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38-786: The modern representatives of Volga Finns live in the basins of the Sura and Moksha rivers , as well as (in smaller numbers) in the interfluve between the Volga and the Belaya rivers . The Mari language has two dialects, the Meadow Mari and the Hill Mari . Traditionally the Mari and the Mordvinic languages ( Erzya and Moksha ) were considered to form a Volga-Finnic or Volgaic group within

76-588: A "Northwest" group of Finno-Ugric languages, encompassing not only Finnic and Sami, but also extinct languages once spoken in the north of European Russia, traceable only as substrata, especially in toponymy. The common ancestor of Finnic and Samic is traditionally known as Early Proto-Finnic (Finnish: varhaiskantasuomi ). Its phonology and morphology can be reconstructed in great detail. However, this reconstruction turns out to be nearly identical to assumed preceding stages such as Proto-Finno-Volgaic, Proto- Finno-Ugric , and even Proto-Uralic itself. There are

114-527: A Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain . Sura River The Sura ( Russian : Сура́ , Chuvash : Сăр , Săr ) is a river in Russia, a north-flowing right tributary of the Volga . Its mouth on the Volga is about halfway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan . It flows through Penza Oblast , Mordovia , Ulyanovsk Oblast , Chuvashia and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . It

152-617: A hypothetical subgroup of the Uralic family , and are made up of 22 languages classified into either the Sami languages , which are spoken by the Sami people who inhabit the Sápmi region of northern Fennoscandia , or Finnic languages , which include the major languages Finnish and Estonian . The grouping is not universally recognized as valid. The Mordvinic languages appear to also align closely with both Finnic and Samic. Some innovations in

190-414: A number of noticeable traits common to most Finno-Samic languages, however none of them unquestionably in favor of a family unity. The first of these is the presence of consonant gradation , found in all of the languages except the marginal languages of the group, Livonian , Veps and Southern Sami . Gradation is also found in the distantly related Samoyedic Nganasan , and it has been debated if gradation

228-480: A rounded vowel. The loss of initial *w before a short rounded vowel has also been proposed as a common innovation, but with counterexamples such as Estonian võtta- "to take" (with *w preserved as its regular reflex /ʋ/ due to the development *o > /ɤ/ ) suggesting a date postdating not only the split between Finnic and Samic, but also of northern and southern Finnic (cf. Finnish otta- ). (A complementary epenthesis of *w before initial long rounded vowels

266-715: A transitional group between Moksha and Erzya. They are also called Shoksha (or Shokshot ). They are isolated from the bulk of the Erzyans, and their dialect/language has been influenced by the Mokshan dialects. The Muromians ( Old East Slavic : Мурома , Muroma ) lived in the Oka River basin. They are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and by the Rogosk Chronicler . The Muromas as an ethnic group

304-558: Is 841 kilometres (523 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 67,500 square kilometres (26,100 sq mi). It is navigable for 394 km from the mouth. The city of Penza , and smaller towns Alatyr , Shumerlya , Yadrin lie along the Sura. At the confluence with the Volga lies the settlement of Vasilsursk . The principal tributaries of the Sura are the Penza , the Pyana , and

342-418: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Nizhny Novgorod Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Penza Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ulyanovsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Finno-Samic languages The Finno-Samic languages are

380-425: Is accepted to not represent common inheritance, as it occurs also before long vowels resulting from the exclusively Samic development *a > *ō . ) For morphological features common to Samic and Finnic formerly thought to represent Finno-Samic innovations, explanations have likewise been offered either of common Uralic inheritance or of independent innovation. Approximately 600 native word roots are shared by

418-455: Is also found in both Finnic and Samic (and again also Samoyedic). This too has been argued to represent later contact influence, on the basis of comparisons such as F. *enoj  : S. *eanoj "maternal uncle", where the exclusively Finnic development *aj > *oj appears to have been loaned into Samic. There is also considerable disagreement between the languages (both between the two families, and within them) in whether certain words contain

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456-552: Is an original Uralic feature suppressed in all other branches, an independent innovation in Finno-Lappic and Nganasan, or independent in all three of Finnic, Samic and Nganasan. Also, even if gradation in Finnic and Samic is connected, it is disputed whether this represents common inheritance or later contact influence. The contrastive presence of rounded vowels beyond the first syllable, atypical of Uralic languages in general,

494-402: Is interesting because it is not observed in other Volga Finnic peoples. Like other medieval Volga Finns, animal bones were present in the burials as funeral food. Horses were buried separately, bridled and saddled, giving them a pose imitating a living animal lying on its belly with legs tucked up and head raised (it was placed on a step in the grave). In 2023, 13 Muroma tombs were excavated on

