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22-473: The name of the dialect is derived from val 'valley'. It is the second most commonly spoken variety of Romansh, with 6,448 people in the Lower Engadine valley (79.2%) naming Romansh as a habitually spoken language in the census of 2000. Romansh can be separated into two dialect groups: Rhine dialects (Sursilvan, Sutsilvan and Surmiran) and Engadine dialects (Vallader and Puter). A variety of Vallader

44-466: A capacity of 180 people. Samnaun has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 784. As of 2008 , 19.2% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years [which 10 years?] the population has grown at a rate of 1%. As of 2000 , the gender distribution of the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The age distribution, as of 2000 , in Samnaun is; 267 children or 8.7% of

66-632: A habitually spoken language in the census of 2000. This area is the main driving force behind keeping Vallader relevant. The first written document in Vallader is the psalm book Vn cudesch da Psalms by Durich Chiampell from the year 1562. Other important authors who have written in Vallader include Peider Lansel , Men Rauch , Men Gaudenz , Andri and Oscar Peer , Luisa Famos , Cla Biert , Leta Semadeni and Rut Plouda-Stecher . The songwriter Linard Bardill also employs Vallader in addition to German and Rumantsch Grischun. The fable The Fox and

88-415: A referendum, it showed that Vallader is in danger but is still without a doubt seen as a (if not the most) reliable language, especially for writing. Since Jauer is used almost solely for speech, this allows more room for Vallader to exist as more of an entity in the world of writing. It is the second most widely used variety of Romansh, with 6,448 people in the Lower Engadine valley (79.2%) naming Romansh as

110-604: Is diphthongized in Jauer. All three traits can be seen in the verb 'to sing', which is chantàr in Vallader but chàunter in Jauer. It is an important fact to keep in mind that Jauer is almost exclusively spoken. Vallader is not only the preferred written form, but it is also the most widely used one. As stated earlier, in 2008, schools in the Val Müstair switched from Vallader to Rumantsch Grischun as their written language. When they switched back to Vallader in 2012 following

132-809: Is used for agricultural purposes, while 11.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (41.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). Until 2017 it was part of the Ramosch sub-district, of the Inn district, after 2017 it was part of the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region. It is located in a left side valley of the Engadin valley, at an elevation of 1,700–1,840 meters (5,580–6,040 ft). It consists of five village sections; Compatsch, Laret, Plan (Plaun), Ravaisch and Samnaun. In

154-688: The 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 45.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (29.2%), the FDP (15.5%) and the SPS (7.2%). In Samnaun about 53.6% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Samnaun has an unemployment rate of 1.01%. As of 2005 , there were 46 people employed in

176-562: The primary economic sector and about 26 businesses involved in this sector. 52 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 10 businesses in this sector. 743 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 105 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (93.5%), with Portuguese being second most common (1.7%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (1.6%). Uniquely within Switzerland,

198-634: The 19th century, Samnaun could be reached by road only from Spiss in Austria. Thus Samnaun was excluded from the Swiss Customs Area . It retains a privileged ' duty-free ' status, albeit not without controversy, in the twenty-first century. The exception was maintained even after a road was built in 1905 linking Samnaun to Martina , at the most eastern point of the Lower Engadine . In winters with exceptionally heavy snowfall that blocks

220-528: The 19th century. Vallader has since become more important. The dialect Jauer, is actually a variety of Vallader spoken in Val Müstair. It is almost only spoken there, and is virtually never written. Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as Ladin, a term which can also refer to the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin . They are also considered Engadine dialects, since they are spoken in

242-541: The Crow by Jean de La Fontaine in Vallader, as well as a translation into English , the similar-looking but noticeably different-sounding dialect Puter, the Jauer dialect, and Rumantsch Grischun. Samnaun Samnaun ( Romansh : Samignun ) is a high Alpine village and a valley at the eastern end of Switzerland and a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in

