43-629: The Vickers Crossley armoured car a/k/a the Model 25 Vickers Crossley armoured car , was a British-made military vehicle used by the British Army in India and exported to different countries, including Japan. The Model 25 armoured car was a British designed and manufactured military vehicle, which the British Army used in India . The Model 25 was also exported. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) saw
86-582: A need for increased mechanization , and the Kwantung Army began to import foreign-built vehicles, including the Model 25. The Kwantung Army used them during the Mukden Incident (Manchurian Incident), which was a staged event engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion in 1931 of northeastern China , known as Manchuria . The Manchukuo Imperial Army that
129-669: A nuclear-strike aircraft, was used to maintain the British nuclear deterrent, armed with the Avro Blue Steel stand-off nuclear bomb. The Vulcan saw service as a conventional bomber during the British campaign to recapture the Falkland Islands in 1982. Several Vulcans are prized as museum exhibits. A twin turboprop airliner , the Avro 748 , was developed during the 1950s and sold widely to airlines and governments across
172-538: A part in the Manchester Labour College . Production of the first cars was on a small scale but from 1909 when a new range was introduced it rapidly built up. In that year the 20 hp was introduced (later called the 20/25) and this was taken up by the War Office and from 1913 it was ordered for the new Royal Flying Corps (RFC). The outbreak of World War I resulted in a rapid expansion of
215-524: A range of small models fitted with Coventry Climax engines was announced in 1931 but sales of the cars slowly declined and the last ones were made in 1937. By the late 1920s the market for hand-made cars began to disappear and the company moved into the bus market and launched its first model, the Eagle single decker in 1928. Although some double deck bodies were fitted to the Eagle, the Condor launched in 1930
258-575: A separate company was required. Critchley left the company in 1906 and was replaced by the team of Walter James Iden, A. W. Reeves and Hubert Woods who introduced the 12-14hp (later 15hp) and 20hp models. In 1920, Crossley Motors bought 34,283 (68.5%) of the 50,000 issued shares of the nearby firm of Avro . Crossley took over Avro's car manufacturing business and Avro continued its aircraft manufacturing operations independently. In 1928, Crossley had to sell its shares in Avro to Armstrong Siddeley to pay for
301-676: A thickness of 6 mm. It had a hemispherical turret, which mounted twin 7.7 mm water-cooled Vickers machine guns with a domed cupola. The engine produced 50 hp giving the vehicle a top speed of 65 to 70 km/h. Crossley Motors Crossley Motors was an English motor vehicle manufacturer based in Manchester , England. It produced approximately 19,000 cars from 1904 until 1938, 5,500 buses from 1926 until 1958, and 21,000 goods and military vehicles from 1914 to 1945. Crossley Brothers , originally manufacturers of textile machinery and rubber processing plant, began
344-482: Is sometimes also loosely called the "Avro 146". The BAe ATP (Advanced Turbo Prop) design evolved from the Avro 748 and examples continue in use on shorter, mainly domestic, scheduled air services. A few Avro 504s, Tutors, Ansons and Lancasters are maintained in flying condition. At 39 years, the Shackleton held the distinction of being the aircraft with the longest period of active RAF service, until overtaken by
387-549: The Anson followed but as tensions rose again in Europe the firm's emphasis returned to combat aircraft. The Avro Manchester , Lancaster , and Lincoln were particularly famous Avro designs. Over 7,000 Lancasters were built and their bombing capabilities led to their use in the famous Dam Busters raid. Of the total, nearly half were built at Avro's Woodford (Stockport) and Chadderton (Oldham) sites, with some 700 Lancasters built at
430-457: The Civil War period , but they were worked hard: of 454 originally supplied, only 57 were in service by 1926 with a further 66 being overhauled or repaired. The 20/25 model was also the first vehicle to be supplied to London's Metropolitan Police Flying Squad in 1920, some of which were fitted with radio equipment. Car production resumed after World War I and a new model, the 19.6,
473-488: The English Electric Canberra in 1998. Avro also built motor vehicles in the immediate post-World War 1 era, including the three-wheeler Harper Runabout , as well as their own light car. Powered by a 1,330 cc 4-cylinder engine, wood and aluminium were used in an integral construction similar to an aircraft. Approximately 100 were built. In 1927 Alliott Verdon-Roe designed a two-wheeler car powered by
