110-746: Maritime contacts Sangam period Tamilakam Cheras Spice trade Ays Ezhil Malai Confluence of religions Mamankam festival Calicut Venad - Kingdom of Quilon Valluvanad Kolattunadu Cochin Arakkal kingdom Minor principalities Age of Discovery Portuguese period Dutch period Rise of Travancore Mysorean invasion British Period Battle of Tirurangadi Malabar District North Malabar South Malabar Battle of Quilon Communism in Kerala Lakshadweep Economy Architecture Venad
220-419: A literacy rate of 92.66%. 53.66% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.30% and 0.81% of the population respectively. Hindus (66.46%) constitute the majority of the population, followed by Christians (19.10%) and Muslims (13.72%). The Hindu community consists of Nairs , Nadars , Tamil Brahmins , Ezhavas , Viswakarma etc. The Christians belong mainly to
330-404: A centre of early Chola trade (now part of Ariyankuppam ), about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the modern Pondicherry . Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and archeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD". Following
440-574: A complex nature was followed by the Kerala joint families. Trippappur, Desinganad, Chiravay and Elayadam branches of the family were called "swaroopams". The swaroopams were further divided into matrilineal descent groups (the thavazhis). Sources refer to the ruler of Venad as controlling parts of Trivandrum district , Kollam and presumably parts of Alleppey and Kottayam districts (and Kanyakumari district in later times). The autonomous chiefdom ("nadu") of Venad came to occupy pre-eminent importance in
550-595: A key factor in East–West exchanges throughout history. Long-distance maritime trade by Austronesian trade ships and South Asian and Middle Eastern dhows , made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cultures, and civilizations stretching from Southeast Asia to East and Southeast Africa , and the East Mediterranean in the West, in prehistoric and early historic periods. Cities and states on
660-540: A number which had reached 133,000 in 1807. The British captured the islands in 1810, however, and because the British had prohibited the slave trade in 1807 a system of clandestine slave trade developed to bring slaves to French planters on the islands; in all 336,000–388,000 slaves were deported to the Mascarane Islands from 1670 until 1848. In all, Europeans traders deported 567,900–733,200 slaves within
770-585: A probable identification with Quseir el-Quadim at the end of a fortified road from Koptos on the Nile . The Quseir el-Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el-Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed ostraca leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos. The regional ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi ), Sounagoura (central Bangladesh ) Barygaza , Muziris in Kerala, Korkai , Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on
880-618: A prolonged Pandya-Ay/Chera struggle followed. By the middle of the 9th century CE, as a result of the encroachment of the Pandyas and Cheras, the ancient Ay country was partitioned into two portions. Venad (Vel+natu = the country of the Vel people) with its base at Kollam came under influence of the Cheras while the Ay country , or what was left of it, came under the influence of the Pandyas. A new calendar
990-653: A substantial increase in trade. The consolidation of the administration of the Mediterranean basin under the Roman Empire led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with India and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land-based trading routes. Trade between the Roman Empire and India peaked during the first two centuries of the Common Era, facilitated by
1100-710: A successful military expedition to Pandya and Chola lands in the early 14th century CE. The Venad ruler Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the Vijayanagara rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded. In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai . The medieval feudal relations and political authority were dismantled Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), often credited as "the Maker of Travancore ". Travancore became
1210-612: Is a major state government emporium marketing products of Kerala's handicraft industries . The Neyyar Irrigation Project, commissioned in 1959, irrigates an area of 116.65 km (45.0 sq mi). The Neyyar river is the source of water for the Neyyar reservoir . The dam is 294.13 metres (965.0 ft) long and 50.6 metres (166.0 ft) high. The catchment draining into the reservoir, covering an area of 140 km (54 sq mi) of forest, receives an annual average rainfall of about 2,260 mm (90 in) 2260 mm from
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#17327732942961320-582: Is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from
1430-611: Is a tradition that Vira Kerala, a ruler of Kollam in early 12th century, was a son of the last Chera king. After the dissolution of the Chera/Perumal kingdom (c. 12th century), Venad survived, and emerged as a powerful principality in southern India, as result of the wars of conquest and well as the Indian Ocean spice trade. Venad, now known as the kingdom of the Cheras or the Kulasekharas, was intermittently subject to
1540-547: Is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia" The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu ,
1650-994: Is about 1,827.7 mm (72 in) per annum. The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season, during which the district receives most of its annual rainfall. The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon , from October to November. The district also experiences thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May. December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature drops to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months, generally considered India's winter season . The summer season starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature rises to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months. The media and information technology sectors are mainstays of Thiruvananthapuram district's economy, and other major sectors are tourism and leisure , agriculture, and education. India's first animation park,
