52-604: The Garfagnana ( Italian: [ɡarfaɲˈɲaːna] ) is a historical and geographical region of central Italy , today part of the province of Lucca , in Tuscany . It is the upper valley or basin of the river Serchio , and thus lies between the main ridge of the Northern Apennines to the north-east and the Alpi Apuane to the west. The principal towns are Castelnuovo di Garfagnana and Barga . Garfagnana
104-770: A ; masc. "long", fem. "long"), whereas in Italian it is expressed by a change in the final vowel. These and other morpho-syntactic differences distinguish the Neapolitan language from the Italian language and the Neapolitan accent. Neapolitan has had a significant influence on the intonation of Rioplatense Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires and the surrounding region of Argentina and in the entire country of Uruguay . While there are only five graphic vowels in Neapolitan, phonemically, there are eight. Stressed vowels e and o can be either " closed " or " open " and
156-410: A or an , are presented in the following table: In Neapolitan there are four finite moods: indicative , subjunctive , conditional and imperative , and three non-finite modes: infinitive , gerund and participle . Each mood has an active and a passive form. The only auxiliary verbs used in the active form is (h)avé (Eng. "to have", It. avere ), which contrasts with Italian, in which
208-640: A manifestation of the temporal power of the pope , as opposed to his ecclesiastical primacy. By 1861, much of the Papal States' territory had been conquered by the Kingdom of Italy . Only Lazio, including Rome, remained under the pope's temporal control. In 1870, the pope lost Lazio and Rome and had no physical territory at all except the Leonine City of Rome, which the new Italian state did not occupy militarily despite its annexation of Lazio. In 1929,
260-472: A mere difference in Italian pronunciation. Therefore, while pronunciation presents the strongest barrier to comprehension, the grammar of Neapolitan is what sets it apart from Italian. In Neapolitan, for example, the gender and number of a word is expressed by a change in the accented vowel because it no longer distinguishes final unstressed / a / , / e / and / o / (e.g. l uo ngo [ˈlwoŋɡə] , l o nga [ˈloŋɡə] ; Italian lung o , lung
312-635: A predominantly hilly territory (68.9%). The mountainous and flat areas are equivalent to 26.9% and 4.2% of the territorial distribution respectively. For centuries before the unification of Italy , which occurred in 1861, central Italy was divided into two states: the Papal States and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Papal States , officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in
364-406: A word beginning with a consonant: "C:" = the initial consonant of the following word is geminated if followed by a vowel. These definite articles are always pronounced distinctly. Before a word beginning with a vowel, l’ or ll’ are used for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural. Although both forms can be found, the ll’ form is by far the most common. In Neapolitan,
416-540: A word or between two vowels: e.g. doje (feminine) or duje (masculine), meaning "two", is pronounced, and often spelled, as roje / ruje ; vedé ("to see") as veré , and often spelled so; also cadé / caré ("to fall") and Madonna / Maronna . Another purported Oscan influence is the historical assimilation of the consonant cluster /nd/ as /nn/ , pronounced [nː] (this is generally reflected in spelling more consistently: munno vs Italian mondo "world"; quanno vs Italian quando "when"), along with
468-606: Is a Romance language of the Italo-Romance group spoken in Naples and most of continental Southern Italy . It is named after the Kingdom of Naples , which once covered most of the area, and the city of Naples was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of Campania stated that Neapolitan was to be protected. While this article mostly addresses the language group native to much of continental Southern Italy or
520-423: Is based on Tuscan, specifically on its Florentine dialect , and it became the language of culture throughout Italy because of the prestige of the works by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli , and Francesco Guicciardini . It would later become the official language of all Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy when it was formed. Corsican on the island of Corsica and
572-636: Is known for its picturesque landscapes and attracts tourists from all over the world, including Italy itself. Pristine landscapes serve as one of the primary motivators for tourists to visit central Italy, although there are others, such as a rich history of art. Roman cuisine comes from the Italian city of Rome . It features fresh, seasonal and simply prepared ingredients from the Roman Campagna . Then include peas , globe artichokes and fava beans , shellfish, milk-fed lamb and goat , and cheeses such as pecorino romano and ricotta . Olive oil
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#1732773397350624-495: Is only to demonstrate where the stress, or accent, falls in some words. Also, the circumflex is used to mark a long vowel where it would not normally occur (e.g. sî "you are"). The following clusters are always geminated if vowel-following. The Neapolitan classical definite articles (corresponding to the English word "the") are a (feminine singular), o (masculine singular) and i (plural for both). Before
676-736: Is used mostly to dress raw vegetables, and strutto (pork lard ) and fat from prosciutto are preferred for frying. The most popular sweets in Rome are small individual pastries called pasticcini , gelato and handmade chocolates and candies. Special dishes are often reserved for different days of the week; for example, gnocchi is eaten on Thursdays, baccalà (salted cod) on Fridays, and trippa on Saturdays. 42°18′35″N 13°14′58″E / 42.3097°N 13.2494°E / 42.3097; 13.2494 Southern Italian dialects Neapolitan ( autonym : ('o n)napulitano [(o n)napuliˈtɑːnə] ; Italian : napoletano )
