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124-513: VCI may refer to: Organisations [ edit ] Vaccination Credential Initiative , Digital Vaccine Record coalition Veterinary Council of India Video Collection International , a UK company Volatile corrosion inhibitor Volunteer Centres Ireland Schools [ edit ] Valencia Colleges (Bukidnon) Inc. Science and technology [ edit ] Virtual channel identifier , in telecommunications VideoCipher I ,

248-676: A Sage/Missile Master Integration/ECM-ECCM Test in 1963, and although SAGE used AMIS input of air traffic information, the 1959 plan developed by the July 1958 USAF Air Defense Systems Integration Division for SAGE Air Traffic Integration (SATIN) was cancelled by the DoD. SAGE radar stations , including 78 DEW Line sites in December 1961, provided radar tracks to DCs and had frequency diversity (FD) radars United States Navy picket ships also provided radar tracks, and seaward radar coverage

372-576: A "Digital Radar Relay" (SAGE data system) used AT&T voice lines, microwave towers, switching centers (e.g., SAGE NNX 764 was at Delta, Utah & 759 at Mounds, Oklahoma ), etc.; and AT&T's "main underground station" was in Kansas (Fairview) with other bunkers in Connecticut (Cheshire), California (Santa Rosa), Iowa (Boone) and Maryland ( Hearthstone Mountain ). CDTS modems at automated radar stations transmitted range and azimuth, and

496-513: A $ 16.5 million MITRE-led project to create an enduring open source tool called Sara Alert, for monitoring symptoms of Americans exposed to COVID-19. MITRE developed the free tool in collaboration with multiple national public health organizations as well as local and state health agencies . In April 2020, Sara Alert launched in Arkansas and was being tested in Danbury, Connecticut as well as

620-520: A 1952 USAF Project Lincoln "fullscale study" of "a large scale integrated ground control system" resulted in the SAGE approval "first on a trial basis in 1953". The USAF had decided by April 10, 1953, to cancel the competing ADIS (based on CDS), and the University of Michigan's Aeronautical Research Center withdrew in the spring. Air Research and Development Command (ARDC) planned to "finalize

744-490: A CDTS site. SAGE Direction Centers and Combat Centers were also nodes of NORAD's Alert Network Number 1, and SAC Emergency War Order Traffic included "Positive Control/Noah's Ark instructions" through northern NORAD radio sites to confirm or recall SAC bombers if "SAC decided to launch the alert force before receiving an execution order from the JCS". A SAGE System ergonomic test at Luke AFB in 1964 " showed conclusively that

868-570: A Combat Center (CC) for "supervision of the several sectors within the division" ("each combat center [had] the capability to coordinate defense for the whole nation"). SAGE became operational in the late 1950s and early 1960s at a combined cost of billions of dollars. It was noted that the deployment cost more than the Manhattan Project —which it was, in a way, defending against. Throughout its development, there were continual concerns about its real ability to deal with large attacks, and

992-809: A September 1959 experimental ATABE test between an "abbreviated" AN/FSQ-7 staged at Fort Banks and the Lexington XD-1, the 1961 "SAGE/ Missile Master test program" conducted large-scale field testing of the ATABE "mathematical model" using radar tracks of actual SAC and ADC aircraft flying mock penetrations into defense sectors. Similarly conducted was the joint SAC-NORAD Sky Shield II exercise followed by Sky Shield III on 2 September 1962 On July 15, 1963, ESD's CMC Management Office assumed "responsibilities in connection with BMEWS , Space Track , SAGE, and BUIC." The Chidlaw Building 's computerized NORAD/ADC Combined Operations Center in 1963 became

1116-615: A certain heading or vector . This Dowding system was the first ground-controlled interception (GCI) system of large scale, covering the entirety of the UK. It proved enormously successful during the Battle of Britain , and is credited as being a key part of the RAF's success. The system was slow, often providing information that was up to five minutes out of date. Against propeller driven bombers flying at perhaps 225 miles per hour (362 km/h) this

1240-627: A city-sized area. When the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in August 1949, the topic of air defense of the US became important for the first time. A study group, the "Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee" was set up under the direction of Dr. George Valley to consider the problem, and is known to history as the "Valley Committee". Their December report noted a key problem in air defense using ground-based radars. A bomber approaching

1364-604: A computer to handle the task of taking reports and developing tracks had been explored beginning late in the war. By 1944, analog computers had been installed at the CH stations to automatically convert radar readings into map locations, eliminating two people. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy began experimenting with the Comprehensive Display System (CDS), another analog computer that took X and Y locations from

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1488-756: A computer was possible. The Valley Committee was introduced to Jerome Wiesner , associate director of the Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT . Wiesner noted that the Servomechanisms Laboratory had already begun development of a machine that might be fast enough. This was the Whirlwind I , originally developed for the Office of Naval Research as a general purpose flight simulator that could simulate any current or future aircraft by changing its software. Wiesner introduced

1612-580: A free app allowing election officials to report misinformation on social media; the app was being used by eleven U.S. states, as of October 2020. The company also established the National Election Security Lab, offering free risk assessments for voting systems. Other projects include the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) database of vulnerabilities and exposures related to information security and

1736-754: A map and automatically generated tracks from repeated inputs. Similar systems began development with the Royal Canadian Navy , DATAR , and the US Navy , the Naval Tactical Data System . A similar system was also specified for the Nike SAM project, specifically referring to a US version of CDS, coordinating the defense over a battle area so that multiple batteries did not fire on a single target. All of these systems were relatively small in geographic scale, generally tracking within

1860-547: A military think tank , spun out from the radar and computer research at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory . Over the years, MITRE's field of study had greatly diversified. In the 1990s, with the winding down of the Cold War , private companies complained that MITRE had an unfair advantage competing for civilian contracts; in 1996 this led to the civilian projects being spun off to a new company, Mitretek. Mitretek