1760-684: Is available in the district, including hill stations, the Kerala backwaters , beaches, lagoons, and wildlife sanctuaries. Kovalam & Varkala and its internationally known beaches are in Thiruvananthapuram district. Thiruvananthapuram is a major destination for chartered flights to India for medical tourism , with over fifty recognized Ayurveda centres in and around the city. The city also offers world-class modern hospitals. Convalescent facilities are available at nearby five-star beach resorts and hill stations. Thiruvananthapuram district
1870-504: Is forested, northern regions are mostly under rubber cultivation and the remaining areas grow mixed dry-land crops of coconut, plantain, and tapioca, among others. Built-up areas and rice fields complete the land use pattern. The name Thiruvananthapuram, shared by the district and its headquarters city, comes from the Malayalam / Tamil word "Thiru" and Sanskrit word "anantha-pura", meaning "Abode of Lord Anantha". The name derives from
1980-581: Is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17 . At the southernmost extremity of the district, Kaliyikkavila is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Kanyakumari , the southernmost point on the Indian peninsula. 33.75% of the district population lives in urban areas. The district has three major rivers, several freshwater lakes, and over 300 ponds. Its eastern region
2090-547: Is the southernmost district in the Indian state of Kerala . The district was created in 1949, with its headquarters in the city of Thiruvananthapuram , which is also Kerala's administrative centre. The present district was created in 1956 by separating the four southernmost Taluks of the erstwhile district to form Kanyakumari district . The city of Thiruvananthapuram is also known as the Information technology capital of
2200-564: Is the highest in Kerala, with 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi). The district is divided into six subdistricts : Thiruvananthapuram , Chirayinkeezhu , Neyyattinkara , Nedumangadu , Varkala , and Kattakada . The urban bodies in the district are the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation , and the Varkala , Neyyattinkara , Attingal , and Nedumangad municipalities. Thiruvananthapuram district
2310-475: Is the predominant mother tongue. Tamil is mostly spoken in the southern parts of the district and among the Tamil population in the capital city especially by Nadars and Tamil Brahmins and various other Tamil communities. Thiruvananthapuram city is more cosmopolitan, with speakers of languages including Malayalam , Tamil , English , Telugu , Hindi , Tulu and a small percentage of Marathi . More than 50% of
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#17327732942962420-499: Is today a center of attraction for devotees and sightseers. The city was the capital of the Travancore state from 18th century CE until India's independence . The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in Travancore region. After two decades, during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal , Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into Corporation on 30 October 1940. Consequent to
2530-458: The 2011 census Thiruvananthapuram district has a population of 3,301,427. This gives it a ranking of 103rd in India out of a total of 640 districts. The district has a population density of 1,509 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,910/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 2.25%. Thiruvananthapuram has a sex ratio of 1088 females for every 1000 males, and
2640-709: The Age of Discovery , thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India . They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri , Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper. It was the beginning of Portuguese era in Venad. Well into the modern period, Venad remained one of the chief monarchies of Kerala , along with Kingdoms of Kannur (Kolathunadu), Kozhikode (Zamorin) and Kochi (Perumpadappu). Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Trivandrum
2750-537: The Beemapally Uroos , and the Vettucaud Perunaal . The district has a rich diversity of plants, ranging from rare orchids , medicinal plants , and spices to hedge plants, tuber crops, and plants yielding edible fruits and fibre. Aromatic plants and spices, such as pepper and ginger , are cultivated on a large scale on the hilly tracts. Nedumangad taluk is one of the biggest centres for
2860-923: The Catholic Church (including the Latin Church , Syro-Malankara Catholic Church , the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church ), Pentecostal churches, the Church of South India , the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church , and the Mar Thoma Syrian Church . The Sunni Muslim community also forms a major division of the Muslim population of the district. TOTAL 100% 100% 100% Languages of Thiruvananthapuram district (2011) Malayalam
2970-591: The Indian Ocean rim focused on both the sea and the land. There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase (2600-1900 BCE), with much commerce being handled by "middlemen merchants from Dilmun " (modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf ). Such long-distance sea trade became feasible with
