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88-758: It was King Denis who, while travelling through the burg (then known as Póvoa d´Álem Sabor , became enchanted by the local landscape and, in 1286, renamed the district Vila Flor . Around 1295, the King ordered the construction of a walled city, consisting of five gates, to protect the fledgling settlement and guard Portuguese interests in the territory. During the Middle Ages, this bouquet of flowers , as Cabral Adão (1910, in Vila Flor - 1992, in Almada ), Vila Flor-born stomatology doctor and writer, once called it, became

176-472: A component of bad breath odor. Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid grapefruit mercaptan in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations. Sulfur mustard , a potent vesicant , was used in World War ;I as a disabling agent. Sulfur–sulfur bonds are

264-507: A good state of preservation, except that the point had broken off. Denis' only wife was Isabel or Elizabeth of Aragon , daughter of Peter III of Aragon and Constance of Sicily . They married in 1282 and had a son and a daughter. Like other monarchs of the time, he had several illegitimate children as well. Sulphur This is an accepted version of this page Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English )

352-587: A major industrial product, especially in automobile tires. Because of the heat and sulfur, the process was named vulcanization , after the Roman god of the forge and volcanism . Being abundantly available in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times and is referred to in the Torah ( Genesis ). English translations of the Christian Bible commonly referred to burning sulfur as "brimstone", giving rise to

440-498: A personal interest in the expansion of exports. He set up regular markets in a number of towns and regulated their activities. One of his principal achievements was to protect agricultural lands from advancing coastal sands by ordering the planting of a pine forest near Leiria , which also provided a source of raw materials for construction of a naval fleet. This forest, known as the Pinhal de Leiria (Leiria Pinewood), still exists, and

528-416: A structural component used to stiffen rubber, similar to the disulfide bridges that rigidify proteins (see biological below). In the most common type of industrial "curing" or hardening and strengthening of natural rubber , elemental sulfur is heated with the rubber to the point that chemical reactions form disulfide bridges between isoprene units of the polymer. This process, patented in 1843, made rubber

616-433: A tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have measurably different S values than lakes believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate. The radioactive S is formed in cosmic ray spallation of

704-566: Is a chemical element ; it has symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant , multivalent and nonmetallic . Under normal conditions , sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with the chemical formula S 8 . Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature . Sulfur is the tenth most abundant element by mass in the universe and the fifth most common on Earth. Though sometimes found in pure, native form, sulfur on Earth usually occurs as sulfide and sulfate minerals . Being abundant in native form, sulfur

792-465: Is a common reagent in organic synthesis . Bromine also oxidizes sulfur to form sulfur dibromide and disulfur dibromide . Sulfur oxidizes cyanide and sulfite to give thiocyanate and thiosulfate , respectively. Sulfur reacts with many metals. Electropositive metals give polysulfide salts. Copper, zinc, and silver are attacked by sulfur; see tarnishing . Although many metal sulfides are known, most are prepared by high temperature reactions of

880-544: Is a curious fact, as he was the first of the Portuguese royal line up to that time to have that hair color. This genetic trait could have been passed on the maternal side, as his uncle Ferdinand , called "La Cerda", or "the bristly one", had red hair as well. Denis may have inherited the trait from Henry II of England , who was his ancestor on both the paternal and maternal sides, or even possibly from his maternal great-grandmother Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen , granddaughter of

968-511: Is a soft, bright-yellow solid that is odorless. It melts at 115.21 °C (239.38 °F), and boils at 444.6 °C (832.3 °F). At 95.2 °C (203.4 °F), below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur begins slowly changing from α-octasulfur to the β- polymorph . The structure of the S 8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase transition, which affects the intermolecular interactions. Cooling molten sulfur freezes at 119.6 °C (247.3 °F), as it predominantly consists of

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1056-599: Is about 2 g/cm , depending on the allotrope; all of the stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators. Sulfur sublimes more or less between 20 °C (68 °F) and 50 °C (122 °F). Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene . Under normal conditions, sulfur hydrolyzes very slowly to mainly form hydrogen sulfide and sulfuric acid : The reaction involves adsorption of protons onto S 8 clusters, followed by disproportionation into

1144-484: Is an essential element for all life, almost always in the form of organosulfur compounds or metal sulfides. Amino acids (two proteinogenic : cysteine and methionine , and many other non-coded : cystine , taurine , etc.) and two vitamins ( biotin and thiamine ) are organosulfur compounds crucial for life. Many cofactors also contain sulfur, including glutathione , and iron–sulfur proteins . Disulfides , S–S bonds, confer mechanical strength and insolubility of