532-653: Is traditionally assumed to have been a member of the Volga-Finnic group. This view has been challenged: Eugene Helimski supposes that the Merya language was closer to the "northwest" group of Finno-Ugric ( Balto-Finnic and Sami ), and Gábor Bereczki supposes that the Merya language was a part of the Balto-Finnic group. The Meryans were stated to have fought with the Bulgars in wars against Tatars . Some of

570-526: Is unattested, and theories on its affiliation remain speculative. Some linguists think that it might have been a dialect of Mordvinic , while Pauli Rahkonen has suggested on the basis of toponymic evidence that it was a Permic or closely related language. Rahkonen's speculation has been criticized by other scientists, such as by the Russian Uralist Vladimir Napolskikh . Some toponyms which Rahkonen suggested as Permic are

608-833: The Alatyr . Sura is an epithet of the gods in Sanskrit, as well as a divine drink. In addition, Sura is the Hindu goddess of wine. The exact translation from Sanskrit is "God". "Su" - "having power", "Ra" - "The Supreme Lord". "Suras" - "having power from the Supreme Lord" Sura - so named two rivers, in the area of Simbirsk and in the basin of the Northern Dvina and two cities in the Arkhangelsk and Penza regions have such names. This Chuvash Republic location article

646-666: The Friar Julian sets out to visit the Hungarians who remain in the east. In his second travelogue, he mentions that the Tatars have conquered a country called Merovia. One hypothesis classifies the Merya as a western branch of the Mari people rather than as a separate tribe. Their ethnonyms are basically identical, Merya being a Russian transcription of the Mari self-designation, Мäрӹ (Märӛ) . The unattested Merya language

684-722: The Hungarians , or Bulgars , as they are listed by the Rogosk Chronicler , among the peoples who inhabited the Carpathian Basin in 897. During the excavation of the Muroma tombs, archaeologists uncovered a rich archaeological legacy. Weapons were among the best in the surrounding areas in terms of workmanship, and the jewellery, which is found in abundance in the burials, is remarkable for its ingenuity of form and meticulous workmanship. The Muroma were characterised by arc-shaped head ornaments woven from horsehair and strips of leather, which were spirally braided with bronze wire. This

722-650: The Meshchera Lowlands . The first Russian written source which mentions them is the Tolkovaya Paleya , from the 13th century. They are also mentioned in several later Russian chronicles from the period before the 16th century. This is in stark contrast to the related tribes Merya and Muroma , which appear to have been assimilated by the East Slavs by the 10th and the 11th centuries. Ivan II , prince of Moscow, wrote in his will, 1358, about

760-723: The Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics. The Mari people consists of three different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Mountain Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan republic. In

798-457: The hydronyms stems: Un-, Ič-, Ul and Vil-, which can be compared to Udmurt uno 'big', iči 'little', vi̮l 'upper' and ulo 'lower'. Rahkonen also theorized the name Meshchera itself could be a Permic word, and its cognate be Komi mösör 'isthmus'. The Mordvins (also Mordva , Mordvinians ) remain one of the larger indigenous peoples of Russia . Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia , Russian Federation , in

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836-545: The 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Merya people ( Russian : меря , merya ; also Merä ) inhabited a territory corresponding roughly to the present-day area of the Golden Ring or Zalesye regions of Russia , including the modern-day Moscow , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Ivanovo , and Vladimir oblasts. In

874-656: The Finnic and Samic languages, of which approximately 100 lack cognates in the other Uralic languages. The high number of Finnic loanwords in Samic makes exact analysis however difficult, and old loanwords from Samic to Finnic may also be involved, especially in light of approximately a third of these words being absent also from the more southern Finnic languages ( Estonian , Livonian and Votic ). These numbers can be contrasted with ca. 40 word roots exclusive to Finnic and Mordvinic, 12 word roots exclusive to Samic and Mordvinic, and 22 word roots exclusive to all three. Additionally

912-687: The Meshchera concerning the Kazan campaign by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. These accounts concern a state of Meshchera (known under a tentative name of Temnikov Meshchera , after its central town of Temnikov ) which had been assimilated by the Mordvins and the Tatars . Prince A. M. Kurbsky wrote that the Mordvin language was spoken in the lands of the Meshchera. The Meshchera language

950-559: The Uralic language family, accepted by linguists like Robert Austerlitz (1968), Aurélien Sauvageot & Karl Heinrich Menges (1973) and Harald Haarmann (1974), but rejected by others like Björn Collinder (1965) and Robert Thomas Harms (1974). This grouping has also been criticized by Salminen (2002), who suggests it may be simply a geographic , not a phylogenetic , group. The Mari or Cheremis ( Russian : черемисы , cheremisy ; Tatar : Çirmeş ) have traditionally lived along