3080-671: The Indian subcontinent by the Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty. The decline in trade saw the ancient Tamil country turn to Southeast Asia for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome. The Satavahanas developed shipping ventures in Southeast Asia. The 8th century depiction of a wooden double outrigger and sailed Borobudur ship in ancient Java suggests that there were ancient trading links across
3190-799: The Kinfra Animation Park , is in the district. Thiruvananthapuram district has 2 central-sector, 14 state-sector, 1 co-operative-sector, 4 joint-sector, and 60 private-sector medium- and large-scale enterprises. As of 31 March 2003, Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC) units employed 9,262 people, and had invested Rs. 3439.4 million. In 2002, there were 901 registered working factories, including oil mills, cashew factories, Cotton mills , Sawmills , printing units , rubber industrial units, chemical units, match factories, general engineering units, and automobile workshops. The Shree Mulam Thirunal Shashtiabdapoorthy Memorial Institute (S.M.S.M. Institute) in Thiruvananthapuram city
3300-517: The Nayaks of Madurai . The primary objective of the submission was to strengthen the position of the king against the regional nobles (such as "the Ettuvittil Pillamar") and other "hostile elements" in Venad. In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur , and Parappanad based in present-day Malappuram district . Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), of
3410-643: The Pandya kingdom in the medieval period. The rulers of Venad, known in the medieval period as Venad Cheras or the Kulasekharas , claimed their ancestry from the Chera/Perumals. As early as the 10th century, the powerful chiefs of Venad used the surname suffix "Varma", denoting the Kshatriya status of the ruling line. Panankavil Palace, whose location remains a mystery, was the royal residence of
Venad kingdom - Misplaced Pages Continue
3520-535: The Pandyas during this period. Possibly with the decline of Chola power after Kulothunga , Venad Cheras gradually extended their control over the present Kanyakumari district. In the early 14th century, "Sangramadhira" Ravi Varma carried out military raids to northern edges of south India (1312–1316). His inscriptions can be found as north as Poonamallee , a suburb of Chennai . In Venad royal family, like most of other royal houses in Kerala, law of succession followed
3630-520: The Pharaonic traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control. The site of Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated with the ruins near Ras Banas in Southern Egypt. However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latig Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in classical literature and satellite images indicating
3740-872: The Red Seal ship system. During the Muslim period, in which the Muslims had dominated the trade across the Indian Ocean, the Gujaratis were bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China , in exchange for manufactured items such as textiles , and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs. Calicut was the center of Indian pepper exports to the Red Sea and Europe at this time with Egyptian and Arab traders being particularly active. Muslim missionaries and merchants began to spread Islam along
3850-763: The Roman-Persian Wars , the areas under the Roman Byzantine Empire were captured by Khosrow II of the Persian Sassanian Dynasty, but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered them (628). The Arabs, led by 'Amr ibn al-'As , crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE. This advance marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of Egypt and the fall of ports such as Alexandria, which used to secure trade with
3960-509: The Srivijaya thalassocracy empire that rule the maritime trade network in maritime Southeast Asia and connecting India and China . Chinese fleets under Zheng He crisscrossed the Indian Ocean during the early part of the 15th century. The missions were diplomatic rather than commercial, but many exchanges of gift and produces were made. During the 16th and 17th century, Japanese ships also made forays into Indian Ocean trade through
4070-962: The Technopark , is an advanced film and animation production facility. Other major cultural events include the annual flower show in Thiruvananthapuram city, the Attukal Pongala , the Varkala Sivagiri pilgrimage in December, the Kaalioottu in Sarkara Devi Temple near Chirayinkeezh, the Navarathri festival at the Poojamandapam near Sri Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple ,
4180-647: The Western Ghats , a wildlife sanctuary extends over an area of nearly 777 square kilometres (300 sq mi) around the Neyyar reservoir . The forest at the foot of the Kulathupuzha range is the habitat of rare species of snakes and lizards. Among characteristic mammals of the region are the Nilgiri langur , lion-tailed macaque , Nilgiri brown mongoose , and the Malabar civet . Carnivores include
4290-556: The 18th century, and 3700 during the period 1800–1870. Slave trade also occurred in the eastern Indian Ocean before the Dutch settled there around 1600 but the volume of this trade is unknown. In Madagascar, merchants and slave traders from the Middle East (Shirazi Persians, Omani Arabs, Arabized Jews, accompanied by Bantus from southeast Africa) and from Asia ( Gujaratis , Malays , Javanese , Bugis ) were sometimes integrated within
4400-477: The 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram witnessed a cultural renaissance. Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran (1845–1914), who spent a major part of his life in Thiruvananthapuram, translated Kalidasa 's Abhijñānaśākuntalam into Malayalam, which earned him the title of Kerala Kalidasa . He is regarded as the father of modern Malayalam prose. The city is home to animation companies, including Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd . The Kinfra Film and Video Park , near