1232-496: Is an important conservation area. The latter part of Denis' generally peaceful reign was nevertheless marked by internal conflicts. The contenders were his two sons: Afonso , the legitimate heir, and Afonso Sanches , his bastard son, who quarreled frequently among themselves for royal favour. At the time of Denis' death in 1325, he had placed Portugal on an equal footing with the other Iberian Kingdoms. Afonso, born in Lisbon ,

1320-417: Is explained by its production in the so-called alpha-process (one of the main classes of nuclear fusion reactions) in exploding stars. Other stable sulfur isotopes are produced in the bypass processes related with Ar, and their composition depends on a type of a stellar explosion. For example, proportionally more S comes from novae than from supernovae . On the planet Earth the sulfur isotopic composition

1408-468: Is higher than the melting point of sulfur. Native sulfur is synthesized by anaerobic bacteria acting on sulfate minerals such as gypsum in salt domes . Significant deposits in salt domes occur along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico , and in evaporites in eastern Europe and western Asia. Native sulfur may be produced by geological processes alone. Fossil-based sulfur deposits from salt domes were once

1496-573: Is mildly acidic: Hydrogen sulfide gas and the hydrosulfide anion are extremely toxic to mammals, due to their inhibition of the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and certain cytochromes in a manner analogous to cyanide and azide (see below, under precautions ). The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: Many other sulfur oxides are observed including the sulfur-rich oxides include sulfur monoxide , disulfur monoxide , disulfur dioxides, and higher oxides containing peroxo groups. Sulfur reacts with fluorine to give

1584-399: Is produced by rapid cooling of molten sulfur—for example, by pouring it into cold water. X-ray crystallography studies show that the amorphous form may have a helical structure with eight atoms per turn. The long coiled polymeric molecules make the brownish substance elastic , and in bulk it has the feel of crude rubber. This form is metastable at room temperature and gradually reverts to

1672-557: Is the 10th most common element in the universe . Sulfur, usually as sulfide, is present in many types of meteorites . Ordinary chondrites contain on average 2.1% sulfur, and carbonaceous chondrites may contain as much as 6.6%. It is normally present as troilite (FeS), but there are exceptions, with carbonaceous chondrites containing free sulfur, sulfates and other sulfur compounds. The distinctive colors of Jupiter 's volcanic moon Io are attributed to various forms of molten, solid, and gaseous sulfur. In July 2024, elemental sulfur

1760-448: Is the production of sulfuric acid for sulfate and phosphate fertilizers , and other chemical processes. Sulfur is used in matches , insecticides , and fungicides . Many sulfur compounds are odoriferous, and the smells of odorized natural gas, skunk scent, bad breath , grapefruit , and garlic are due to organosulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide gives the characteristic odor to rotting eggs and other biological processes. Sulfur

1848-408: Is used as a reagent to make the polymer rayon and many organosulfur compounds. Unlike carbon monoxide , carbon monosulfide is stable only as an extremely dilute gas, found between solar systems. Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. They are widely known as the odorant in domestic natural gas, garlic odor, and skunk spray, as well as

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1936-551: The Algarve . The treaty also established an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two nations. Denis pursued his father's policies on legislation and centralisation of power, and promulgated the nucleus of a Portuguese civil and criminal law code, protecting the lower classes from abuse and extortion. These edicts survived in the Livro das Leis e Posturas (Book of Laws and Postures), and

2024-497: The Hershey-Chase experiment . Because of the weak beta activity of S, its compounds are relatively safe as long as they are not ingested or absorbed by the body. S is created inside massive stars, at a depth where the temperature exceeds 2.5×10  K, by the fusion of one nucleus of silicon plus one nucleus of helium. As this nuclear reaction is part of the alpha process that produces elements in abundance, sulfur

2112-561: The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (" barbarossa " means "red beard" in Italian). In 2016, the tomb of the king was opened for the first time since 1938. Initially a restoration work, the tomb became the subject of research. A physiognomic report of the king is expected to be published in the future. Among other artefacts, the king's sword was retrieved from the tomb; it was found to be in

2200-593: The Infante , Denis was prevented from killing his son through the intervention of the Queen. As legend holds, in 1323, Elizabeth, mounted on a mule, positioned herself between the opposing armies on the field of the Battle of Alvalade in order to prevent the combat. Peace returned in 1324 when Afonso Sanches was sent into exile and the Infante swore loyalty to the king. King Denis died on 7 January 1325 at Santarém , and