728-565: The Colosseum . Florence , regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance , is Tuscany 's most visited city, and nearby cities like Siena , Pisa , Arezzo and Lucca also have rich cultural heritage. Umbria 's population is small, but it has many important cities such as Perugia and Assisi . For similar reasons, Lazio and Tuscany are some of Italy's most visited regions and the main targets for Ecotourism . The area
780-1120: The Etruscans , the North Picenes , the South Picene , the Umbri , the Latins , the Romans , the Byzantines and the Lombards . Some of its woodlands and mountains are preserved in several National Parks ; a major example is the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park , located in Abruzzo , with smaller parts in Lazio and Molise . It is the oldest in the Apennine Mountains and the second-oldest in Italy, with an important role in
832-582: The Farina di Neccio della Garfagnana , a chestnut flour, has DOP status. The spelt from the region, Farro della Garfagnana, has Indicazione Geografica Protetta status; the area is also known for its lentils and for its porcini mushrooms. It is the area of origin of the Garfagnina breed of cattle, of the Garfagnina breed of goat, and of the Garfagnina Bianca sheep breed. The capital of
884-704: The House of Bourbon-Parma ( Kingdom of Etruria , 1801–1807) and later annexed it directly to the First French Empire . After the collapse of the Napoleon in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The United Provinces of Central Italy , a client state of the Kingdom of Sardinia , annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860 as part of the Unification of Italy after a landslide referendum in which 95% of voters approved. In 2023,
936-628: The Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 until 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy , between 1859 and 1870. The state had its origins in the rise of Christianity throughout Italy and, with it, the rising influence of the Christian Church . By the mid-8th century, with the decline of the Byzantine Empire in Italy,
988-697: The Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini , the head of the Italian government, ended the " Prisoner in the Vatican " problem involving a unified Italy and the Holy See by negotiating the Lateran Treaty , signed by the two parties. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of the Holy See over a newly created international territorial entity, a city-state within Rome limited to a token territory that became
1040-526: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , and southern Italian dialects are spoken. As a geographical region, however, central Italy may also include the regions of Abruzzo and Molise , which are otherwise considered part of southern Italy for socio-cultural, linguistic and historical reasons. Central Italy is crossed by the northern and central Apennines and is washed by the Adriatic Sea to
1092-611: The National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region , and a European Parliament constituency . Central Italy encompasses four of the country's 20 regions : The easternmost and southernmost parts of Lazio ( Cittaducale , Amatrice , Sora , Cassino , Isola del Liri , Sperlonga , Fondi , Gaeta and Formia districts, as well as the islands of Ponza and Ventotene ) are sometimes connected to southern Italy (the so-called Mezzogiorno ) for cultural and historical reasons since they were once part of
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#17327733973501144-777: The United States , Canada , Australia , Brazil , Argentina , Uruguay , Mexico , and Venezuela . However, in the United States, traditional Neapolitan has had considerable contact with English and the Sicilian languages spoken by Sicilian and Calabrian immigrants living alongside Neapolitan-speaking immigrants and so the Neapolitan in the US is now significantly different from the contemporary Neapolitan spoken in Naples . English words are often used in place of Neapolitan words, especially among second-generation speakers . On
1196-541: The Vatican City . The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860 and replaced the Republic of Florence . The grand duchy's capital was Florence . In the 19th century, the population of the grand duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control after he had conquered the Republic of Siena , Cosimo I de' Medici
1248-464: The gender of a noun is not easily determined by the article, so other means must be used. In the case of ’o , which can be either masculine singular or neuter singular (there is no neuter plural in Neapolitan), the initial consonant of the noun is doubled when it is neuter. For example, the name of a language in Neapolitan is always neuter, so if we see ’o nnapulitano we know it refers to
1300-506: The "Red Belt". The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 380.9 billion euro in 2018, accounting for 21.6% of Italy's economic output. The GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 31,500 euro, or 105% of the EU27 average the same year. The regions of Central Italy were exposed to different historical influences because of the peoples that settled there, such as the Celts ,
1352-465: The Corso-Sardinian transitional varieties spoken in northern Sardinia ( Gallurese and Sassarese ) are classified by scholars as a direct offshoot from medieval Tuscan, even though they now constitute a distinct linguistic group. Marche , Tuscany , and Umbria , together with Emilia-Romagna , are considered to be the most left-leaning regions in Italy and together are also referred to as