4510-585: The Ayyappa temple. for the family deity, Sastha or Ayyapan. Velu Thampi Dalawa held meetings at Kilimanoor palace while planning uprisings against the British. He handed over his sword at the palace before going into his final battle against the British, and India's first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad received this sword from the palace and it was kept in the National Museum in Delhi . Afterwards
Venad kingdom - Misplaced Pages Continue
4620-703: The Cheras during Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu . In the middle of the 8th century CE, the Pandya sacked port Vizhinjam , and took possession the Ay Vel country. This foray brought the Chera-Perumal kings of Kodungallur (Makotai) into the conflict and
4730-430: The Cheras, Cholas , and the Pandyas . Present-day Thiruvananthapuram city, district, and Kanyakumari district , were ruled by the Ay dynasty during ancient and medieval ages, which was a Tamil kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent. Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by Cholas and Pandyas in various periods. Later it became a part of Venad in late Middle Ages, which
4840-415: The Deshinganadu King, attacked Venad, an army from Kilimanoor resisted and then defeated them. Although a small victory, this was the first time an Indian army had defeated a European power. In 1753, in recognition of this feat, Marthanda Varma exempted the areas controlled by the Kilimanoor palace from taxes, and granted them autonomous status. The present palace complex was built at this time, together with
4950-438: The Elder (NH VI.101) complained about the drain of specie to India: The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were Arsinoe , Berenice and Myos Hormos . Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice. The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of Alexandria to secure trade with the subcontinent. The course of trade with
5060-437: The Father of modern Travancore . In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu (a long separated younger sister dynasty of Ay/Venad/Thiruvithamkur with whom they had the tradition of mutual adoption of heirs for centuries) based in Kannur . Thiruvananthapuram was known as a great center of intellectual and artistic activity at this time. Travancore became
5170-413: The Indian Ocean began when Portugal established Estado da Índia in the early 16th century. From then until the 1830s, c. 200 slaves were exported from Mozambique annually and similar figures has been estimated for slaves brought from Asia to the Philippines during the Iberian Union (1580–1640). Venetian interests were directly threatened as the traditional trade patterns were eliminated and
5280-416: The Indian Ocean between Indonesia and Madagascar and East Africa sometimes referred to as the 'Cinnamon Route.' The single or double outrigger is a typical feature of vessels of the seafaring Austronesians and the most likely vessel used for their voyages and exploration across Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Indian Ocean. During this period, between 7th to 13th century in Indonesian archipelago flourished
5390-405: The Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1850, and almost that same number were deported from the Indian Ocean to the Americas during the same period. Slave trade in the Indian Ocean was, nevertheless, very limited compared to c. 12,000,000 slaves deported across the Atlantic. Thiruvananthapuram district Thiruvananthapuram District ( IPA: [t̪iɾuʋɐnɐn̪d̪ɐpuɾɐm] )
5500-436: The Indian spices and textiles. It appears that the whole region of medieval Venad was part of the Ay country in early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE). Veliyans belonging to the Ay family were the hill chiefs of the "Vel country". Towards the close of the early historic period the Pandya supremacy might have extended to Kanyakumari in Ay territory (through it is likely that the Ays retained their lost lands from
5610-408: The Pandyas during the so-called Kalabhra period). The ancient political and cultural history of Venad was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap , Coimbatore , Salem , and Kolli Hills . The region around Coimbatore was ruled by
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#17327732942965720-418: The Portuguese became able to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe. Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court. Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese, and suggested that "rapid and secret remedies" be taken against
5830-409: The Portuguese from Bahrain . In 1622, with the help of four English ships, Abbas retook Hormuz from the Portuguese in the capture of Ormuz . He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port, Bandar Abbas , nearby on the mainland, but it never became as successful. The establishment of the Dutch East India Company in the early 17th century lead to a quick increase in volume of the slave trade in
5940-408: The Portuguese successfully intercepted and destroyed the Ottoman Armada . Subsequently, the Portuguese attacked Gwadar and Pasni on the Mekran Coast and sacked them in retaliation for providing aid and comfort to the enemy. During the 16th century the Portuguese had established bases in the Persian Gulf . In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze managed to expel
6050-420: The Portuguese. The Mamluks sent a fleet in 1507 under Amir Husain Al-Kurdi , which would fight in the Battle of Chaul . The Ottomans tried to challenge Portugal's hegemony in the Persian Gulf region by sending an armada against the Portuguese under Ali Bey in 1581. They were supported in this endeavor by the chiefs of several local principalities and port towns such as Muscat , Gwadar , and Pasni . However,