2288-494: The Ordenações Afonsinas (Afonsine Ordinances), proclaimed during the reign of Afonso V . These are not legislative "codes" as we understand them today, but rather compilations of laws and customary municipal law, as amended and restated by the Portuguese crown. As king, Denis travelled around the country to resolve various problems. He ordered the construction of numerous castles, created new towns, and granted

2376-408: The noble gases . Sulfur polycations, S 2+ 8 , S 2+ 4 and S 2+ 16 are produced when sulfur is reacted with oxidizing agents in a strongly acidic solution. The colored solutions produced by dissolving sulfur in oleum were first reported as early as 1804 by C. F. Bucholz, but the cause of the color and the structure of the polycations involved was only determined in

2464-473: The sulfate minerals , such as gypsum (calcium sulfate), alunite (potassium aluminium sulfate), and barite (barium sulfate). On Earth, just as upon Jupiter's moon Io, elemental sulfur occurs naturally in volcanic emissions, including emissions from hydrothermal vents . The main industrial source of sulfur has become petroleum and natural gas . Common oxidation states of sulfur range from −2 to +6. Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except

2552-409: The (among others) protein keratin , found in outer skin, hair, and feathers. Sulfur is one of the core chemical elements needed for biochemical functioning and is an elemental macronutrient for all living organisms. Sulfur forms several polyatomic molecules. The best-known allotrope is octasulfur , cyclo-S 8 . The point group of cyclo-S 8 is D 4d and its dipole moment is 0 D. Octasulfur

2640-414: The 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate sulfur isotopes up to 46 permil and fractionation larger than 46 permil recorded in sediments must be due to disproportionation of sulfur compounds in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s as experiments showed that sulfate-reducing bacteria can fractionate to 66 permil. As substrates for disproportionation are limited by

2728-535: The 3rd century, the Chinese had discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite . Chinese Daoists were interested in sulfur's flammability and its reactivity with certain metals, yet its earliest practical uses were found in traditional Chinese medicine . The Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD described various formulas for Chinese black powder , which is a mixture of potassium nitrate ( KNO 3 ), charcoal , and sulfur. Indian alchemists, practitioners of

Vila Flor - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-700: The Farmer King ( Rei Lavrador ) and the Poet King ( Rei Poeta ), was King of Portugal . The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile , and grandson of Afonso II of Portugal , Denis succeeded his father in 1279. He was married to Elizabeth of Aragon , who was later canonised as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church . Denis ruled Portugal for over 46 years. He worked to reorganise his country's economy and gave an impetus to Portuguese agriculture. He ordered

2904-694: The Italian "Pezagno") as hereditary admiral of his fleet , with the understanding that Pessanha and his successors should provide twenty Genoese captains to command the king's galleys, thus effectively founding the Portuguese Navy . In 1289 Denis had signed the Concordat of Forty Articles with Pope Nicholas IV , swearing to protect the Church's interests in Portugal. When Pope Clement V allowed

2992-539: The Jews of Portugal because the anti-Semite parents of his fiancée wouldn't approve that policy. King Manuel expelled the Jews from the municipality, whose remaining peoples or the army were then responsible for destroying the homes of the expelled Jews. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 14 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Vila Flor has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters. Rich in history, tradition, monuments and citizenry,

3080-572: The Templar assets and property. During Denis' reign, Lisbon became one of Europe's centres of culture and learning. The first university in Portugal, then called the Estudo Geral (General Study), was founded with his signing of the document Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis in Leiria on 3 March 1290. Lectures in the arts, civil law, canon law, and medicine were given, and on 15 February 1309,

3168-494: The activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the time of formation of the sample, or suggest the main sources of sulfur in ecosystems. However, there are ongoing discussions over the real reason for the δ S shifts, biological activity or postdeposit alteration. For example, when sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate

3256-400: The ancient divisions of the country, i.e., the north and the south, enhanced Lisbon's status as the most practical centre for an emergent united Portuguese nation, the south now receiving as much royal attention as the north and becoming the residence of the monarchy. Their different characters created a realm where the two regions complemented each other. The great manors were closer together in

3344-568: The annihilation of the Knights Templar throughout most of Europe on charges of heresy, Denis created in 1319 a Portuguese military order, the Order of Christ , for those knights who survived the purge. The new order was designed to be a continuation of the Order of the Temple . Denis negotiated with Clement's successor, John XXII , for recognition of the new order and its right to inherit

3432-436: The atmospheric Ar . This fact may be used to verify the presence of recent (up to 1 year) atmospheric sediments in various materials. This isotope may be obtained artificially by different ways. In practice, the reaction Cl + n → S + p is used by irradiating potassium chloride with neutrons. The isotope S is used in various sulfur-containing compounds as a radioactive tracer for many biological studies, for example,