1984-683: A production contract for the Lincoln Transition System". Similarly, the July 22, 1953, report by the Bull Committee ( NSC 159) identified completing the Mid-Canada Line radars as the top priority and "on a second-priority-basis: the Lincoln automated system" (the decision to control Bomarc with the automated system was also in 1953.) The Priority Permanent System with the initial (priority) radar stations

2108-409: A radar station would detect the signals from the radar long before the reflection off the bomber was strong enough to be detected by the station. The committee suggested that when this occurred, the bomber would descend to low altitude, thereby greatly limiting the radar horizon , allowing the bomber to fly past the station undetected. Although flying at low altitude greatly increased fuel consumption ,

2232-478: A regular basis, allowing maintenance on the unused side. Information was fed to the DCs from a network of radar stations as well as readiness information from various defense sites. The computers, based on the raw radar data, developed "tracks" for the reported targets, and automatically calculated which defenses were within range. Operators used light guns to select targets on-screen for further information, select one of

2356-545: A safety or security risk". The company's Unique Identification of Internet of Things (IoT) Devices Challenge tasked applicants with improving security for connected devices. In 2020, MITRE participated in the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's Too Close for Too Long Challenge to "help evaluate and potentially improve upon that baseline Bluetooth performance for helping detect when smartphone users are standing too close to one another". In addition to

2480-669: A technical standard for verifying vaccination and other clinical information. Clair William Halligan, an electrical engineer, served as MITRE's first president until 1966, when he became chairman of the company's executive committee. He retired in 1968. John L. McLucas succeeded Halligan as president. Robert Everett served as president from 1969 to 1986. Subsequent holders of the president and chief executive officer (CEO) role included Charles S. Zraket (1986–1990), Barry Horowitz (1990–1996), Victor A. DeMarines (1996–2000), Martin C. Faga (2000–2006), Alfred Grasso (2006–2017), and Jason Providakes (2017–2024). Mark Peters became

2604-573: A variant of the Videocipher scrambling system Volatile corrosion inhibitor or vapor corrosion inhibitor, a type of corrosion inhibitor Other uses [ edit ] AMX-VCI ( Véhicule de Combat d'Infanterie ), a tank Verbal Comprehension Index , in the WAIS-IV test See also [ edit ] VC1 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

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2728-767: The 646th Radar Squadron (SAGE) October 1.) Additional sectors included the Los Angeles Air Defense Sector (SAGE) designated in February 1959. A June 23 JCS memorandum approved the new "March 1959 Reorganization Plan" for HQ NORAD/CONAD/ADC. Project Wild Goose teams of Air Materiel Command personnel installed c.  1960 the Ground Air Transmit Receive stations for the SAGE TDDL (in April 1961, Sault Ste Marie

2852-572: The AUTOVON Network. SAGE Sector Warning Networks ( cf. NORAD Division Warning Networks) provided the radar netting communications for each DC and eventually also allowed transfer of command guidance to autopilots of TDDL-equipped interceptors for vectoring to targets via the Ground to Air Data Link Subsystem and the Ground Air Transmit Receive (GATR) network of radio sites for "HF/VHF/UHF voice & TDDL" each generally co-located at

2976-846: The Air Defense Engineering Service (ADES), which was contracted in January 1954. IBM delivered the FSQ-7 computer's prototype in June 1956, and Kingston's XD-2 with dual computers guided a Cape Canaveral BOMARC to a successful aircraft intercept on August 7, 1958. Initially contracted to RCA , the AN/FSQ-7 production units were started by IBM in 1958 (32 DCs were planned for networking NORAD regions.) IBM's production contract developed 56 SAGE computers for $ .5 billion (~$ 18 million per computer pair in each FSQ-7) — cf.

3100-658: The Air Force Association 's Mitchell Institute published a report in 2019 recommending improved technologies for the U.S. nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) network and warning that some of the system's early satellites are "vulnerable to electronic attacks and interference". The firm also published a government-mandated report with recommendations for the Air Force's inventory in 2030. The Department of Veterans Affairs hired MITRE to provide recommendation for implementation and program integration of

3224-723: The Air Force Council recommended 1955 funding for "ADC to convert to the Lincoln automated system" ("redesignated the SAGE System in 1954"). The " experimental SAGE subsector, located in Lexington, Mass. , was completed in 1955…with a prototype AN/FSQ-7…known as XD-1 " (single computer system in Building F). In 1955, Air Force personnel began IBM training at the Kingston, New York , prototype facility, and

3348-622: The Air Movements Identification Service (AMIS) provided air traffic data to the SAGE System. Radar tracks by telephone calls (e.g., from Manual Control Centers in the Albuquerque , Minot , and Oklahoma City sectors) could be entered via consoles of the 4th floor "Manual Inputs" room adjacent to the "Communication Recording-Monitoring and VHF" room. In 1966, SAGE communications were integrated into

3472-757: The Cheyenne Mountain Complex facility in Colorado operating the North American Air Defense system. In the 1970s, MITRE continued supporting military projects such as AWACS and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System and "[helping] civil agencies develop information systems for transportation, medicine, law enforcement, space exploration and environmental cleanup." MITRE has completed software engineering work for

3596-708: The Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) category system for software weaknesses and vulnerabilities. MITRE and the British startup company Simudyne partnered to convert an "agent-based" financial risk model of "asset fire-sales and investor flight from banks and funds into a commercial product". The new system is based on one MITRE had previously created for the Department of the Treasury . MITRE has also researched cloud computing policy, helped

3720-652: The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and the FBI . Version 14.1 was released in October 2023. According to a 2020 study published by the University of California, Berkeley and security software company McAfee , 80 percent of companies use the framework for cybersecurity. The Structured Threat Information eXchange (STIX), described as a "machine-to-machine cyber threat information-sharing language",

3844-786: The Distributed Common Ground System and helped the North Atlantic Treaty Organization create intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) data standards. The company also worked with the Multi-Sensor Aerospace-Ground Joint ISR Interoperability Coalition to ensure proper formatting for ISR sensor data. In 2018, MITRE developed the "Deliver Uncompromised" strategy for the Department of Defense , proposing recommendations for supply chain security. MITRE and