6160-488: The Royal house of Venad . Ittammar Raja's sister and her sons, Rama Varma and Raghava Varma, settled in Kilimanoor and married the now adopted sisters. Marthanda Varma , the founder of the Kingdom of Travancore , was the son of Raghava Varma. The nephew of Raghava Varma, Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran, married the sister of Marthanda Varma. Their son became known as Dharma Raja Kartika Thirunnal Rama Varma. In 1740 when an allied force, led by Dutchman Captain Hockert supporting
6270-414: The State, since it is home to the first and largest IT park in India, Technopark , established in 1990. The district is home to more than 9% of total population of the state. The district covers an area of 2,192 square kilometres (541,655 acres). At the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,301,427, making it the second most populous district in Kerala after Malappuram district . Its population density
6380-462: The Trippappoor, is often hailed by historians as "the Maker of Travancore". Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. Marthanda Varma – at the end of whose rule Travancore was one of the first modern states of south India – is usually credited with the following "achievements". Venad Dynasty Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade has been
6490-430: The Vel chieftains related to the Ay lineage of the early historic south India (c. 1st – 4th century CE). Venad – ruled by hereditary "Venad Adikal" – appears as an autonomous chiefdom in the kingdom of the Chera/Perumals of Kodungallur from around 8th – 9th century CE. It came to occupy a position of pre-eminent importance in the structuring of the Perumal kingdom. The country was intermittently and partially subject to
6600-402: The Venad rulers at Kollam. Venad had a kind of chiefly rule with principles of succession, indicated by the term kuru , that is, the rights of the chief and the order of succession within the chief's household. Rulers of the extended Venad royal family lived at different locations in the kingdom. Migrations and setting up new palaces continued into the early modern period. Political authority of
6710-504: The [Ay] king of Kupaka" presently Keezhperoor (this event is dated c. 1018-19 CE). Eventually the Chera-Perumal kingdom also submitted to the Chola rule (early 11th century CE). Cherar ruler Rama Kulasekhara , a contemporary of Chola Kulothunga (1070 -1120 CE), is seen organising the defence against the Cholas at Kollam in early 12th century CE. The prosecution of the Pandya-Chola wars necessitated long residence of Chera/Perumal king of Kodungallur Rama Kulasekhara at Kollam. There
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#17327732942966820-402: The borders of Venad. His successor Chera Udaya Marthanda Varma (1383–1444) is credited for the extent of the rule of Venad into interior Tirunelveli region. Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the Vijayanagara rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded. The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during
6930-430: The control of the Indo-Scythian Western Satrap Nahapana ("Nambanus"), was especially flourishing: There are imported into this market-town ( Barigaza ), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there
7040-414: The cultivation and trade of pepper and other hill produce. A major portion of the district lies on the middle plain, where coconut, rice, tapioca, tuber crops, plantains , and vegetables are cultivated. The forests of the district abound in a variety of animals and birds, providing excellent wildlife habitats. Elephants, bison , monkeys , and rare reptiles are among the most prominent species. Nestled in
7150-462: The deity of the Hindu temple at the center of Thiruvananthapuram city. Anantha is another name of Vishnu, the deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple . The district's official name in English was Trivandrum until 1991, when the government reinstated the city's original name, Thiruvananthapuram, in all languages. The city of Thiruvananthapuram features several landmarks with regards to ancient tradition, folklore, and literature. Several other locations in
7260-421: The development of plank-built watercraft, equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth. Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen-dor (astride Dasht River, north of Jiwani), Sokhta Koh (astride Shadi River, north of Pasni ), and Balakot (near Sonmiani) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India, testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts. Shallow harbours located at
7370-519: The district feature similar landmarks. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Kanyakumari in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap , Coimbatore , Salem , and Kolli Hills . The region around Coimbatore served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the mountain pass that is the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu . The southernmost region of present-day Malabar coast (the coastal belt between Kanyakumari and Kollam)
7480-420: The district is divided into two revenue divisions: Thiruvananthapuram and Nedumangad, each headed by a Revenue Divisional Officer (RDO) or Sub Collector, who is also the Sub Divisional Magistrate . The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks , each of which is headed by a Tehsildar , within them. Thiruvananthapuram district is divided into 124 revenue villages for
7590-752: The district is operated by Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways . Thiruvananthapuram is connected to the rest of the country by broad gauge railway line. 82 km (51 mi) of railway line passes through the district. Thiruvananthapuram district currently has 20 stations, including Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station . Domestic and international airlines operate from Thiruvananthapuram International Airport , which has direct flights to many international cities, including Kuwait City , Dubai , Dammam , Singapore , Malé , Colombo , Sharjah , Muscat , Manama , Doha , Jeddah , and Abu Dhabi . Domestic flights link it with Chennai , Delhi , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Bangalore , and Kolkata . According to
