shchedrin) and Быков (Bykov) are rendered Шчедрин and Биков in Uzbek Cyrillic. Despite further reforms, this alphabet is still in use both in Uzbekistan and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). Until 1992, Uzbek in the USSR continued to be written using a Cyrillic alphabet almost exclusively, but now in Uzbekistan the Latin script has been officially re-introduced, although

3280-619: The Soviet Union In the USSR , cyrillisation or cyrillization ( Russian : Кириллиза́ция , romanized :  kirillizatsiya ) was the name of the campaign from the late 1930s to the 1950s which aimed to replace the writing system based on Latin script (draft of a common alphabet also knowing as Yanalif and Unified Northern Alphabet , which was introduced during the previous latinization program ), to one based on Cyrillic . The cyrillization program cannot be separated from

3362-511: The Soviet Union's 67 written languages had been cyrillicized. The project continued into the 1950s, with a number of new languages being cyrillicized, such as Kurdish (1946), Uyghur (1947), and Dungan (1953). The process of cyrillicization also affected Soviet satellite states in the early 1940s, such as the Mongolian People's Republic and Tuva in their respective official languages ( Mongolian and Tuvan ). However, there are

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3444-558: The Stalinist regime in the late 1930s meant that discussion of the transition was almost non-existent. However, in every official decision regarding the transition from Latin to Cyrillic, the Soviet government often claimed there was a "direct request of the Soviet people" in the process – for example, during the transition in Tatar language , the Soviets claimed it was supported by "workers, intelligentsia and Tatar kolkhozniks ", and in

3526-442: The Turkic language family (about 60 words). Despite being cognates, some of the words may denote a different meaning. Empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not cognate with the other words in the row or that a loanword is used in its place. Also, there may be shifts in

3608-496: The Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided into two branches: Oghur , of which the only surviving member is Chuvash , and Common Turkic , which includes all other Turkic languages. Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic , Tungusic , Koreanic , and Japonic languages. These similarities have led some linguists (including Talât Tekin ) to propose an Altaic language family , though this proposal

3690-408: The Uzbek government – use either U+2018 ‘ LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK or U+0027 ' APOSTROPHE to represent these letters. The character U+02BC ʼ MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE ( tutuq belgisi ) is used to mark the phonetic glottal stop when it is put immediately before a vowel in borrowed words, as in sanʼat (art). The modifier letter apostrophe

3772-448: The Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023. Similar deadlines had been extended several times. Generally the younger generation prefers to use the Latin alphabet, while the older generation, who grew up in the Soviet era, prefers the Cyrillic alphabet. The Latin alphabet is mainly used in business and tourism, and the Cyrillic alphabet is mainly used in official government documents. According to

3854-593: The West. (See picture in the box on the right above.) For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian , Slavic , and Mongolic languages . This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as

3936-486: The campaign towards cyrillization, Soviet sources argued that linguistic factors were also important in supporting the process. For example, there is an argument that says that the Cyrillic script is better at describing every sound than Latin script; some say that the Cyrillic script is easier to learn; and another argument stated that the Latin script is not suitable for the languages to be cyrillicized. Cyrillization of many languages began in 1936–1937, and continued until

4018-433: The central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages. Hruschka, et al. (2014) use computational phylogenetic methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological sound changes . The following isoglosses are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages: Additional isoglosses include: *In the standard Istanbul dialect of Turkish,

4100-498: The changing views of the Soviet Union's leadership under Joseph Stalin in the mid-1930s. When the leader began to rule in absolute terms, he was worried about the appearance of parties that could become his enemies, especially from outside, such as Turkey (which borders the Azerbaijan SSR ). The country has "brothers" in the form of Turkic nations in the Soviet Union (such as Turkmens and Azeris ). Not to mention that

4182-584: The climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the Sayan - Altay region. Extensive contact took place between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two Eurasian nomadic groups is called

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4264-489: The common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic. Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans . Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo . Cyrillisation in

4346-612: The course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia , from Siberia to the Mediterranean . Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian , Urdu , Ukrainian , Russian , Chinese , Mongolian , Hungarian and to a lesser extent, Arabic . The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of Siberia to Turkey in

4428-620: The discussion of the history of the Turkic languages, such as the argument that these languages are considered very different - like what happened in the Indo-European language family ( English , German and Russian), or Azeri language are related to North Caucasian languages existing in Dagestan . The result of this is that many Turkic peoples appear increasingly distinct or separated from their ethnic relatives, such as (Soviet) Azeris with Iranian Azeris and Turkish Turks . After

4510-403: The early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates. The linguist Choi suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections: In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that