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3968-606: The F-94 Starfire , F-89 Scorpion , F-101B Voodoo , and F-4 Phantom were controlled by SAGE GCI. The F-104 Starfighter was "too small to be equipped with [SAGE] data link equipment" and used voice-commanded GCI, but the F-106 Delta Dart was equipped for the automated data link (ADL) . The ADL was designed to allow Interceptors that reached targets to transmit real-time tactical friendly and enemy movements and to determine whether sector defence reinforcement

4092-598: The Forever GI Bill . MITRE has also focused on the great power competition; in 2020, the company published a paper about 5G networks and competition between China and the U.S. In addition to military work, MITRE's early projects included air traffic control improvements for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). During the 1980s, MITRE helped modernize the Air Force's airborne early warning and control system and improve

4216-695: The Internal Revenue Service (a bureau of the Department of the Treasury), the Department of Veterans Affairs joined as a co-sponsor in 2008, and the Social Security Administration joined as a co-sponsor in 2018. MITRE's Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute (HSSEDI) completes work for the Department of Homeland Security, such as maintaining the federal executive department's list of

4340-731: The MIT Lincoln Laboratory . MITRE's first employees had been developing the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system and aerospace defense as part of Lincoln Labs Division 6. They were specifically engaged in MIT's research and engineering of the project. MITRE's early leadership has been described as "a mix of men" affiliated with the Ford Foundation , the Institute for Defense Analyses , RAND Corporation , System Development Corporation (SDC), and

4464-522: The Milstar constellation of communications satellites . The company also worked on a major overhaul of the FAA's traffic control system as well as sensor technology for tracking stealth aircraft . In 1997, MITRE sponsored a research program related to Global Positioning System (GPS) adaptive nulling antennas. MITRE also provided global navigation satellite system signal generation equipment for testing at

4588-532: The National Airspace System (NAS). MITRE's Integrated Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab has assessed the impact of new technologies for the FAA since 1992. In addition to air traffic management and aviation regulations, the group has worked on merging unmanned aerial vehicle operations into the NAS as well as defining how the system will function in 2035, a decade after

4712-552: The Operation Sky Shield tests showed that only about one-fourth of enemy bombers would have been intercepted. Nevertheless, SAGE was the backbone of NORAD 's air defense system into the 1980s, by which time the tube-based FSQ-7s were increasingly costly to maintain and completely outdated. Today the same command and control task is carried out by microcomputers , based on the same basic underlying data. Just prior to World War II , Royal Air Force (RAF) tests with

4836-539: The Strategic Defense Architecture (SDA-2000) planned an integrated air defense and air traffic control network. The USAF declared full operational capability of the first seven Joint Surveillance System ROCCs on December 23, 1980, with Hughes AN/FYQ-93 systems, and many of the SAGE radar stations became Joint Surveillance System (JSS) sites (e.g., San Pedro Hill Z-39 became FAA Ground Equipment Facility J-31 .) The North Bay AN/FSQ-7

4960-645: The Syracuse sector's DC-03 was operational ("the SAGE system [did not] become operational until January 1959.") Construction of CFB North Bay in Canada was started in 1959 for a bunker ~700 feet (210 m) underground (operational October 1, 1963), and by 1963 the system had 3 Combat Centers. The 23 SAGE centers included 1 in Canada, and the "SAGE control centers reached their full 22 site deployments in 1961 (out of 46 originally planned)." The completed Minot AFB blockhouse received an AN/FSQ-7, but never received

5084-676: The United States Armed Forces , including Horace Rowan Gaither , James Rhyne Killian , James McCormack , and Julius Adams Stratton . In April 1959, a site was purchased in Bedford, Massachusetts, near Hanscom Air Force Base , to develop a new MITRE laboratory, which MITRE occupied in September 1959. MITRE established an office in McLean in 1963, and had approximately 850 technical employees by 1967. MITRE registered

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5208-420: The United States Army 's White Sands Missile Range . The Air Force Research Laboratory 's geosynchronous satellite Navigation Technology Satellite-3 will use MITRE's Global Navigation Satellite System Test Architecture to "implement user equipment capability". MITRE has worked on the traffic collision avoidance system of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), a modernization project of

5332-424: The open source Adversarial Machine Learning Threat Matrix in collaboration with IBM , Nvidia , and academic institutions. Launched in October 2020, the framework is "designed to organize and catalogue known techniques for attacks against machine-learning systems, to inform security analysts and provide them with strategies to detect, respond and remediate against threats". In February 2020, MITRE launched SQUINT,

5456-426: The " 4620th Air Defense Wing (experimental SAGE) was established at Lincoln Laboratory" On May 3, 1956, General Partridge presented CINCNORAD 's Operational Concept for Control of Air Defense Weapons to the Armed Forces Policy Council , and a June 1956 symposium presentation identified advanced programming methods of SAGE code. For SAGE consulting Western Electric and Bell Telephone Laboratories formed

5580-485: The "SAGE Defense System" ("Air Defense Weapons System "). Burroughs Corporation was a prime contractor for SAGE network interface equipment which included 134 Burroughs AN/FST-2 Coordinate Data Transmitting Sets (CDTS) at radar stations and other sites, the IBM supplied AN/FSQ-7 at 23 Direction Centers, and the AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Computers at 8 Combat Centers. The 2 computers of each AN/FSQ-7 together weighing 275 short tons-force (2,450 kN) used about ⅓ of

5704-426: The "command, control, communications and intelligence" ("C3I") division oversaw military projects, while non-military projects were handled by the civilian METREK division, which had approximately 800 employees based in McLean. By the 1990s, MITRE had become a "multifaceted engineering company with a wide range of clients," according to Kathleen Day of The Washington Post . MITRE worked on neural network software ,

5828-489: The $ 2 billion WWII Manhattan Project . General Operational Requirements (GOR) 79 and 97 were "the basic USAF documents guiding development and improvement of [the semi-automatic] ground environment. Prior to fielding the AN/FSQ-7 centrals, the USAF initially deployed "pre-SAGE semiautomatic intercept systems" ( AN/GPA-37 ) to Air Defense Direction Centers , ADDCs (e.g., at " NORAD Control Centers "). On April 22, 1958, NORAD approved Nike AADCPs to be collocated with