988-530: The art project mater Volga, Sacrum during the "Night of Museums". In October 2014, a presentation of "Merya Language" was held at the III Festival of Languages at Novgorod University. The Meshchera ( Russian : мещера , meshchera or мещёра , meshchyora ) lived in the territory between the Oka River and the Klyazma River . It was a land of forests, bogs and lakes. The area is still called

1026-405: The banks of the Oka River , accompanied by a number of artefacts - one of which was a belt buckle, which was most similar to the belt buckles of the conquering Hungarians . Weapons such as spears and axes, as well as coins ( dirhams ) and five lead weights, among other things, were recovered from the grave of one of the presumably noble men. The Muroma settlements were located on high ground above

1064-686: The basin of the Volga River . They consist of two major subgroups, the Erzya and Moksha , besides the smaller subgroups of the Qaratay , Teryukhan and Tengushevo (or Shoksha ) Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries. The Erzya Mordvins ( Erzya : эрзят , Erzyat ; also Erzia , Erzä ), who speak Erzya , and the Moksha Mordvins ( Moksha : мокшет , Mokshet ), who speak Moksha , are

1102-467: The consonant system are shared by Finnic and Mordvinic specifically, while a number of innovations in the vowel system are shared by Samic and Mordvinic specifically. The Mari language shows a smaller number of similarities with all three of these, and a larger grouping encompassing Finnic, Samic, Mordvinic and Mari is sometimes posited (the Finno-Volgaic languages ). Helimski (2006) proposes

1140-465: The floodplain meadows. Livestock farming formed the basis of the Muroma economy, with pigs, large horned cattle, and to a lesser extent, sheep being raised. Horses played a special role, and they were also bred for meat. The Slash-and-burn agriculture played a minor role in their economy. Their commercial hunting was aimed at fur hunting . The Primary Chronicle about the Muromians: " Along

1178-530: The inhabitants of several districts of Kostroma and Yaroslavl oblasts present themselves as Meryan, although in recent censuses, they were registered as Russians . The modern Merya people have their websites displaying their flag, coat of arms and national anthem, and participate in discussions on the subject in Finno-Ugric networks. 2010 saw the release of the film Ovsyanki (literal translation: 'The Buntings ', English title: Silent Souls ), based on

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1216-469: The modern Vepsian language, the word meri means ' sea ' . It is likely that they were peacefully assimilated by the East Slavs after their territory became incorporated into Rus' in the 10th century. In the 6th century Jordanes mentioned them briefly (as Merens ); later the Primary Chronicle described them in more detail. Soviet archaeologists believed that the capital of the Merya

1254-515: The novel of the same name, devoted to the imagined life of modern Merya (or Meadow Mari) people. In the early 21st century, a new type of social movement, the so-called "Merya Ethnofuturism ", has emerged. It is distributed across central regions of Russia, for example, in Moscow , Pereslavl-Zalessky , Kostroma Oblast , and Plyos . In May 2014, the New Gallery in the city of Ivanovo opened

1292-804: The river Oka , which flows into the Volga , the Muroma , the Cheremisians, and the Mordva preserve their native languages." The Rogosk Chronicler about the Muromians: " In the year 6405 [897] there were Slavs living along the Danube , as well as the Ugrics , Muromas and the Danubian Bulgars . " [REDACTED] This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok ,

1330-647: The two major groups. The Qaratay Mordvins live in Kama Tamağı District of Tatarstan , and have shifted to speaking Tatar , albeit with a large proportion of Mordvin vocabulary ( substratum ). The Teryukhan, living in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia, switched to Russian in the 19th century. The Teryukhans recognize the term Mordva as pertaining to themselves, whereas the Qaratay also call themselves Muksha . The Tengushevo Mordvins are

1368-641: The village Meshcherka, which he had bought from the native Meshcherian chieftain Alexander Ukovich . The village appears to have been converted to the Christian Orthodox faith and to have been a vassal of Muscovy . The Meschiera (along with Mordua , Sibir , and a few other harder-to-interpret groups) are mentioned in the "Province of Russia" on the Venetian Fra Mauro Map (ca. 1450). Several documents mention

1406-581: Was Sarskoe Gorodishche near the bank of the Nero Lake to the south of Rostov . The annalists also mention the Merya people in connection with some notable events: in 859 they were taxed by the Vikings , and in 862 they took part in the battle against them. In 882 they accompanied Oleg to Kiev, where he established his power, and in 907 they were among the participants in Oleg's Byzantine campaign. In 1235,

1444-518: Was formed around the seventh century AD, according to the date of the Muroma cemeteries. The old town of Murom still bears their name. The Muromians paid tribute to the Rus' princes and, like the neighbouring Merya tribe, were assimilated by the East Slavs in the 11th to 12th century as their territory was incorporated into the Rus' . A group of them migrated to the Carpathian Basin with

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