1404-520: The Neapolitan language, whereas ’o napulitano would refer to a Neapolitan man. Likewise, since ’e can be either masculine or feminine plural, when it is feminine plural, the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. For example, consider ’a lista , which in Neapolitan is feminine singular, meaning "the list". In the plural, it becomes ’e lliste . There can also be problems with nouns whose singular form ends in e . Since plural nouns usually end in e whether masculine or feminine,
1456-504: The beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under Cosimo III . Francis Stephen of Lorraine , a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon , for his entire rule. His descendants ruled and resided in the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when Napoleon Bonaparte gave Tuscany to
1508-438: The connection unrecognizable to those without knowledge of Neapolitan. The most striking phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening of unstressed vowels into schwa ( schwa is pronounced like the a in about or the u in upon ). However, it is also possible (and quite common for some Neapolitans) to speak standard Italian with a "Neapolitan accent"; that is, by pronouncing un-stressed vowels as schwa or by pronouncing
1560-584: The development of /mb/ as /mm/ ~ [mː] ( tammuro vs Italian tamburo "drum"), also consistently reflected in spelling. Other effects of the Oscan substratum are postulated, but substratum claims are highly controversial. As in many other languages in the Italian Peninsula , Neapolitan has an adstratum greatly influenced by other Romance languages ( Catalan , Spanish and Franco-Provençal above all), Germanic languages and Greek (both ancient and modern). The language had never been standardised, and
1612-434: The dialects spoken in those areas have been assimilated into Gallo-Italic and Southern Italo-Romance respectively. In addition, the dialect of Rome has undergone considerable Tuscanization from the fifteenth century onwards, such that it has lost many of its central Italian features. Tuscan dialect is a set of Italo-Dalmatian varieties of Romance spoken in Tuscany , Corsica , and Sardinia . Standard Italian
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1664-689: The east, by the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The main rivers of this portion of the territory are the Arno and the Tiber with their tributaries (e.g. Aniene ), and the Liri - Garigliano . The most important lakes are Lake Trasimeno , Lake Montedoglio , Lake Bolsena , Lake Bracciano , Lake Vico , Lake Albano and Lake Nemi . From an altimetric point of view, central Italy has
1716-630: The fifteenth century much of the territory came under the control of the d'Este family of Ferrara , and in 1847 the remaining part was absorbed into the Duchy of Modena . With the unification of Italy , the Garfagnana became part of the province of Massa e Carrara , and in 1923 passed to that of Lucca. The Garfagnana is almost entirely mountainous. It has heavy rainfall, and much of it is densely wooded, often with sweet chestnut , Castanea sativa . Chestnuts were until recently an important food source;
1768-442: The former Kingdom of Naples, the terms Neapolitan , napulitano or napoletano may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific variety spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding Naples metropolitan area and Campania . Largely due to massive Southern Italian migration in the late 19th century and 20th century, there are also a number of Neapolitan speakers in Italian diaspora communities in
1820-522: The intransitive and reflexive verbs take èssere for their auxiliary. For example, we have: Aggio AUX .have. 1SG . PRES stato be. PTCP . PAST a in Napule Naples ajere. yesterday Aggio stato a Napule ajere. AUX.have.1SG.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday I was in Naples yesterday. Sono AUX .be. 1S . PRES stato be. PTCP . PAST
1872-426: The letter j . The following English pronunciation guidelines are based on General American pronunciation, and the values used may not apply to other dialects. (See also: International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects .) All Romance languages are closely related. Although Neapolitan shares a high degree of its vocabulary with Italian, the official language of Italy, differences in pronunciation often make
1924-420: The letter s as [ ʃ ] (like the sh in ship ) instead of / s / (like the s in sea or the ss in pass ) when the letter is in initial position followed by a consonant, but not when it is followed by a dental occlusive / t / or / d / (at least in the purest form of the language) but by otherwise using only entirely standard words and grammatical forms. This is not Neapolitan properly, but rather
1976-406: The masculine plural is often signaled orthographically, that is, by altering the spelling. As an example, consider the word guaglione , which means "boy" or (in the feminine form) "girl": More will be said about these orthographically changing nouns in the section on Neapolitan nouns. A couple of notes about consonant doubling: The Neapolitan indefinite articles, corresponding to the English
2028-599: The national level to have it recognized as an official minority language of Italy. It is a recognized ISO 639 Joint Advisory Committee language with the ISO 639-3 language code of nap . Here is the IPA pronunciation of the Neapolitan spoken in the city of Naples: Neapolitan orthography consists of 22 Latin letters. Much like Italian orthography , it does not contain k, w, x, or y even though these letters might be found in some foreign words; unlike Italian, it does contain