5952-400: The 'mCODE Initiative' to recommend data standards for cancer patients' electronic health records . MITRE supports the Homeland Security Experts Group, which has been described as "an independent, nonpartisan group of homeland security and counterterrorism experts that educates the public and government leaders, including the secretary of homeland security". MITRE became a founding member of

6076-411: The 1980s and known as the High Performance Computing Center since 2015, was retrofitted with a refrigerant-based cooling system, resulting in lower operating costs and a higher compute capacity. In 2023, a large underground marine equipment testing tank opened on the Bedford campus. The company's McLean campus houses the Integrated Demonstration and Experimentation for Aeronautics (IDEA) Lab, as well as

6200-427: The 25 most common software bugs . The HSSEDI was established in 2009, following passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 , and along with the Homeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute replaced the Homeland Security Institute. MITRE's CMS Alliance to Modernize Healthcare was established in 2012 as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Federally Funded Research and Development Center, also known as

6324-460: The Bottom of the Sea , amongst others). SAGE histories include a 1983 special issue of the Annals of the History of Computing , and various personal histories were published, e.g., Valley in 1985 and Jacobs in 1986. In 1998, the SAGE System was identified as 1 of 4 "Monumental Projects", and a SAGE lecture presented the vintage film In Your Defense followed by anecdotal information from Les Earnest , Jim Wong , and Paul Edwards . In 2013,

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6448-521: The C3I Federally Funded Research and Development Center until 2011, addresses national security issues for the Department of Defense. MITRE's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) supports the FAA, an agency within the Department of Transportation . The organization's Center for Enterprise Modernization, which focuses on enterprise modernization, was established as the IRS Federally Funded Research and Development Center in 1998, before being renamed in August 2001. Originally sponsored by

6572-557: The COVID-19 Decision Support Dashboard, which uses public data to assess transmission trends and display color-coded indicators based on performance by jurisdiction. MITRE is also part of the Fight Is In Us coalition, a collaborative effort between advocates, companies, and government officials to promote plasma donation for patient treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. MITRE's Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems Challenge in 2016 invited applicants to "demonstrate systems that detect and stop drones weighing less than five pounds that present

6696-414: The Center for Data-Driven Policy, was created to link MITRE "with senior government officials for research and development purposes". Members of the advisory board include John F. Campbell , Lisa Disbrow , William E. Gortney , Robert B. Murrett , and Robert O. Work , as of mid 2020. U.S. military forces, especially the Air Force , were primary initial sponsors; according to Air Force Magazine , MITRE

6820-413: The Center for Threat-Informed Defense that has 23 member organizations with cybersecurity teams, as of 2020, including Fujitsu and Microsoft . In September 2020, Engenuity's Center for Threat-Informed Defense and partners launched the Adversary Emulation Library, a GitHub -hosted project providing downloadable emulation plans to network security groups at no cost. The library's first plan was focused on

6944-586: The DC's 2nd floor space and at ~$ 50 per instruction had approximately 125,000 "computer instructions support[ing] actual operational air-defense mission" processing. The AN/FSQ-7 at Luke AFB had additional memory (32K total) and was used as a "computer center for all other" DCs. Project 416L was the USAF predecessor of NORAD, SAC, and other military organizations' "Big L" computer systems (e.g., 438L Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System & 496L Space Detection and Tracking System ). Network communications: The SAGE network of computers connected by

7068-409: The FSQ-7 was based on the IBM 701 but, while the 701 was investigated by MIT engineers, its design was ultimately rejected due to high error rates and generally being "inadequate to the task." IBM's contributions were essential to the success of the FSQ-7, and IBM benefited immensely from its association with the SAGE project, most evidently during development of the IBM 704 . On October 28, 1953,

7192-582: The FSQ-8 (the April 1, 1959, Minot Air Defense Sector consolidated with the Grand Forks ADS on March 1, 1963). The SAGE system included a direction center (DC) assigned to air defense sectors as they were defined at the time. * Some of the originally planned 32 DCs were never completed and DCs were planned at installations for additional sectors: Calypso / Raleigh NC, England / Shreveport LA, Fort Knox KY, Kirtland / Albuquerque NM, Robins / Miami , Scott / St. Louis , Webb / San Antonio TX. The environment allowed radar station personnel to monitor

7316-406: The Hamilton AFB BUIC II was installed in the former MCC building when it was converted to a SAGE Combat Center in 1966 (CC-05). On June 3, 1963, the Direction Centers at Marysville CA, Marquette/K I Sawyer AFB (DC-14) MI, Stewart AFB NY (DC-02), and Moses Lake WA (DC-15) were planned for closing and at the end of 1969, only 6 CONUS SAGE DCs remained (DC-03, -04, -10, -12, -20, & -21) all with

7440-538: The Health FFRDC. The FFRDC is sponsored by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services . MITRE has managed the National Cybersecurity FFRDC since 2014, following receipt of a "single indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity " $ 5 billion contract from the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) for a research center dedicated to cybersecurity. MITRE will support NIST's work "related to cybersecurity solutions composed of commercial components and

7564-645: The Mobile Autonomous Systems Experimentation lab, which focuses on self-driving cars . MITRE's laboratory in Singapore , called Mitre Asia Pacific Singapore (MAPS) assesses and displays "various safety and air traffic concepts in preparation for the future". In June 2008, MITRE was presented with the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service for "significant contributions in communications, command and control decision-making, intelligence, cyberspace, and warfighter field support, as well as research and development". Semi-Automatic Ground Environment The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment ( SAGE )

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7688-403: The NORAD Command Center ( Ent AFB , 1963 Chidlaw Building , & 1966 Cheyenne Mountain ). NORAD's integration of air warning data (at the ADOC ) along with space surveillance, intelligence, and other data allowed attack assessment of an Air Defense Emergency for alerting the SAC command centers (465L SACCS nodes at Offutt AFB & The Notch ), The Pentagon / Raven Rock NMCC /ANMCC, and

