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30-622: The Via Cassia intersected other important roads. At mile 11 the Via Clodia diverged north-north-west. At Sette Vene , another road, probably the Via Annia , branched off to Falerii . In Sutrium, the Via Ciminia split off and later rejoined. The date of its construction is uncertain: it cannot have been earlier than 187 BC, when the consul Gaius Flaminius constructed a road from Bononia to Arretium , which must have coincided with

60-564: A medieval reproduction of the original scroll. It is a very schematic map (similar to a modern transit map ), designed to give a practical overview of the road network, as opposed to an accurate representation of geographic features : the land masses shown are distorted, especially in the east–west direction. The map shows many Roman settlements, the roads connecting them, and the distances between them, as well as other features such as rivers, mountains, forests, and seas. In total, no fewer than 555 cities and 3,500 other place names are shown on

90-508: A 4th century map. Bowersock concluded that the original source is likely the map made by Vipsanius Agrippa. This dating is also consistent with the map's inclusion of the Roman town of Pompeii near modern-day Naples , which was never rebuilt after its destruction in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The original Roman map, of which this may be the only surviving copy, was last revised in

120-641: A German humanist and antiquarian in Augsburg , after whom the map is named. The Peutinger family kept possession of the map for more than two hundred years until it was sold in 1714. It then was passed repeatedly between several royal and elite families until it was purchased by Prince Eugene of Savoy for 100 ducats ; upon his death in 1737, it was purchased for the Habsburg Imperial Court Library in Vienna ( Hofbibliothek ). It

150-577: A portion of the later Via Cassia. It is not mentioned by any ancient authorities before the time of Cicero , who in 45 BC speaks of the existence of three roads from Rome to Mutina: the Flaminia, the Aurelia and the Cassia. A milestone of AD 124 mentions repairs to the road made by Hadrian from the boundary of the territory of Clusium to Florentia, a distance of 86 miles (138 km). The Via Amerina

180-456: A rough similarity to the coordinates of Ptolemy 's earth-mapping gives some writers hope that some terrestrial representation was intended by the unknown original compilers. The stages and cities are represented by hundreds of functional place symbols, used with discrimination from the simplest icon of a building with two towers to the elaborate individualized "portraits" of the three great cities. The editors Annalina and Mario Levi concluded that

210-631: A straight line whose paving stones are found here and there, often uprooted. Some basalt sections appear in the territory of Tuscania, Oriolo Romano, Vejano and Blera. Its course, for the first 11 miles, was the same as that of the Via Cassia; it then diverged in a northwest direction and ran on the west side of the Lacus Sabatinus , past Forum Clodii and Blera . According to some it ended in Saturnia. At Forum Cassii it may have rejoined

240-751: Is an illustrated itinerarium (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the cursus publicus , the road network of the Roman Empire . The map is a parchment copy, dating from around 1200, of a Late Antique original. It covers Europe (without the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles ), North Africa , and parts of Asia , including the Middle East , Persia , and the Indian subcontinent . According to one hypothesis,

270-664: Is today conserved at the Austrian National Library at the Hofburg palace in Vienna, and due to its fragility is housed away from any public display. The map is considered by several scholars to have come into Celtes's possession by means of theft. Celtes, Peutinger, and their emperor tended to target artifacts that connected their empire (the Holy Roman Empire ) to the ancient Roman Empire. Celtes and Peutinger took pains to eliminate clues related to

300-519: The Welser family and relative of Peutinger). According to Welser, who wrote a commentary on the map (the Praefatio ), it was the description of the humanist Beatus Rhenanus that "aroused an intense desire in many people to inspect it." During the time it was lost, Peutinger and Welser attempted to create a facsimile edition of the map from the sketches they kept. These sketches were published in 1591 and

330-556: The 4th or early 5th century. It shows the city of Constantinople , founded in 328, and the prominence of Ravenna , seat of the Western Roman Empire from 402 to 476, which suggests a fifth century revision to Levi and Levi. The presence of certain cities of Germania Inferior that were destroyed in the mid-fifth century provides a terminus ante quem (a map's latest plausible creation date), though Emily Albu suggests that this information could have been preserved in

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360-534: The Via Cassia, and it seems to have taken the same line as the latter as far as Florentia ( Florence ). However, beyond Florentia, between Luca ( Lucca ) and Luna, we find another Forum Clodii, and the Antonine itinerary gives the route from Luca to Rome as being by the Via Clodia, wrongly as regards the portion from Florentia southwards, but perhaps rightly as regards that from Luca to Florentia. Clodius Vestalis

390-508: The above-mentioned Praefatio was the work's introduction. In 2007, the map was placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register , and in recognition of this, it was displayed to the public for a single day on 26 November 2007. Because of its fragile condition, it is not usually on public display. The map was copied for Brabantian cartographer Abraham Ortelius and published shortly after his death in 1598. A partial first edition

420-671: The direction of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , a Roman general, architect, and a confidant to the emperor Augustus ; it was engraved in stone and put on display in the Porticus Vipsania in the Campus Agrippae area in Rome, close to the Ara Pacis building. The early imperial dating for the archetype of the map is supported by American historian Glen Bowersock , based on numerous details of Roman Arabia anachronistic for

450-437: The distances between points along the routes are indicated. Travelers would not have possessed anything so sophisticated as a modern map, but they needed to know what lay ahead of them on the road and how far. The Peutinger Table represents these roads as a series of stepped lines along which destinations have been marked in order of travel. The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout. However,