4592-477: The end. The Arabic script is still used for writing Uzbek in Afghanistan and by Afghan-Uzbek diaspora elsewhere. In the early 21st century, with the publication of dictionaries and literature by Afghan-Uzbek scholars, as well as the adaptation of Uzbek Arabic script by domestic as well as international news outlets (just like BBC News Uzbek Afghanistan and TRT Afghani Uzbek ), the Arabic script has undergone

4674-591: The family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family. The Codex Cumanicus (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between the Kipchak language and Latin , used by

4756-403: The first Latin alphabet post-independence was as follows: A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, X x, Y y, Z z, Ç ç, Ğ ğ, Ɉ ɉ, Ñ ñ, Ö ö, Ş ş, ʼ. Education in many areas of Uzbekistan is in the Latin script, and in 2001 the Latin script began to be used on coins . Since 2004, some official websites have switched over to using

4838-467: The issue of displaying synharmonism in writing; As a result, it was decided to display synharmonism in writing, for which 9 letters were introduced into the alphabet to display vowels. In 1929, as part of comprehensive programs to " educate " (politically influence) Uzbek people , who for the first time now had their own cartographically delineated (administrative) region, Uzbek writing in the Uzbek SSR

4920-527: The languages. For example, in the Evenk language , there are phonemes that do not exist in Russian, but the letters are still written using the existing Russian scripts, without creating new letters. It is also noted that in a number of languages there are still orthographic changes (or proposed changes) that are made subsequently, such as in Tatar. As previously mentioned, cyrillization cannot be separated from

5002-975: The meaning from one language to another, and so the "Common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases, the form given is found only in some dialects of the language, or a loanword is much more common (e.g. in Turkish, the preferred word for "fire" is the Persian-derived ateş , whereas the native od is dead). Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted. (to press with one's knees) Azerbaijani "ǝ" and "ä": IPA /æ/ Azerbaijani "q": IPA /g/, word-final "q": IPA /x/ Turkish and Azerbaijani "ı", Karakhanid "ɨ", Turkmen "y", and Sakha "ï": IPA /ɯ/ Turkmen "ň", Karakhanid "ŋ": IPA /ŋ/ Turkish and Azerbaijani "y",Turkmen "ý" and "j" in other languages: IPA /j/ All "ş" and "š" letters: IPA /ʃ/ All "ç" and "č" letters: IPA /t͡ʃ/ Kyrgyz "c": IPA /d͡ʒ/ Kazakh "j": IPA /ʒ/ The Turkic language family

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5084-453: The modern Uzbek Latin alphabet ц becomes ts after vowels, s otherwise; ь is omitted (except ье, ьи, ьо, that become ye, yi, yo ). The letters c (apart from the digraph ch ) and w , not considered distinct letters of the Uzbek alphabet, are named (t)se and dubl-ve respectively. In mathematics, x, y, z are named iks, igrek, zet . When the Uzbek language is written using

5166-967: The nearby Tungusic and Mongolic families, as well as the Korean and Japonic families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the Northeast Asian sprachbund . A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic. Turkic languages also show some Chinese loanwords that point to early contact during

5248-434: The notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs , extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions , and lack of grammatical articles , noun classes , and grammatical gender . Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of vowel harmony in the Turkic language family, Tuvan is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas Uzbek

5330-555: The peak of latinization campaigns such as Gagauz , are later also given Cyrillic-based alphabet. In general, the process of converting to Cyrillic script in many languages tends to be hasty. For example, in Kyrgyz , Bashkir and Uzbek , just a short time after the new orthography of these languages was officially adopted, local parliaments passed decrees changing the writing system from Latin to Cyrillic. This led to many new Cyrillic-based alphabets being implemented with little regard for

5412-430: The phonetic richness of many languages. As a result, additional letters were introduced in a number of alphabets ( Tatar , Kazakh , Yakut , etc.). In the 1940s-1950s, in some languages (e.g. Altaic ), digraphs were also replaced with additional letters. While Soviet propaganda claimed that the switch to Cyrillic was better for the affected languages, in many cases the new cyrillicized alphabets were not well adapted to

5494-404: The presence of extra letters. Most critics proposed eliminating the letters Щ щ and Ы ы from the alphabet. Some considered it necessary to also exclude the letters Е е, Ё ё, Ц ц, Ю ю, Я я. It was proposed to take the letter A a for the sound [ɔ], and to use Ə ə for [ä]. In addition to the main project of the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet, a number of others were proposed: In 1940, Uzbek was switched to

5576-522: The publication of the Tatar-Russian dictionary using the Cyrillic alphabet was only possible after de-Stalinization in the mid-1950s. Initially, in almost all projects of new Cyrillic alphabets, it was decided to use only the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, with the addition of apostrophes , digraphs , trigraphs and tetragraphs for non-Russian languages. However, such an arrangement turned out to be very inconvenient and did not reflect