7700-416: The ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration. They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below. Thiruvananthapuram district sees a dynamic political landscape with major alliances led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Indian National Congress . The Left Democratic Front (LDF), led by CPI(M), and the United Democratic Front (UDF), led by Congress, dominate
7810-431: The east then seems to have been first through the harbor of Arsinoe, the present day Suez . The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos. The Romans repaired and cleared out the silted up canal from the Nile to harbor center of Arsinoe on the Red Sea. This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of
7920-668: The eastern Indian ocean trade network had extended to include Japan as early as early Yayoi period (3rd century BCE) as evidenced by the discovery of Indo-Pacific beads . The maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was run by the Austronesian peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia . They established trade routes with South India and Sri Lanka , ushering an exchange of material culture (like catamarans , outrigger boats , lashed-lug and sewn-plank boats, and paan ) and cultigens (like coconuts , sandalwood , bananas , sugarcane , cloves , and nutmeg ); as well as connecting
8030-560: The estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities. Recent archaeological study has highlighted the growing corpus of evidence supporting direct maritime contacts between bronze age Egypt and India via the Red Sea. Scholars such as Gregory Possehl have also proposed maritime activities between the Indus Valley Civilization and East Africa . The maritime activity in
8140-609: The first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road . Trade between India and the Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom was started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE. From Egypt, goods could be sent on to ports throughout the Mediterranean . The Kingdom's opening of Red Sea ports and improved knowledge of the seasonal monsoons resulted in
8250-673: The indigenous Malagasy clans New waves of Austronesian migrants arrived in Madagascar at this time leaving behind a lasting cultural and genetic legacy. The Portuguese under Vasco da Gama discovered a naval route to the Indian Ocean through the southern tip of Africa in 1497–98. Initially, the Portuguese were mainly active in Calicut , but the northern region of Gujarat was even more important for trade, and an essential intermediary in east–west trade. European slave trade in
8360-606: The material cultures of India and China. Indonesians , in particular were trading in spices (mainly cinnamon and cassia ) with East Africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the Westerlies in the Indian Ocean. This trade network possibly expanded to reach as far as Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , and also resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar by
8470-537: The most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple , is the most recognizable and iconic landmark of the city and the district and dates back to the 16th century. In addition to the presiding deity of Padmanabha , this temple contains several shrines, dedicated to Krishna , Narasimha , Ganesha , and Ayyappa . It
8580-490: The most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. The name Venad is believed to be derived from the Tamil words Vēḷ+nāṭu meaning the territory of the Vel chieftains. The earliest preserved Tamil compositions - datable to c. 1st – 4th century CE – attests presence of hill chiefs such as the "Vels" in southern Kerala. Rulers of Venad trace their ancestry to
8690-666: The north, covering a distance of 80 km (50 mi) within the district. The Main Central Road covers a distance of 55 km (34 mi), passing through Kesavadasapuram , Vembayam , Venjaramoodu , Kilimanoor , and Nilamel in the north. The Kerala Public Works Department maintains some 1,552 km (964 mi) of road in the district. Local bodies are responsible for the maintenance of 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of road. There are 116 bridges in Thiruvananthapuram District. Rail transport in
8800-488: The peace and prosperity that arose beginning with the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (27 BCE – 14 CE) and ending with the Antonine plague . According to Strabo : At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Kingdom of Aksum ( Ethiopia ), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to
8910-694: The recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Vilavancode subdistrict of Thiruvananthapuram was merged with Tamil Nadu , along with another three southern subdistricts, Thovala, Agastheewaram, and Kalkulam from Travancore which eventually formed Tamil Nadu's Kanyakumari district . The state of Kerala came into being on 1 November 1956. In 1705 ( ME 880) the son and two daughters of Ittammar Raja of Parappanad royal house (originally based at Parappanangadi in present-day Malappuram district ) were adopted into
9020-610: The region; there were perhaps up to 500,000 slaves in various Dutch colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries in the Indian Ocean. For example, some 4000 African slaves were used to build the Colombo fortress in Dutch Ceylon . Bali and neighbouring islands supplied regional networks with c. 100,000–150,000 slaves 1620–1830. Indian and Chinese slave traders supplied Dutch Indonesia with perhaps 25,000 slaves during 17th and 18th centuries. The East India Company (EIC)