480-403: The economist and archaeologist Konrad Peutinger , who gave it to Emperor Maximilian I as part of a large-scale book stealing scheme. Named after the 16th century German antiquarian Konrad Peutinger, the map has been conserved at the Austrian National Library (the former Imperial Court Library) in Vienna since 1738. The Tabula is thought to be a distant descendant of a map prepared under

510-498: The existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by Agrippa during the reign of the emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). However, Emily Albu has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the Carolingian period. According to Albu, the map was likely stolen by the humanist Conrad Celtes , who bequeathed it to his friend,

540-412: The map's original whereabouts and thus knowledge about its first three hundred years is likely lost. Unger opines that continuing to call this map "Peutinger" means honoring the pilfering. An early scholar who accused Celtes of the theft was the theologian Johann Eck . When Celtes gave the map to Peutinger, he left instructions that later would influence its subsequent history and finally lead to

570-587: The map. The three most important cities of the Roman Empire at the time— Rome , Constantinople and Antioch —are represented with special iconic decoration. Besides the totality of the empire, the map also shows areas in the Near East , India and the Ganges, Sri Lanka ( Insula Taprobane ), and even an indication of China . It also shows a "Temple to Augustus " at Muziris (present-day Kodungallur ) on

600-468: The modern-day Malabar Coast , one of the main ports for trade with the Roman Empire on the southwest coast of India . On the western end of the scroll, the absence of Morocco , the Iberian Peninsula , and the British Isles indicates that a twelfth original section has been lost in the surviving copy; the missing section was reconstructed in 1898 by Konrad Miller. The map appears to be based on "itineraries" , lists of destinations along Roman roads, as

630-630: The new military and strategic route, the Via Amerina "became the communications core of Imperial Italy and the chief support to the claim that imperial Italy was still extant". There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte San Lorenzo and Ponte San Nicolao. The road was used as part of the individual road race cycling route for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . Via Clodia The Via Clodia

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660-519: The publication in 1598: "I bequeath to Mr. Dr. Conrad Peutinger the Itinerarium Antonii Pii . . . ; I wish, however, and request that after his death it should be turned over to public use, such as some library." However, when the map was in the possession of Peutinger and his sons, others could only gain access to it directly on rare occasions. The map then became lost and was only rediscovered in 1597 by Marcus Welser (a member of

690-407: The semi-schematic, semi-pictorial symbols reproduce Roman cartographic conventions of the itineraria picta described by 4th century writer Vegetius , of which this is the sole known testimony. The map was discovered in a library in the city of Worms by German scholar Conrad Celtes in 1494, who was unable to publish his find before his death and bequeathed the map in 1508 to Konrad Peutinger ,

720-556: The textual, not cartographic, form. The map also mentions Francia , a state that came into existence only in the 5th century. The Tabula Peutingeriana is thought to be the only known surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus , the state-run road network. It has been proposed that the surviving copy was created by a monk in Colmar in 1265, but this is disputed. The map consists of an enormous scroll measuring 6.75 metres long and 0.35 metres high, assembled from eleven sections,

750-839: The valley on the right bank of the river Serchio, crossed the Garfagnana region to the Piazza al Serchio, then passed over the col of Tea (955m) and through Fosdinovo before joining the Via Cassia, Luni and the port. According to the Tabula Peutingeriana , the stages on the Via Clodia are: There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte Piro and Ponte della Rocca. Tabula Peutingeriana Tabula Peutingeriana ( Latin for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as Peutinger's Tabula , Peutinger tables or Peutinger Table ,

780-613: Was a road that broke off from the Via Cassia near Baccanae, and held north through Falerii , Tuder , and Perusia , rejoining the Via Cassia at Clusium. When the incursions of Faroald , the Lombard Duke of Spoleto , cut the Via Flaminia , the lifeline between Rome and Ravenna, the Via Amerina was improved and fortified at intervals, works that represented some of the last road-building carried out in Italy in late antiquity . As

810-573: Was an ancient high road of Italy . Situated between the Via Cassia and the Via Aurelia , it is different from them notably in that the latter was designed primarily for military long-haul, irrespective of settlements they met, but the Via Clodia was of short-range, intended for commercial traffic with the colonies in Etruscan lands. Its origin is uncertain, but most scholars agree that it

840-593: Was built by the Romans on an existing Etruscan route (between Pitigliano, Sorano and Sovana) on the path of the existing Etruscan "Via Cava"). However we can speak of the Via Clodia from the end of the 3rd century BC, and that from 225 BC it was paved. The existing road was probably used as a way of penetration and conquest of Etruria by the Roman army begun in 310 BC. The road never seems to have had heavy traffic, only connecting Rome with Etruria inner north-western cities. The stretch between Bracciano and Oriolo Romano continues

870-463: Was perhaps responsible for the construction of the first portion and of that from Florentia to Luca (and Luna). Moreover, he also founded the two Fora Clodii. The name seems, in imperial times, to have to some extent driven out that of the Cassia, and both roads were administered, with other minor roads, by the same curator. The Via Clodia Nova extension was constructed in 183 BC by the consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus . It started from Lucca and climbed

900-649: Was printed at Antwerp in 1591 (titled Fragmenta tabulæ antiquæ ) by Johannes Moretus , who would print the full Tabula in December 1598, also at Antwerp. Johannes Janssonius published another version in Amsterdam, c.  1652 . In 1753 Franz Christoph von Scheyb published a copy, and in 1872 Konrad Miller, a German professor, was allowed to copy the map. Several publishing houses in Europe then made copies. In 1892, publishers Williams and Norgate published

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