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#1732802173979516-685: The First World War . He was also active in the shop stewards movement in Manchester. He played leading role in the 1917 strike at the factory. As well as Munro, Harry Ingle , Jack Halstead and Fred Flood were active in the Plebs League and part of the Crossley Shop Stewards Committee. They organised a class of 109 students studying economics from a marxist perspective. Munro and Ingle went on to play
559-521: The 1920s moved into bus manufacture. With re-armament in the 1930s, car-making was run down, and stopped completely in 1936. During World War II output was again concentrated on military vehicles. Bus production resumed in 1945 but no more cars were made. The directors decided in the late 1940s that the company was too small to survive alone and agreed to a takeover by AEC . Production at the Crossley factories finally stopped in 1958. Crossley Motors Ltd
602-424: The Avro "shadow" factory next to Leeds Bradford Airport (formerly Yeadon Aerodrome), northwest Leeds . This factory employed 17,500 workers at a time when the population of Yeadon was just 10,000. It was the largest building in Europe at the time, at 1.5 million square feet (140,000 square metres), and its roof was disguised by the addition of fields and hedges to hide it from enemy planes. The old taxiway from
645-547: The Errwood Park Works. Construction of the new factory started in 1915, and although intended to relieve congestion on the old site, it was rapidly given over to war work. The western half of the site, built in 1917, but only managed by Crossley Motors, became National Aircraft Factory No. 2 . In 1919, this factory was bought from the government and became the Willys Overland Crossley plant, but
688-618: The Japanese forces in and around the urban city and port area. The Argentine Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers received 6 Vickers-Crossley Model 26 armoured cars in 1928. Derived from the British Indian Army cars, they had 2 axles instead of 3. They saw action during the 1930 Argentine coup d'état and some are later used by the Argentine Federal Police . The vehicle used riveted and welded armor with
731-640: The RFC, and by 1918 they had over 6,000 of the vehicles with staff car , tender (light truck), and ambulance bodies. Crossley 25/30 hp Tenders were used by British paramilitary police (" Black and Tans " and the Auxiliary Division ) in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1922). The National Army of the new Irish Free State continued to use them for troop transport throughout
774-472: The Stockport plant until 1952. After that date, production turned to badge-engineered AEC designs and bus bodywork, until the factory was closed in 1958 and sold in 1959. Although no longer trading, the company was never formally wound up. In 1969, AEC's new owner, British Leyland , restarted the company with a new name – Leyland National – and production of single-decker buses recommenced. Production
817-573: The Walthamstow Marshes. In 1911, Roy Chadwick began work as Alliott's personal assistant and the firm's draughtsman and, in 1918, he was appointed Chief Designer. The first Avro aircraft to be produced in any quantity was the Avro E or Avro 500 , first flown in March 1912, of which 18 were manufactured, most for the newly formed Royal Flying Corps . The company also built the world's first aircraft with enclosed crew accommodation in 1912,
860-532: The boom in orders during the First World War, the lack of new work in peacetime caused severe financial problems and in August 1920, 68.5% of the company's shares were acquired by nearby Crossley Motors which had an urgent need for more factory space for automotive vehicle body building. In 1924, the company left Alexandra Park Aerodrome in south Manchester where test flying had taken place since 1918;
903-514: The car models but starting with the BGT1 in 1923 specialised chassis designs were produced. Two Crossley trucks based on the 25/30 car chassis were from 1924 to 1926 the first vehicles to be driven from Cape Town to Cairo by the Court Treatt expedition . A range of heavy goods vehicles starting with the 1931 diesel-powered 12-ton payload Atlas was announced but only a few were made as the factory
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#1732802173979946-666: The company he had founded and formed the Saunders-Roe company, which after World War II developed several radical designs for combat jets, and, eventually, a range of powerful hovercraft . In 1935 Avro became a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley . Maintaining their skills in designing trainer aircraft, the company built a more robust biplane called the Avro Tutor in the 1930s which the Royal Air Force (RAF) also bought in quantity. A twin piston-engined airliner called