7812-447: The NSDC automatically communicated crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" to/from adjacent sectors' DCs and to 10 Nike Missile Master AADCPs . Forwardtelling automatically communicated data from multiple DCs to a 3-story Combat Center (CC) usually at one of the sector's DCs ( cf. planned Hamilton AFB CC-05 near the Beale AFB DC-18) for coordinating the air battle in the NORAD region (multiple sectors) and which forwarded data to

7936-408: The Northern Mariana Islands, with data being maintained by the Association of Public Health Laboratories . Sara Alert was being used in Idaho, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Virginia by the end of May, and Guam by October. Since January 2021, MITRE has co-lead a coalition known as the Vaccination Credential Initiative (VCI), which is composed of over 300 technology and healthcare organizations developing

8060-407: The Space Information Sharing and Analysis Center, a cybersecurity project for the space industry, in 2019. MITRE and partners such as Harvard Innovation Labs and MassChallenge launched Bridging Innovation in 2020 to connect government agencies and startup companies . MITRE is a member of the COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition, which is co-chaired by Jay Schnitzer. In June 2020, the coalition launched

8184-505: The U.S. federal government identify fraudulent comments intended to "spoof" public support for non-existent positions during the rulemaking process, and increased the Pennsylvania Department of Revenue 's delinquent taxpayer compliance rate. In 1982, Mitre authored a proposal for the State Department called "Cannabis Eradication in Foreign Western Nations." In this proposal, a plan was outlined to eradicate cannabis in participating nations within 121 days, for $ 19 million. The report discussed

8308-424: The USAF manual ADDCs at Duncanville Air Force Station TX, Olathe Air Force Station KS, Belleville Air Force Station IL, and Osceola Air Force Station KS. In 1957, SAGE System groundbreaking at McChord AFB was for DC-12 where the "electronic brain" began arriving in November 1958, and the "first SAGE regional battle post [CC-01] began operating in Syracuse, New York in early 1959". BOMARC "crew training

8432-442: The Valley Committee to Whirlwind's project lead, Jay Forrester , who convinced him that Whirlwind was sufficiently capable. In September 1950, an early microwave early-warning radar system at Hanscom Field was connected to Whirlwind using a custom interface developed by Forrester's team. An aircraft was flown past the site, and the system digitized the radar information and successfully sent it to Whirlwind. With this demonstration,

8556-405: The aim of beginning a development lab similar to the war-era Radiation Laboratory that made enormous progress in radar technology. Killian was initially uninterested, desiring to return the school to its peacetime civilian charter. Ridenour eventually convinced Killian the idea was sound by describing the way the lab would lead to the development of a local electronics industry based on the needs of

8680-433: The antenna's effectiveness. MITRE has received three patents for the antenna. The MITRE ATT&CK framework, launched in 2015, has been described by Computer Weekly as "the free, globally accessible service that offers comprehensive and current cyber security threat information" to organizations, and by TechTarget as a "global knowledge base of threat activity, techniques and models". The framework has been used by

8804-542: The available defenses, and issue commands to attack. These commands would then be automatically sent to the defense site via teleprinter . Connecting the various sites was an enormous network of telephones, modems and teleprinters. Later additions to the system allowed SAGE's tracking data to be sent directly to CIM-10 Bomarc missiles and some of the US Air Force 's interceptor aircraft in-flight, directly updating their autopilots to maintain an intercept course without operator intervention. Each DC also forwarded data to

8928-486: The computer would need to be fed information directly, eliminating any manual translation by phone operators, and it would have to be able to analyze that information and automatically develop tracks. A system tasked with defending cities against the predicted future Soviet bomber fleet would have to be dramatically more powerful than the models used in the NTDS or DATAR. The Committee then had to consider whether or not such

9052-568: The concept of a centralized system as proposed by the Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee, and we agree that the central coordinating apparatus of this system should be a high-speed electronic digital computer." The report went on to describe a new lab that would be used for generic technology development for the Air Force, Army and Navy, and would be known as Project Lincoln. Loomis took over direction of Project Lincoln and began planning by following

9176-807: The current president and CEO in 2024. Jay Schnitzer serves as chief technology officer and chief medical officer . He is leading a national effort to combat COVID-19 on behalf of MITRE and 50 partner companies, health care providers , and researchers, as of March 2020. MITRE named Charles Clancy its first chief futurist in 2020 and restructured to create MITRE Labs. Current trustees include Rodney E. Slater (chairman), Sue Gordon (vice chair), Lance Collins , Maury W. Bradsher, Yvette Meléndez, George Halvorson , Paul G. Kaminski , Adalio T. Sanchez, Cathy Minehan , John H. Noseworthy , and Jan E. Tighe . The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology , American Society of Clinical Oncology , and MITRE partnered on

9300-460: The first .org domain on July 10, 1985, which continues to be used by the company. During the 1980s, the German hacker Markus Hess used an unsecured Mitre Tymnet connection as an entry point for intrusions into U.S. Department of Defense , Department of Energy , and NASA computer networks. By 1989, the company had thousands of employees in Bedford and McLean; approximately 3,000 employees in

9424-543: The headquarter campuses in Bedford and McLean, MITRE has more than 60 other locations throughout the United States and around the world. In New Jersey, two offices house approximately 60 employees, as of September 2020. Up to 70 percent of employees may continue working remotely, even after restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have been lifted. MITRE's data center in Bedford, originally built during

9548-468: The headquarters base: "9th [at] Geiger Field … 32d, Syracuse AFS … 35th, Dobbins AFB … 58th, Wright-Patterson AFB … 85th, Andrews AFB ". The 26th SAGE Division (New York, Boston, Syracuse & Bangor SAGE sectors)--the 1st of the SAGE divisions—became operational at Hancock Field on 1 January 1959 after the redesignation started for AC&W Squadrons (e.g., the Highlands P-9 unit became