9130-765: The scene, alongside the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), led by the Bharatiya Janata Party . In the 2019 General Election, both Thiruvananthapuram and Attingal parliamentary constituencies in the Thiruvananthapuram district were won by the Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF). In the 2021 Assembly Election, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) secured an impressive victory by winning 13 out of
9240-454: The sea coast about 32 kilometres (20 mi) north of Thiruvananthapuram city, with a view to erecting a factory and fortifying it. The location had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, then by the British. It was from here that the English gradually extended their diplomacy to other parts of Travancore . Modern history begins with Marthanda Varma (1729 CE–1758 CE), generally regarded as
9350-526: The shores of the Arabian Sea on the west. Kollam district lies to the north, with the Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu to the east and south respectively. The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot and tropical . Large forest reserves have a favorable effect on the climate and induce rains. Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges . Lower down,
9460-581: The south of present-day Trivandrum – former Ay country – came under the control of the Cholas of Tanjore (under king Raja Raja I ) during early 11th century CE. There is a possibility that the Venad chieftains tried to recapture the old Ay region after the raids by Rajaraja I. Chola prince Rajadhiraja claims to have "confined the undaunted king of Venadu [back] to the Chera kingdom [from the Ay country]...and liberated
9570-637: The southern tip of present-day India were the main centers of this trade, along with Kodumanal , an inland city. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz , coral , storax , frankincense , vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for " costus , bdellium , lycium , nard , turquoise , lapis lazuli , Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo ". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth. Trade with Barigaza, under
9680-470: The structuring of the Chera/Perumal kingdom. The rulers of Venad owed their importance to exchange of spices and other products with the Middle Eastern and Chinese merchants. Venetian adventurer Marco Polo claimed to have visited Venad capital Kollam, a major centre of commerce and trade with East and West Asia. European colonisers arrived at Kollam the late fifteenth century, primarily in pursuit of
9790-617: The subcontinent, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies , only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise. Strabo's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that the monsoon was known and utilized for trade in his time. So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the Kushan Empire (Kushans) for their own coinage, that Pliny
9900-566: The sword was moved to the Napier Museum, Thiruvananthapuram. The district is located between 8°10′N 76°25′E / 8.17°N 76.41°E / 8.17; 76.41 and 8°32′N 77°10′E / 8.54°N 77.17°E / 8.54; 77.17 . The southernmost part of the city, Parassala , is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari). The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along
10010-499: The then Chera king Sthanu Ravi . The chief was providing land and other provisions to the Christian merchant Mar Sapir Iso at the port of Kollam. The rulers of Venad, known as "Venad Adikal", owed their importance to exchange of spices and other products with the Middle Eastern and Chinese merchants. Sulaiman al-Tajir , a Persian merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varma (9th century CE), records that there
10120-401: The tiger, wild cat , jackal , leopard , and dhole (Indian wild dog). The Sloth bear , gaur , a few species of deer and elephants are also seen. Reptiles include snakes, lizards, crocodiles , and tortoises . There are some 75–80 species of snakes in this area of which some are highly venomous. Tourism is a major sector of Thiruvananthapuram's economy. A full range of tourist options
10230-576: The total 14 seats in the Thiruvananthapuram district. There are two Lok Sabha constituency in Thiruvananthapuram: Attingal and Thiruvananthapuram . There are 14 Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Thiruvananthapuram district. The major towns in these district include: There are 4 municipal towns in the district. They are: National Highway 66 (formerly known as National Highway 47 ) stretches from Kaliyikkavila at its southern end to Navaikulam near Parippally in
10340-448: The total population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Agricultural workers constitute 42% of the total labour class. Most of the workforce is engaged in low-income, low capital intensity occupations. Political and social awareness and the efforts of social, religious and cultural leaders have contributed to breaking down the traditional feudal order. Economic changes have also had an impact on community social life and attitudes. In
10450-524: The town of Pattanam (near Cranganore) have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city. According to the Periplus , numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris: Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica (Limyrike), and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it
10560-554: The trade to the maritime routes as possible. Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hormos. The navigation to the northern ports, such as Arsinoe-Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hormos due to the northern winds in the Gulf of Suez . Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as shoals , reefs and treacherous currents . Myos Hormos and Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by
