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33-536: It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele ( Ancient Greek : Ὑέλη ) around 538–535 BC. The name later changed to Ele and then Elea ( / ˈ ɛ l i ə / ; Ancient Greek : Ἐλέα ) before it became known by its current Latin and Italian name during the Roman era. The city was known for being the home of the philosophers Parmenides and Zeno of Elea , as well as the Eleatic school of which they were

66-533: A hereditary lordship ; Zaccaria and his descendants amassed a considerable fortune from his properties there, especially the rich alum mines. It remained a Genoese colony until it was taken by the Turks in 1455. It is a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church . In 1914, Phocaea was the location of a massacre against ethnic Greek civilians by Turkish irregular bands. Probably following

99-717: A great sum of money to build a wall around their city. Their sea travel was extensive. To the south they probably conducted trade with the Greek colony of Naucratis in Egypt , which was the colony of their fellow Ionian city Miletus . To the north, they probably helped settle Amisos (Samsun) on the Black Sea , and Lampsacus at the north end of the Hellespont (now the Dardanelles ). However Phocaea's major colonies were to

132-416: A larger one named Büyükdeniz ( "Greater Sea" ) and a smaller cove within that large one, named Küçükdeniz ( "Smaller Sea" ), where the medieval Foça Castle is also located. Many parts of the district are under strict environmental protection, due to the value of the flora and the fauna, and the beauty of the small bays and coves, especially between Foça and Yenifoça. Therefore, a judicious way to get to know

165-407: A main road. This funerary monument was carved out of solid rock with a lower 2.7 meters (8 ft 10 in) high rectangular story (9 by 6 meters (30 ft × 20 ft)) surmounted by a second 1.9 meters (6 ft 3 in) high story (3 by 3 meters (9.8 ft × 9.8 ft)). Four steps between the two levels suggest strong Persian influence and most archaeologists believe this tomb

198-630: A number of small islands. Phocaea's harbours allowed it to develop a thriving seafaring economy, and to become a great naval power, which greatly influenced its culture. Recent archaeological surveys have shown that the city of Phocaea was large for the archaic period. Herodotus gives an idea of the size of Phocaea by describing the walls of Phocaea as having a length of several stadia . A 4th century BC Persian tomb, known as Tas Kule (rock tower), stands ( 38°39′37″N 26°49′2″E  /  38.66028°N 26.81722°E  / 38.66028; 26.81722 ) 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Phocaea along

231-783: A part. The site of the acropolis of ancient Elea was once a promontory called Castello a Mare, meaning "castle on the sea" in Italian. It now lies inland and was renamed Castellammare della Bruca in the Middle Ages . The city later developed on the coastal plain below. According to Herodotus , in 545 BC Ionian Greeks fled Phocaea , in modern Turkey, which was being besieged by the Persians. After some wanderings (8 to 10 years) at sea, they stopped in Reggio Calabria , where they were probably joined by Xenophanes , who

264-691: A profitable trade controlled by the Genoese. From 1867 until 1922, Foça was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . The city was mostly populated by Greeks until the Massacre of Phocaea carried out by the Turks during the Greek genocide . As a result, a large portion of the historic city was destroyed, and all the old churches were destroyed and mosques were built on top of them and

297-431: A unique shape, each having two rectangular channels on one side. There are remains of cisterns. In 2022, excavations led to the discovery of the archaic temple of Athena on the acropolis of Velia. The oldest temple dates to 540-530 BC, the years following the battle of Alalia. Two well-preserved bronze Greek helmets with Etruscan design found there including metal fragments from weapons are thought to be offerings to

330-479: Is 34,946 (2022). The town of Foça is situated at about 69 km (43 mi) northwest of İzmir 's city center on the Aegean coast. The district has a settlement and former municipality named Yenifoça (literally "New Foça" ), also along the shore and at a distance of 20 km (12 mi) from Foça proper. For this reason, Foça itself is locally often called as Eskifoça ( "Old Foça" ) in daily parlance. The town

363-600: Is built on the site of the ancient Greek city of Phocaea ( Greek : Φώκαια ). The town of Phocaea (Φώκαια) was founded by ancient Greeks. Phocaea, named after the seals living in nearby islands, was founded by the Aeolian Greeks in the 11th century BC. Ionian Greek settlement in Phocaea, which was one of the most important settlements of Ionia at that time, started in the 9th century BC. Phocaeans, known as master sailors in history, also established many colonies in