9672-476: The highest echelon of the SAGE computer network when operations moved from Ent AFB's 1954 manual Command Center to the partially underground "war room". Also in 1963, radar stations were renumbered (e.g., Cambria AFS was redesignated from P-2 to Z-2 on July 31) and the vacuum-tube SAGE System was completed (and obsolete). On "June 26, 1958,…the New York sector became operational" and on December 1, 1958,

9796-616: The initial BUIC systems were phased out 1974–5. ADC had been renamed Aerospace Defense Command on January 15, 1968, and its general surveillance radar stations transferred to ADTAC in 1979 when the ADC major command was broken up (space surveillance stations went to SAC and the Aerospace Defense Center was activated as a DRU .) For airborne command posts, "as early as 1962 the Air Force began exploring possibilities for an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)", and

9920-480: The integration of technology to build trustworthy information systems for government agencies". Currently, MITRE holds the contract to administer and provide management to JASON , an advisory group for the federal government made up of scientists. MITRE's Center for Data-Driven Policy, established in 2020, seeks to "provide evidence-based, objective and nonpartisan insights for government policymaking". The Center for Technology & National Security, now part of

10044-457: The lab and the students who would leave the lab to start their own companies. Killian agreed to at least consider the issue, and began Project Charles to consider the size and scope of such a lab. Project Charles was placed under the direction of Francis Wheeler Loomis and included 28 scientists, about half of whom were already associated with MIT. Their study ran from February to August 1951, and in their final report they stated that "We endorse

10168-439: The last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations ,…1 Lashup -era radar and a single Texas Tower ". "On 31 December 1958, USAF ADC had 187 operational land-based radar stations" (74 were "P-sites", 29 "M-sites", 13 "SM-sites", & 68 " ZI Gap Fillers"). Systems scientist Jay Forrester

10292-468: The lead of the earlier RadLab. By September 1951, only months after the Charles report, Project Lincoln had more than 300 employees. By the end of the summer of 1952 this had risen to 1300, and after another year, 1800. The only building suitable for classified work at that point was Building 22, suitable for a few hundred people at most, although some relief was found by moving the non-classified portions of

10416-703: The long-distance telecommunications service FTS2000 for the General Services Administration , and a new computer system for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . On January 29, 1996, Mitre divided into two entities: The MITRE Corporation, to focus on its FFRDCs for DoD and FAA ; and a new company established in McLean, called Mitretek Systems until 2007 and now called Noblis , to assume non-FFRDC research work for other U.S. Government agencies. MITRE restructured its research and engineering operations in mid 2020, forming MITRE Labs. Approximately half of MITRE's employees work under

10540-688: The multi-day period of asymptomatic infectivity associated with the COVID-19 pathogen". MITRE managed the Coronavirus Commission on Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes, announced by the Donald Trump administration in June 2020, to "independently and comprehensively assess" responses to the pandemic and "offer actionable recommendations to inform future responses to infectious disease outbreaks within nursing homes". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded

10664-547: The new Chain Home (CH) radars had demonstrated that relaying information to the fighter aircraft directly from the radar sites was not feasible. The radars determined the map coordinates of the enemy, but could generally not see the fighters at the same time. This meant the fighters had to be able to determine where to fly to perform an interception but were often unaware of their own exact location and unable to calculate an interception while also flying their aircraft. The solution

10788-688: The new Lincoln Laboratory , the USAF conducted Project Claude which concluded an improved air defense system was needed. In a test for the US military at Bedford, Massachusetts on 20 April 1951, data produced by a radar was transmitted through telephone lines to a computer for the first time, showing the detection of a mock enemy aircraft. This first test was directed by C. Robert Wieser . The "Summer Study Group" of scientists in 1952 recommended "computerized air direction centers…to be ready by 1954." IBM 's "Project High" assisted under their October 1952 Whirlwind subcontract with Lincoln Laboratory , and

10912-566: The northern air approaches to the United States" (e.g., in Canada). After a January 1950 meeting, Valley and Jay Forrester proposed using the Whirlwind I (completed 1951) for air defense. On August 18, 1950, when the " 1954 Interceptor " requirements were issued, the USAF "noted that manual techniques of aircraft warning and control would impose "intolerable" delays" ( Air Materiel Command (AMC) published Electronic Air Defense Environment for 1954 in December .) During February–August 1951 at

11036-842: The present squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tracts of the rats that "This study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans." During the 1980s, MITRE worked on a digital radiological imaging project for MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and an upgrade to MEDLINE for the National Institutes of Health. Synthea, MITRE's open source synthetic data system, "mirrors real population information in terms of demographics, disease burden, vaccinations, medical visits and social determinants", and seeks to "mimic how each patient progresses from birth to death through modular representations of various diseases and conditions". MITRE's patient data set SyntheticMass, based on "fictional" Massachusetts residents,

11160-551: The project, administration and similar, to Building 20. But this was clearly insufficient space. After considering a variety of suitable locations, a site at Laurence G. Hanscom Field was selected, with the groundbreaking taking place in 1951. The terms of the National Security Act were formulated during 1947, leading to the creation of the US Air Force out of the former US Army Air Force . During April of

11284-551: The prominent cybercrime group FIN6. MITRE had previously released emulation plans for the Chinese and Russian hacker groups Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) 3 and APT29 in 2017 and 2020, respectively. In March 2021, Engenuity created the MITRE ATT&;CK Defender training program to educate and certify cybersecurity professionals. MITRE manages six FFRDCs. The National Security Engineering Center, previously known as

11408-425: The public via CONELRAD radio stations. The Burroughs 416L SAGE component ( ESD Project 416L, Semi Automatic Ground Environment System) was the Cold War network connecting IBM supplied computer system at the various DC and that created the display and control environment for operation of the separate radars and to provide outbound command guidance for ground-controlled interception by air defense aircraft in