10670-515: The two monsoons. The total length of the main canal and its branches is 266 km (165 mi). The headquarters of the district administration is at Kudappanakunnu , Thiruvananthapuram. The district administration is headed by the District collector . He/She is assisted by five deputy collectors with responsibility for general matters, land acquisition, revenue recovery, land reforms, disaster management and elections. For revenue administration,
10780-465: The various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. Muziris is a lost port city on the southwestern coast of India which was a major center of trade in the ancient Tamil land between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire. Its location is generally identified with modern-day Cranganore (central Kerala). Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of amphorae found at
10890-407: The weather is bracing, and generally hot in the coastal regions. The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C). As the district stretches from north to south, with the Arabian Sea to the west, the relative humidity is generally high. It rises to about 95% during the southwest monsoon . The total annual rainfall in the district
11000-591: The western shores of the Indian Ocean from the 8th century, if not earlier. A Swahili stone mosque dating to the 8th–15th centuries has been found in Shanga , Kenya. Trade across the Indian Ocean gradually introduced the Arabic script, and rice as a staple in Eastern Africa. Muslim merchants traded an estimated 1000 African slaves annually between 800 and 1700, a number that grew to c. 4000 during
11110-634: Was a medieval kingdom between the Western Ghat mountains of India with its capital at city of Quilon . It was one of the major principalities of Kerala , along with kingdoms of Kolathunadu , Zamorin , and Kochi in medieval and early modern period. Venad outlasted the Chera Perumal kingdom , gradually developed as an independent principality, known as the Chera kingdom , and grew later into modern Travancore (18th century CE). Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, most ambitious ruler of Venad, carried out
11220-493: Was based on matrilineal inheritance. The eldest son of the sister of the ruling king, not his own son, had the legal right to ascend the throne after the death of the king. The port at Kozhikode held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur , Kollam , and Kochi , were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. Aditya Varma (1376–83) seems to have resisted some "Muslim invaders" on
11330-528: Was built by King Marthanda Varma of the Travancore royal family in 1745, when he transferred the Travancore capital from Padmanabhapuram , now in neighbouring Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu . King Marthanda Varma began his reign as 'Sree Padmanabhadasa', the Servant of Sree Padmanabha. The vast temple complex, with its tall Gopuram decorated with detailed carvings reflected in a huge temple tank ,
11440-596: Was established during the same period and in 1622 one of its ships carried slaves from the Coromandel Coast to Dutch East Indies . The EIC mostly traded in African slaves but also some Asian slaves purchased from Indian, Indonesian and Chinese slave traders. The French established colonies on the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in 1721; by 1735 some 7,200 slaves populated the Mascarene Islands ,
11550-552: Was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of Travancore in 18th century CE. The Tamil -Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct from the architectural style of temples in Kerala in general. In 1684, during the regency of Umayamma Rani , the English East India Company acquired a sandy spit of land at Anchuthengu , near Varkala on
11660-421: Was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam . The chiefs of Venad were always determined to extend their sway into the Ay territory. There is a possibility that chieftains captured the whole region down to Kottar ( Kanyakumari ) by 10th century CE. In general, the influence of the Kerala rulers spread into the ancient Ay territory in the 10th century CE. The region to
11770-593: Was famously overrun by a Muslim adventurer. English East India Company established a factory at Vizhinjam in 1664 and a fort was built at Ajengo in 1695. Around 150 Company men from the Anjengo Factory, proceeding for an audience with the queen-mother, were lynched by a mob in "the Attingal Outbreak" of 1721. Ravi Varma, ruling from 1721 to 1729, entered into formal agreements with the Company and
11880-499: Was known as the "Kollam Era", was established in 825 CE at port Kollam . The exact events that lead to the foundation of the era is still matter of scholarly debate. According to historians, it commemorated the foundation of Kollam harbour city after the liberation of Venad from the Pandya rule (and hence beginning of Chera influence). The Kollam Syrian plates (c. 849 CE and c. 883 CE) of Venad chieftain Ayyan Adikal, does mention
11990-765: Was ruled by the Ay dynasty , who were related to, and officially feudatories of the Cheras. The Ay Dynasty (later known as the Venad Dynasty and finally the Thiruvithamkur Dynasty), followed by the Nannan Dynasty (later known as the Mushika dynasty and finally the Kolathiri dynasty), were the two oldest and most important lineages of the Velir clan, who had very frequent intermarriages with
12100-452: Was the major temple in the region. In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai. By this time, the old state of Venad was divided into several autonomous collateral branches such as Trippappoor, Elayadathu, ( Kottarakara ), Desinganad (Kallada, Kollam ), and Peraka Thavazhi ( Nedumangad ). During the "regency" of Umayamma (1677–1864), southern Venad
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