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396-685: The Byzantines in 1267 to the Genoese brothers Benedetto and Manuele Zaccaria , who founded the Lordship of Phocaea . The Genoese controlled the city even during the Ottoman era due to the lease they had gained from the Byzantines in 1275. Another important Byzantine concession to the Genoese through dowry was the nearby island of Lesbos , given to the Gattilusio family as a result of

429-524: The Ionian Revolt against Persia. Indicative of its naval prowess, Dionysius , a Phocaean was chosen to command the Ionian fleet at the decisive Battle of Lade , in 494 BC. However, indicative of its declining fortunes, Phocaea was only able to contribute three ships, out of a total of "three hundred and fifty three". The Ionian fleet was defeated and the revolt ended shortly thereafter. After

462-401: The 1st century BC it served as a naval base, first for Brutus (44 BC) and then for Octavian (38 BC). The prosperity of the city continued until the end of the 1st century AD, when numerous villas and small settlements were built, together with new public buildings and thermae, but the progressive silting up of the port led the city to progressive isolation and impoverishment. From the end of

495-521: The 4th century it entered the league of cities committed to stopping the advance of the Lucanians , who had already occupied nearby Poseidonia (Paestum) and were threatening Elea. It joined an alliance with Rome in 273 BC and was included in the ancient province of Lucania . Elea had excellent relations with Rome: it supplied ships for the Punic wars (3rd-2nd century) and sent young priestesses for

528-641: The 9th century BC, and Ionian presence as early as the end of the 9th century BC. From this an approximate date of settlement for Phocaea can be inferred. According to Herodotus the Phocaeans were the first Greeks to make long sea-voyages, having discovered the coasts of the Adriatic , Tyrrhenia and Spain. Herodotus relates that they so impressed Arganthonios , king of Tartessus in Spain , that he invited them to settle there, and, when they declined, gave them

561-580: The Aegean, Mediterranean and Black Sea with their engineering development and success. Some of the important colonies that they had established in history are: Massalia , modern Marseille; Amisos in the Black Sea (now Samsun); Lampsakos in the Dardanelles (now Lapseki); Methymna (now Molyvos) on Lesbos; and Elea , now Velia (Italy); Alalia (Corsica). In addition, Phocaeans were known as ones of

594-546: The Great of Persia in 546 BC, in one of the opening skirmishes of the great Greco-Persian conflict . Rather than submit to Persian rule, the Phocaeans abandoned their city. Some may have fled to Chios , others to their colonies on Corsica and elsewhere in the Mediterranean , with some eventually returning to Phocaea. Many however became the founders of Elea , around 540 BC. In 500 BC, Phocaea joined

627-593: The Greek army arrived at the city. The muhacirs that lived there ran away when the Greeks returned. When the Greek army was defeated (1922), according to a testimony of a muhacir, some Greeks who tried to escape with boats or other things "were stopped and the punishments they deserved were delivered to them in and around the harbor of Eski Foça". The Greeks that did escape founded the new community of Nea Fokaia in Halkidiki , Greece. Eski Foça stretches along two bays;

660-486: The Lydians, the Phocaeans were among the earliest in the world to make and use coins as money. Its earliest coins were made of electrum , a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold. The British Museum has a Phocaean coin containing the image of a seal dating from 600 to 550 BC. Fo%C3%A7a Foça is a municipality and district of İzmir Province , Turkey . Its area is 251 km , and its population

693-522: The Phocaeans unsuccessfully laid siege to Kydonia on the island of Crete . During the Hellenistic period it fell under Seleucid , then Attalid rule. In the Roman period, the town was a manufacturing center for ceramic vessels, including the late Roman Phocaean red slip . It was later under the control of Benedetto Zaccaria , the Genoese ambassador to Byzantium , who received the town as

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726-471: The cult of Demeter (Ceres), coming from the local aristocratic families. It became a holiday and health resort for Roman aristocrats, perhaps also thanks to the presence of the medical-philosophical school. In 88 BC Elea was ascribed to the Romilia tribe, becoming a Roman municipium with the name of Velia, but with the right to maintain the Greek language and to mint its own coins. In the second half of