989-627: The company was absorbed into Hawker Siddeley Aviation in July 1963 following the 1957 Defence White Paper , the Avro name ceased to be used. The brand still had a strong heritage appeal, and as mentioned above the marketing name " Avro RJ " (regional jet) was used by British Aerospace from 1994 to 2001 for production of the RJ70, RJ85 and RJ100 models which were respectively based on the BAe 146-100 , BAe 146-200 and BAe 146-300 . This four engine jet aircraft type
1032-657: The delta wing Avro Vulcan , a stalwart of the Cold War . Avro was founded in 1910 by Alliott Verdon Roe at the Brownsfield Mill on Great Ancoats Street in Manchester . The company remained based primarily in Lancashire throughout its 53 years of existence, with key development and manufacturing sites in Alexandra Park , Chadderton , Trafford Park , and Woodford, Greater Manchester . The company
1075-560: The earnings of the family webbing business and acting as managing director until he joined the RFC in 1917. Alliot had already constructed a successful aircraft, the Roe I Triplane , named The Bullseye after a brand of braces manufactured by Humphrey. The railway arch where A.V. Roe in 1909 built and achieved the first all-British powered flight still stands in the Lee Valley Park on
1118-507: The factory to the runway is still evident. The Avro Lancaster carried the heaviest bomb loads of the war, including the Grand Slam bomb . The civilian Lancastrian and maritime reconnaissance Shackleton were derived from the successful Lancaster design. The Tudor was a pressurised but problematic post-war Avro airliner which faced strong competition from designs by Bristol , Canadair , Douglas , Handley Page , and Lockheed . With
1161-710: The four engine jetliner were produced: the Avro RJ70 , the Avro RJ85 and the largest example, the Avro RJ100 . In 1945, Hawker Siddeley Group purchased the former Victory Aircraft firm in Malton, Ontario , and renamed the operation A.V. Roe Canada Limited . Commonly known as Avro Canada , it was actually a subsidiary of the Hawker Siddeley Group and used the Avro name for trading purposes. When
1204-611: The globe, powered by two Rolls-Royce Dart engines. The RAF bought 6 for use by the Queen's Flight and a variant with a rear-loading ramp and a "kneeling" main undercarriage was sold to the RAF (31 aircraft) as the Andover . The Avro name would subsequently be resurrected by British Aerospace when this aircraft manufacturer renamed its BAe 146 family of regional jetliners as Avro regional jets ( Avro RJ ). Three differently sized versions of
1247-477: The licensed manufacture of the Otto internal combustion engine before 1880. The firm started car production in 1903, building around 650 vehicles in their first year. The company was established as a division of engine builders Crossley Brothers, but from 1910 became a stand-alone company. Although founded as a car maker, they were major suppliers of vehicles to British Armed Forces during World War I , and in
1290-430: The losses incurred by the Willys Overland Crossley venture. After World War II, the directors decided that the company was not large enough to prosper and looked for a partner. This resulted in a take over by Associated Equipment Company (AEC) in 1948. AEC's parent company changed its name to Associated Commercial Vehicles and Crossley became a division of it. Production of the Crossley range of vehicles continued at
1333-678: The monoplane Type F and the biplane Avro Type G in 1912, neither progressing beyond the prototype stage. The Type 500 was developed into the Avro 504 , first flown in September 1913. A small number were bought by the War Office before the outbreak of World War I , and the type saw some front-line service in the early months of the war, but it is best known as a training aircraft, serving in that role until 1933. Production lasted 20 years and totalled 8,340 aircraft from several factories: Hamble, Failsworth, Miles Platting and Newton Heath. After
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1376-644: The same wings and engines as the Lincoln, it achieved only a short (34 completed) production run following a first flight in June 1945 and the cancellation of an order from BOAC . The older Avro York was somewhat more successful in both the RAF and in commercial service, being distinguished by a fuselage square in cross-section. Both Tudors and Yorks played an important humanitarian part in the Berlin Airlift . The postwar Vulcan bomber , originally designed as