5658-522: The result of a sprachbund . The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Korean , independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists. The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology . Li Yong-Sŏng (2014) suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean . He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct

5740-480: The specific features of each language. According to Turcologist Baskakov, the Latin scripts previously used actually correspond more to the phonetic aspects of the Turkic languages than Cyrillic. Development of the linguistic aspects of the newly cyrillicized languages was then complicated by events such as World War II and the effects of the Great Purge which eliminated the existing local elites. For example,

5822-451: The spelling and writing of these new words must also be in accordance with the Russian language; for example, the russian word совет , which is pronounced [sɐˈvʲet] with a palatalized V , was spelled sovet in Azeri based on the Russian spelling, while in Turkish, which was unaffected by Soviet cyrillization rules, the spelling sov y et , which reflects the palatalized V of the original,

5904-666: The spirit of Pan-Turkism , or its promoters are enemies of the people , while in Turkmen SSR and the Moldavian ASSR , those who reject the change to Cyrillic script are claimed to come from "enemies of the people, bourgeois-nationalists, and pro- Trotskyist - Bukharinist agents". The situation was facilitated by the Great Purge , which helped those who wanted the cyrillization project to eliminate of those who had been considered pro-latinization. The tight control of

5986-473: The straight apostrophe. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Turkic languages The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia , East Asia , North Asia ( Siberia ), and West Asia . The Turkic languages originated in

6068-764: The time of Proto-Turkic . The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks , recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects ( Divânü Lügati't-Türk ), written during the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate , constitutes an early linguistic treatment of

6150-675: The transition of all Turkic languages of the peoples of the USSR to the new Latin alphabet, Yañalif was approved. To implement the transition to the Latin alphabet, the New Alphabet Committee was created under the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of the Uzbek SSR. Various projects for the new alphabet were widely discussed on the pages of the press, various meetings, meetings, and conferences. Significant discussion flared up on

6232-416: The use of Cyrillic is still widespread. The deadline in Uzbekistan for making this transition has been repeatedly changed. In 1993, President of Uzbekistan at the time Islam Karimov proposed a new Uzbek alphabet with ⟨c⟩ /ts/, ⟨ç⟩, ⟨ğ⟩, ⟨ ɉ ⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ş⟩, until it was replaced with the current 1995 alphabet. The letter J with stroke is said to have been the equivalent of Cyrillic letter Zhje . The order of

6314-430: Was a great tool to speed up the assimilation of non-Russians into Russian culture . Another argument also states that the transition to Cyrillic is not a "submission" of non-Russian culture into Russian culture, but rather "the most rational way" to develop the culture of a region, and a form of friendship with Russian people as well as a sign of internationalist unity for the entire Soviet population. Another factor

6396-428: Was adopted. Russification has also led to less and less use and teaching of local languages, with Russian being the main language spoken in many areas of life, while the local language or the mother tongue of its speakers being the language spoken only in the village or at home. In fact, there are also children who can only speak Russian without being able to use their mother tongue . The process of writing changes in

6478-440: Was approved: In 1934, the script underwent another reform, which reverted the addition of back-front vowel distinctions. The letters Ө ө, Y y, Ь ь were removed from the alphabet, while the letter Ə ə had its usage reduced, being primarily replaced by A a . This reform simplified Uzbek spelling, but did not solve all its problems. In this regard, in 1937, a team of scientists under the leadership of A.K. Borovkov began to develop

6560-539: Was officially discontinued; instead, the Soviet government began to emphasize the cultural and linguistic advantages of Russian as a "progressive language" and the "official language of the revolution", whereas all socialist countries needed to use only Russian because it was a "complete language". In the ideological discourse of the Communist Party it is stated that because various languages and cultures are currently developing well and peacefully, therefore it

6642-619: Was switched to Latin script. The latinization of Uzbek was carried out in the context of latinization of all languages in the Soviet Union . The new Latin script also brought about the letter f to represent /f/ and distinction of back and front vowels, adding a number of new characters for them. At the Republican Spelling Conference in Samarkand, held in May 1929, a new Uzbek alphabet of 34 characters

6724-475: Was the existence of a number of languages that have previously used Cyrillic scripts, such as Chuvash , Mari and Mordovian , which transition to Latin script is actually ineffective due to the large amount of literature written in Cyrillic before. Economic factors also have an effect, where printing using two scripts (Cyrillic and Latin) is considered inefficient. Although many consider the transition from Latin to Cyrillic to be more due to political factors, in

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