759-621: The defeat of Xerxes I by the Greeks in 480 BC and the subsequent rise of Athenian power, Phocaea joined the Delian League , paying tribute to Athens of two talents . In 412 BC, during the Peloponnesian War , with the help of Sparta , Phocaea rebelled along with the rest of Ionia. The Peace of Antalcidas , which ended the Corinthian War , returned nominal control to Persia in 387 BC. In 343 BC,

792-466: The district would be by boat tours regularly organized in partance from the town center. Because of the protective measures, new constructions are not permitted in many parts of the district and Foça is set to preserve its unique characteristic as composed principally of old houses. The construction project for a 300-boat capacity marina in Foça is recently tendered and started, upon the completion of which

825-540: The first in Ionia to mint " electron " coins using natural gold-silver mixture. Of course, this civilized progress affected many civilizations of that time and attracted them to Anatolia. Phocaea was taken over by the Genoese in 1275 as a fief from the Byzantine emperor , and was an active Port during the Middle Ages , principally due to the region's rich alum reserves. The alum mines of Phocaea were conceded earlier by

858-702: The goddess after the battle. Phocaea Phocaea or Phokaia ( Ancient Greek : Φώκαια, Phókaia ; modern-day Foça in Turkey ) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia . Greek colonists from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (modern-day Marseille , in France ) in 600 BC, Emporion (modern-day Empúries , in Catalonia , Spain ) in 575 BC and Elea (modern-day Velia , in Campania , Italy ) in 540 BC. Phocaea

891-489: The imperial age, the last inhabitants were forced to take refuge in the upper part of the Acropolis to escape the advancement of marshy land. Remains of the city walls can be seen, with traces of one gate and several towers, of a total length of over three miles, and belong to three different periods, in all of which the local crystalline limestone is used. Bricks with Greek brick-stamps were also employed in later times of

924-505: The marriage between Francesco I Gattilusio and Maria Palaiologina, sister of Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos ) in 1355. The possessions of the Gattilusio family eventually grew to include, among others, the islands of Imbros , Samothrace , Lemnos and Thasos , and the city of Aenos (modern Enez in Turkey .) From this position, they were heavily involved in the mining and marketing of alum, useful in textile production and

957-433: The town subsequently became known as Foça. People who belonged to the local networks were radically different in their perception of the Greeks compared to the muhacirs who were alien to the local networks. The local communities favored the Greeks. Also, when the Greeks left, due to the massacre, their houses were occupied by muhacirs (forced Muslim migrants). Some of these Greeks returned later (1919) to their houses, when

990-618: The west. These included Alalia in Corsica , Emporiae and Rhoda in Spain, and especially Massalia ( Marseille ) in France. Phocaea remained independent until the reign of the Lydian king Croesus (circa 560–545 BC), when they, along with the rest of mainland Ionia, first, fell under Lydian control and then, along with Lydia (who had allied itself with Sparta ) were conquered by Cyrus

1023-553: Was at the time at Messina , and then moved north along the coast and founded the town of Hyele. According to Virgil , Velia is the place where the body of Palinurus washed ashore. Around the 5th century BC, the city was known for its flourishing trade relations. It also took on considerable cultural importance for its pre-Socratic philosophical school, known as the Eleatic School , founded by Parmenides and carried forward by his student Zeno , famous for his paradoxes. In

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1056-563: Was built for a Persian aristocrat or local leader serving the Persians. Compare the style of the tomb of Cyrus . The ancient Greek geographer Pausanias says that Phocaea was founded by Phocians under Athenian leadership, on land given to them by the Aeolian Cymaeans , and that they were admitted into the Ionian League after accepting as kings the line of Codrus . Pottery remains indicate Aeolian presence as late as

1089-520: Was the northernmost of the Ionian cities, on the boundary with Aeolis . It was located near the mouth of the river Hermus (now Gediz ), and situated on the coast of the peninsula separating the Gulf of Cyme to the north, named for the largest of the Aeolian cities, and the Gulf of Smyrna (now İzmir ) to the south. Phocaea had two natural harbours within close range of the settlement, both containing

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