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264-536: The Swiss canton of Graubünden . The valley was first used as a seasonal mountain pasture for the villages of Tschlin and Ramosch . By 1220 the first permanent farm houses are mentioned. These farm houses and fields were given as a gift to the Marienberg Abbey by the counts of Tarasp in the 12th century. As of 2006 Samnaun has an area of 56.2 km (21.7 sq mi). Of this area, 46.1%

286-566: The Upper Engadin, Puter is spoken. A larger issue at hand for the minority Vallader speakers is not only the use of Bavarian, High and Swiss German, but also the division of Romansh. This is especially evident for speakers of the Vallader dialect; since Puter is so closely related in both location and language, it makes the slight differences more cumbersome. While written Vallader is standardized, speakers employ local dialects in oral use. Differences in speech often allow people to pinpoint

308-464: The Val Müstair and Engadine regions. The name comes from the term "valley" so it is only right that it is found in these regions full of valleys. As you can see on the map provided below, Vallader is used much more widely to the North East of Graubünden. This distinct difference in blue shades shows the areas of Upper and Lower Engadines. The Lower Engadin, as the chart suggests, speaks Vallader. In

330-573: The area of the Engadines. Vallader shares many traits with the Puter dialect spoken in the Upper Engadine. On the lexical level, the two varieties are similar enough to have a common dictionary. Puter and Vallader share the rounded front vowels [y] and [ø], which are not found in other Romansh varieties. These sounds make written Ladin easily distinguishable through the numerous occurrences of

352-456: The ending in Puter is -er . The differences in verb conjugation are more divergent however, as can be seen in the simple present of avair 'to have': In Vallader, impersonals are formed using a third person singular reflexive verbal clitic. This is an important detail derived most likely from Italian. This is also possible in Puter. Vallader, being one of the five dialects, is mainly used in

374-469: The form of German spoken by the residents of Samnaun is a variant of the Bavarian language . Until the second half of the nineteenth century the population spoke a dialect of Romansh close to Vallader . Peider Lansel Peider Lansel (August 15, 1863 – December 8, 1943) was a Swiss Romansh lyric poet . He is most known for having revived Rhaeto-Romansh as a literary language. His family

396-416: The home village of another speaker. For example, the word eu 'I' can be pronounced as [ ˈɛː ], [ ˈɛw ], [ ˈjɛ ], [ ˈjɐ ], [ ˈjow ] and [ ˈjaw ], depending on the local dialect. The dialect of the Val Müstair, Jauer, is distinguished through the ending -er instead of -ar for verbs of the first conjugation, and by the placement of stress on the penultimate syllable of these verbs. In addition, stressed /a/

418-401: The letters ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ . In Vallader, the clitics are almost always well preserved, and there are no clustered forms that are known. On the other hand, Puter still preserves the clitic system completely. Compared to Puter, Vallader spelling reflects the pronunciation more closely. Another difference is that one class of verbs end in -ar in Vallader, whereas

440-571: The population are between 0 and 9 years old. 155 teenagers or 5.1% are 10 to 14, and 281 teenagers or 9.2% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 460 people or 15.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 541 people or 17.6% are 30 to 39, 462 people or 15.1% are 40 to 49, and 385 people or 12.5% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 209 people or 6.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 189 people or 6.2% are 70 to 79, there are 103 people or 3.4% who are 80 to 89, and there are 17 people or 0.6% who are 90 to 99. In

462-466: The road, Samnaun at times can be reached only via Austria. Samnaun shares a ski resort with the municipality of Ischgl in Tyrol , Austria . The Silvretta Arena Samnaun / Ischgl ski area (located 1,400–2,875 m (4,593–9,432 ft) above sea level) has about 238 km (148 mi) of slopes. The ski resort has 44 ski lifts and cable cars as well as the world's first double-decker cable car with

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484-558: Was also used in Samnaun until the late 19th century, when speakers switched to Bavarian . The last speaker of the Romansh dialect of Samnaun, Augustin Heiß, died in 1935. For a long period of time, the oldest written form Puter held much prestige with its name. It was used as the language of the aristocratic Engadine tourist region near St. Moritz (San Murezzan). It was used most widely in

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