11532-557: The radar data and systems' status (e.g., Arctic Tower radome pressure) and to use the range height equipment to process height requests from Direction Center (DC) personnel. DCs received the Long Range Radar Input from the sector's radar stations, and DC personnel monitored the radar tracks and IFF data provided by the stations, requested height-finder radar data on targets, and monitored the computer's evaluation of which fighter aircraft or Bomarc missile site could reach

11656-446: The same year, US Air Force staff were identifying specifically the requirement for the creation of automatic equipment for radar-detection which would relay information to an air defence control system, a system which would function without the inclusion of persons for its operation. The December 1949 "Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee" led by Dr. George Valley had recommended computerized networking for "radar stations guarding

11780-417: The scheduled implementation of NextGen. MITRE has explored the use of mobile devices for communicating instrument flight rules , specifically clearances at airports lacking Pre-Departure Clearance/Data Comm Clearance. The company's Pacer web application uses System Wide Information Management and Traffic Flow Management System data as well as airline and general aviation departure schedules to "improve

11904-488: The solid-state AN/GSG-5 CCCS instead of the AN/GPA-73 recommended by ADC in June 1958. Back-Up Interceptor Control (BUIC) with CCCS dispersed to radar stations for survivability allowed a diminished but functional SAGE capability. In 1962, Burroughs "won the contract to provide a military version of its D825" modular data processing system for BUIC II . BUIC II was first used at North Truro Z-10 in 1966, and

12028-414: The team calculated that the bomber would only need to do this for about 10% of its flight, making the fuel penalty acceptable. The only solution to this problem was to build a huge number of stations with overlapping coverage. At that point the problem became one of managing the information. Manual plotting was ruled out as too slow, and a computerized solution was the only possibility. To handle this task,

12152-439: The technical concept was proven. Forrester was invited to join the committee. With this successful demonstration, Louis Ridenour , chief scientist of the Air Force, wrote a memo stating "It is now apparent that the experimental work necessary to develop, test, and evaluate the systems proposals made by ADSEC will require a substantial amount of laboratory and field effort." Ridenour approached MIT President James Killian with

12276-660: The threat first. The DC's "NORAD sector commander's operational staff" could designate fighter intercept of a target or, using the Senior Director's keyed console in the Weapons Direction room, launch a Bomarc intercept with automatic Q-7 guidance of the surface-to-air missile to a final homing dive (equipped fighters eventually were automatically guided to intercepts). The "NORAD sector direction center (NSDC) [also had] air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles [and an Army] ADA battle staff officer", and

12400-482: The title VCI . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VCI&oldid=1064929148 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Vaccination Credential Initiative MITRE formed in 1958 as

12524-421: The unit, which seeks to "further extend the parent organization's impact across federally-funded research-and-development centers and with partners in academia and industry". The nonprofit foundation MITRE Engenuity (or simply Engenuity) was launched in 2019 "to collaborate with the private sector on solving industrywide problems with cyber defense" in collaboration with corporate partners. The foundation created

12648-421: The use and safety considerations of paraquat . The plan would have been to aerially dispense paraquat over marijuana crops. One safety concern was the food crops grown alongside the marijuana crops being contaminated. A study conducted on rats by Imperial Chemical Industries was cited in the report, and claimed low health risks for paraquat. The U.S. Public Health Service commented on this study saying that due to

12772-743: The vacuum tube AN/FSQ-7 centrals. In 1966, NORAD Combined Operations Center operations at Chidlaw transferred to the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (425L System) and in December 1963, the DoD approved solid state replacement of Martin AN/FSG-1 centrals with the AN/GSG-5 and subsequent Hughes AN/TSQ-51 . The "416L/M/N Program Office" at Hanscom Field had deployed the BUIC III by 1971 (e.g., to Fallon NAS ), and

12896-505: The way that general aviation operators file for and obtain departure clearances". MITRE has also completed air traffic control and safety work for the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). The company's Singapore-based unit was hired by CAAS to consider how artificial intelligence , machine learning , and speech recognition could be used to improve air traffic management systems. Among MITRE's innovations

13020-432: The wrong timing of human and technical operations was leading to frequent truncation of the flight path tracking system " (Harold Sackman). SAGE software development was "grossly underestimated" (60,000 lines in September 1955): "the biggest mistake [of] the SAGE computer program was [underestimating the] jump from the 35,000 [WWI] instructions … to the more than 100,000 instructions on the" AN/FSQ-8. NORAD conducted

13144-526: Was "to provide a means for the orderly transition and phasing from the manual to the SAGE system." The plan identified deactivation of the Eastern , Central , and Western Region/Defense Forces on July 1, 1960, and "current manual boundaries" were to be moved to the new "eight SAGE divisions" (1 in Canada, "the 35th") as soon as possible. Manual divisions "not to get SAGE computers were to be phased out" along with their Manual Air Defense Control Centers at

13268-804: Was a "speech recognition prototype that will automate and shorten the transcription process during an aviation incident investigation". MITRE and the Naval Research Laboratory developed the Frequency-scaled Ultra-wide Spectrum Element (FUSE) antenna to increase the data transfer speed between ground users and satellites. Meshbed, a CubeSat launched into orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation 's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle in November 2019, will test

13392-668: Was a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area. SAGE directed and controlled the NORAD response to a possible Soviet air attack, operating in this role from the late 1950s into the 1980s. Its enormous computers and huge displays remain a part of Cold War lore, and after decommissioning were common props in movies such as Dr. Strangelove and Colossus , and on science fiction TV series such as The Time Tunnel . The processing power behind SAGE

13516-850: Was activated January 1, 1958", and AT&T "hardened many of its switching centers, putting them in deep underground bunkers", The North American Defense Objectives Plan (NADOP 59–63) submitted to Canada in December 1958 scheduled 5 Direction Centers and 1 Combat Center to be complete in Fiscal Year 1959, 12 DCs and 3 CCs complete at the end of FY 60, 19 DC/4 CC FY 61, 25/6 FY 62, and 30/10 FY 63. On June 30 NORAD ordered that "Air Defense Sectors (SAGE) were to be designated as NORAD sectors", (the military reorganization had begun when effective April 1, 1958, CONAD "designated four SAGE sectors – New York, Boston, Syracuse, and Washington – as CONAD Sectors".) SAGE Geographic Reorganization: The SAGE Geographic Reorganization Plan of July 25, 1958, by NORAD