1419-464: The site was used for a mixture of recreation and housing development. A rural site to the south of the city was found at New Hall Farm, Woodford in Cheshire, which continued to be used by aviation company BAE Systems until March 2011; the site has now been earmarked for a mixed use development. In 1928 Crossley Motors sold AVRO to Armstrong Siddeley Holdings Ltd. In 1928 A.V. Roe resigned from
1462-428: Was by then gearing up to concentrate on buses and military orders. From 1936 military production was rapidly ramped up with British re-armament at first with "IGL" models but from 1940 with a four-wheel drive "FWD" chassis in both tractor unit and truck form. By 1945 over 10,000 FWDs had been made. After World War II there was a boom in the bus industry as wartime losses needed to be replaced. A new range of bus chassis
1505-765: Was established by Imperial Japan in Manchuria, later received some Model 25s for use. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) imported the Model 25 during the early 1930s for use in China. The Model 25 was used specially by the Special Naval Landing Forces during the hostilities between Japanese military and the Chinese 19th Route Army in what became known as the January 28 Incident or Shanghai Incident in 1932. The armoured cars were imported to strengthen
1548-494: Was eventually sold to Fairey Aviation in 1934. In 1938, the eastern side became another aircraft factory, this time managed by Fairey, and after World War II, it became the final home of Crossley Motors. Re-armament work caused the search for more space and in 1938 a factory was opened in Greencroft Mill, Hyde , about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Errwood Park. Jack Munro was a shop steward at Crossley Motors during
1591-545: Was first registered on 11 April 1906 (and re-registered with a different company number in 1910) as the vehicle manufacturing arm of Crossley Brothers . The first car was actually built in 1903 to a design by James S. Critchley , who had been with Daimler and exhibited at the Society of Motor Manufacturers' Exhibition at Crystal Palace in February 1904, but the parent company saw a future for these new machines and decided
1634-431: Was launched in 1921 and joined in 1922 by the smaller 2.4 litre 14 hp model that would become the company's best seller. The 19.6 was replaced by the 2.7 litre 18/50 in 1925 fitted with Crossley's first six-cylinder engine and this was enlarged in 1927 to 3.2 litres in the 20.9. Crossley were the first British car company to offer a factory fitted car radio in 1933. Although the large cars would continue to be available,
1677-593: Was launched, comprising the DD42 and SD42 models, suitable for double- and single-deck bodywork respectively. Crossley won what was then the largest ever British export order for buses with a contract with the Dutch government (150 complete SD42 buses plus 775 supplied as chassis only). By the late 1940s bus orders were decreasing and it became clear that the company was too small to continue as an independent manufacturer and in 1948 they were sold to AEC . The last Crossley chassis
1720-541: Was made in 1952, but body production continued at Erwood Park until 1958. [REDACTED] Media related to Crossley Motors at Wikimedia Commons Avro Avro (an initialism of the founder's name) was a British aircraft manufacturer . Its designs include the Avro 504 , used as a trainer in the First World War, the Avro Lancaster , one of the pre-eminent bombers of the Second World War, and
1763-422: Was merged into Hawker Siddeley Aviation in 1963, although the Avro name has been used for some aircraft since then. One of the world's first aircraft builders, A.V. Roe and Company was established on 1 January 1910 at Brownsfield Mill, Great Ancoats Street, Manchester , by Alliott Verdon Roe and his brother Humphrey Verdon Roe . Humphrey's contribution was chiefly financial and organizational; funding it from
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1806-704: Was originally in the Crossley Brothers factory in Openshaw , Manchester but in 1907 moved to a nearby site in Napier Street, Gorton . (Napier Street was later renamed Crossley Street). With the steady increase in vehicle production, the limits of the Gorton site were in turn soon reached, and in 1914 a further 48 acre (194,000 m ) site was bought in Heaton Chapel , Stockport which became
1849-530: Was the first chassis to be designed for double decker bodies. The Condor could also be ordered with a diesel engine, made by Gardner at first, and became the first British double deck bus to be offered with diesel power. The big selling pre-war bus was the Mancunian with first deliveries in 1933. This was available as both a double and single decker. In addition to cars and buses the company also made goods and military vehicles. At first these were conversions of
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