2080-512: The neuter form and a unique plural formation, as well as historical phonological developments, which often obscure the cognacy of lexical items. Its evolution has been similar to that of Italian and other Romance languages from their roots in Vulgar Latin . It may reflect a pre-Latin Oscan substratum , as in the pronunciation of the d sound as an r sound ( rhotacism ) at the beginning of
2132-533: The northern one may be referred to as the Area Perimediana , a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are divided along a line running approximately from Rome in the southwest to Ancona in the northeast. In the Early Middle Ages, Central Italian extended north into Romagna and covered all of modern-day Lazio , Abruzzo , and Molise . Since then, however,
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2184-408: The northern part of the province of Ancona , Marche region, and Neapolitan , spoken in southern Lazio and in southern Marche as well as eastern fringes of Umbria . Central Italian refers to the dialects of Italo-Romance spoken in the so-called Area Mediana , which covers a swathe of central Italy. Area Mediana is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part in which case
2236-571: The other hand, the effect of Standard Italian on Neapolitan in Italy has been similar because of the increasing displacement of Neapolitan by Standard Italian in daily speech . Neapolitan is a Romance language and is considered as part of Southern Italo-Romance. There are notable differences among the various dialects, but they are all generally mutually intelligible. Italian and Neapolitan are of variable mutual comprehensibility, depending on affective and linguistic factors. There are notable grammatical differences, such as Neapolitan having nouns in
2288-713: The papacy became effectively sovereign. Several Christian rulers, including Frankish kings Charlemagne and Pepin the Short , donated further lands to be governed by the Church. During the Renaissance , the papal territory expanded greatly, and the Pope became one of Italy's most important secular rulers as well as the head of the Church. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of the modern Italian regions of Lazio , which includes Rome ; Marche ; Umbria ; Romagna ; and portions of Emilia . Those holdings were considered to be
2340-507: The population in central Italy amounts to 11,680,843 inhabitants. Here is the population residing in 2023 in municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants: Central Italy is dominated by Central Italian and the Tuscan dialect . Other languages spoken are Gallo-Piceno ("Gallo-Italic Marche" or "Gaul-Marche"), a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Province of Pesaro and Urbino and in
2392-499: The preservation of endemic species such as the Italian wolf , Abruzzo chamois and Marsican brown bear . Central Italy has many major tourist attractions, many of which are protected by UNESCO . Central Italy is possibly the most visited in Italy and contains many popular attractions as well as sought-after landscapes. Rome boasts the remaining wonders of the Roman Empire and some of the world's best-known landmarks, such as
2444-470: The pronunciation is different for the two. The grave accent ( à , è , ò ) is used to denote open vowels, and the acute accent ( é , í , ó , ú ) is used to denote closed vowels, with alternative ì and ù . However, accent marks are not commonly used in the actual spelling of words except when they occur on the final syllable of a word, such as Totò , arrivà , or pecché , and when they appear here in other positions, it
2496-437: The region is Castelnuovo di Garfagnana . The Garfagnana and Lunigiana were struck by a powerful earthquake on 7 September 1920. The worst damage and largest number of deaths were at Villa Collemandina ; the greatest intensity was recorded there and at Fivizzano . Central Italy Central Italy ( Italian : Italia centrale or Centro Italia ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by
2548-585: The songs of Pino Daniele and the Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare . The language has no official status within Italy and is not taught in schools. The University of Naples Federico II offers (from 2003) courses in Campanian Dialectology at the faculty of Sociology, whose actual aim is not to teach students to speak the language but to study its history, usage, literature and social role. There are also ongoing legislative attempts at
2600-449: The word for tree has three different spellings: arbero , arvero and àvaro . Neapolitan has enjoyed a rich literary, musical and theatrical history (notably Giambattista Basile , Eduardo Scarpetta , his son Eduardo De Filippo , Salvatore Di Giacomo and Totò ). Thanks to this heritage and the musical work of Renato Carosone in the 1950s, Neapolitan is still in use in popular music, even gaining national popularity in
2652-436: Was elevated by a papal bull of Pope Pius V to Grand Duke of Tuscany on August 27, 1569. The grand duchy was ruled by the House of Medici until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons until the reign of Ferdinando II , which saw
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#17327733973502704-673: Was historically inhabited by Ligurian ( Apuani and Friniati) and Etruscan populations . The area was conquered by the Romans in 180 BC. After the fall of the Carolingian empire in 888 it came under the control of various feudal lords, and was later caught up in the rivalry between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines . In 1248 the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II ceded it to the Republic of Lucca . In
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