13640-522: Was approved in 2017. In September 2020, the U.S. Air Force awarded a $ 463 million contract to continue work for the National Security Engineering Center, an FFRDC supporting the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community . The contract will provide cybersecurity, electronics, information technology , sensors, and systems engineering services in Bedford and McLean for one year. Microsoft and MITRE partnered on

13764-509: Was completed in 1952 as a "manual air defense system" (e.g., NORAD / ADC used a " Plexiglas plotting board" at the Ent command center .) The Permanent System radar stations included 3 subsequent phases of deployments and by June 30, 1957, had 119 "Fixed CONUS" radars, 29 "Gap-filler low altitude" radars, and 23 control centers". At "the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations [and] 17 control centers … 32 [stations] had been added during

13888-475: Was created "as a special-purpose technical not-for-profit firm to perform the SAGE systems-engineering job". The aerial warfare service branch had struggled to identify a for-profit corporation to develop the defense system, so MITRE was hired to serve as the system engineer. MITRE subsequently designed air defense systems for the U.S. and allies, improving aircraft and missile tracking as well as communication interception abilities. The company also helped design

14012-479: Was developed by MITRE and the Department of Homeland Security . The program facilitates information sharing between industry, critical infrastructure operators and government in order to blunt cyberattacks" and allows participants to share data via the Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information (TAXII). Program governance was granted to the global nonprofit consortium OASIS in 2015, and STIX 2.0

14136-642: Was developed by the Lincoln Laboratory's Digital Computer Laboratory and Division 6, working closely with IBM as the manufacturer. Each FSQ-7 actually consisted of two nearly identical computers operating in "duplex" for redundancy. The design used an improved version of the Whirlwind I magnetic core memory and was an extension of the Whirlwind II computer program, renamed AN/FSQ-7 in 1953 to comply with Air Force nomenclature. It has been suggested

14260-573: Was dismantled and sent to Boston's Computer Museum . In 1996, AN/FSQ-7 components were moved to Moffett Federal Airfield for storage and later moved to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California . The last AN/FSQ-7 centrals were demolished at McChord AFB (August 1983) and Luke AFB (February 1984). Decommissioned AN/FSQ-7 equipment was also used as science fiction cinema and TV series props (e.g., Voyage to

14384-498: Was formatted by Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources and made available to developers via Google Cloud in 2019. In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , MITRE published a white paper claiming the number of confirmed and reported COVID-19 cases "significantly underrepresent the actual number of active domestic COVID-19 infections" in the United States. MITRE said the gap was because of "limited testing capability and

14508-506: Was instrumental in directing the development of the key concept of an interception system during his work at Servomechanisms Laboratory of MIT. The concept of the system, according to the Lincoln Laboratory site was to "develop a digital computer that could receive vast quantities of data from multiple radars and perform real-time processing to produce targeting information for intercepting aircraft and missiles." The AN/FSQ-7

14632-495: Was necessary. Familiarization flights allowed SAGE weapons directors to fly on two-seat interceptors to observe GCI operations. Surface-to-air missile installations for CIM-10 Bomarc interceptors were displayed on SAGE consoles. Partially solid-state AN/FST-2B and later AN/FYQ-47 computers replaced the AN/FST-2, and sectors without AN/FSQ-7 centrals requiring a " weapon direction control device " for USAF air defense used

14756-415: Was not a serious concern, but it was clear the system would be of little use against jet-powered bombers flying at perhaps 600 miles per hour (970 km/h). The system was extremely expensive in manpower terms, requiring hundreds of telephone operators, plotters and trackers in addition to the radar operators. This was a serious drain on manpower, making it difficult to expand the network. The idea of using

14880-682: Was provided. By the late 1960s EC-121 Warning Star aircraft based at Otis AFB MA and McClellan AFB CA provided radar tracks via automatic data link to the SAGE System. Civil Aeronautics Administration radars were at some stations (e.g., stations of the Joint Use Site System ), and the ARSR-1 Air Route Surveillance Radar rotation rate had to be modified "for SAGE [IFF/SIF] Modes III and IV " ("antenna gear box modification" for compatibility with FSQ-7 & FSG-1 centrals.) ADC aircraft such as

15004-565: Was renamed Noblis in 2007. The name MITRE was created by James McCormack Jr. , one of the original board members . The name is not an acronym, although various claims that it is can be found online. Originally always seen in upper case , MITRE began using normal capitalization around the time of the Mitretek spinoff, but both forms can still be widely found as of 2023 . MITRE was founded in Bedford, Massachusetts in 1958, spun off from

15128-455: Was supplied by the largest discrete component-based computer ever built, the AN/FSQ-7 , manufactured by IBM . Each SAGE Direction Center (DC) housed an FSQ-7 which occupied an entire floor, approximately 22,000 square feet (2,000 m ) not including supporting equipment. The FSQ-7 was actually two computers, "A" side and "B" side. Computer processing was switched from "A" side to "B" side on

15252-608: Was the first operational sector with TDDL). By the middle of 1960, AMC had determined that about 800,000 man-hours (involving 130 changes) would be required to bring the F-106 fleet to the point where it would be a valuable adjunct to the air defense system. Part of the work ( Project Broad Jump ) was accomplished by Sacramento Air Materiel Area . The remainder ( Project Wild Goose ) was done at ADC bases by roving AMC field assistance teams supported by ADC maintenance personnel. (cited by Volume I p. 271 & Schaffel p. 325) After

15376-458: Was to send all of the radar information to a central control station where operators collated the reports into single tracks , and then reported these tracks to the airbases, or sectors . The sectors used additional systems to track their own aircraft, plotting both on a single large map. Operators viewing the map could then see what direction their fighters would have to fly to approach their targets and relay that simply by telling them to fly along

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