3520-663: The basis for commercial production in the United States, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. Such sources have become of secondary commercial importance, and most are no longer worked but commercial production is still carried out in the Osiek mine in Poland. Common naturally occurring sulfur compounds include the sulfide minerals , such as pyrite (iron sulfide), cinnabar (mercury sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide), and stibnite (antimony sulfide); and

3608-501: The composition of reaction products. While reaction between sulfur and oxygen under normal conditions gives sulfur dioxide (oxidation state +4), formation of sulfur trioxide (oxidation state +6) requires a temperature of 400–600 °C (750–1,100 °F) and presence of a catalyst. In reactions with elements of lesser electronegativity , it reacts as an oxidant and forms sulfides, where it has oxidation state −2. Sulfur reacts with nearly all other elements except noble gases, even with

Vila Flor - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-508: The country to the Order of Christ, specially created for this purpose. Denis was essentially an administrator and not a warrior king. He went to war with the kingdom of Castile in 1295, relinquishing the villages of Serpa and Moura. In 1297, he signed the Treaty of Alcañices with Castile, which defined the current borders between the two Iberian countries, and reaffirmed Portugal's possession of

3784-501: The country's infrastructure, he encouraged the discovery and exploitation of sulphur , silver , tin and iron mines and organised the export of excess production of agricultural crops, salt, and salted fish to England, Flanders, and France. Denis signed the first Portuguese commercial agreement with England in 1308, and secured a contract in 1317 for the services of the Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha (Portuguese form of

3872-466: The courts, show that a merely nominal power of the monarchy over all the inhabitants of the kingdom, as was typical in the Middle Ages , was not compatible with his effort to assert a royal prerogative to scrutinise legal procedures or moralise on the exercise of justice. The appointment of magistrates clearly marks the start of the process of the crown claiming territorial jurisdiction, thus expanding

3960-451: The crystalline molecular allotrope, which is no longer elastic. This process happens over a matter of hours to days, but can be rapidly catalyzed. Sulfur has 23 known isotopes , four of which are stable: S ( 94.99% ± 0.26% ), S ( 0.75% ± 0.02% ), S ( 4.25% ± 0.24% ), and S ( 0.01% ± 0.01% ). Other than S, with a half-life of 87 days, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur have half-lives less than 3 hours. The preponderance of S

4048-739: The development of troubador poetry in the Iberian Peninsula. All told, 137 of the songs attributed to him, in the three main genres of Galician-Portuguese lyric , are preserved in the two early 16th-century manuscripts, the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional and the Cancioneiro da Vaticana . A spectacular find in 1990 by American scholar Harvey Sharrer brought to light the Pergaminho Sharrer , which contains, albeit in fragmentary form, seven cantigas d'amor by King Denis with musical notation . These poems are found in

4136-468: The elements. Geoscientists also study the isotopes of metal sulfides in rocks and sediment to study environmental conditions in the Earth's past. Some of the main classes of sulfur-containing organic compounds include the following: Compounds with carbon–sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide , a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. It

4224-555: The first university in Portugal, and ridding the military orders in the country of foreign influences. His policies encouraged economic development with the creation of numerous towns and trade fairs. He advanced the interests of the Portuguese merchants, and set up by mutual agreement a fund called the Bolsa de Comércio , the first documented form of marine insurance in Europe, approved on 10 May 1293. Always concerned with development of

4312-406: The highly reactive sulfur tetrafluoride and the highly inert sulfur hexafluoride . Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. Thus, sulfur dichloride , disulfur dichloride , and higher chlorosulfanes arise from the chlorination of sulfur. Sulfuryl chloride and chlorosulfuric acid are derivatives of sulfuric acid; thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 )

4400-466: The historian Duarte Nunes de Leão in 1600. The historical sources of King Denis's time, as well as later authors, failed to provide any detailed physical description of the monarch. The information known comes from an accidental opening of his tomb during a restoration in 1938. It was discovered that the legend of a figure of towering height was not an accurate one as he was only about 1.65 metres (5 feet 5 inches) tall. Denis made his will when he

4488-465: The home to many fleeing Jewish families, who settled in the territory to start farms and businesses of small industry (such as tanneries and jewelers). King Manuel eventually conferred on the settlement an official charter ( foral ), later to be reformulated in May 1512. Having favorable, tolerant views towards Portuguese Jews until he decided to marry Infanta Isabella of Aragon , Manuel I agreed to persecute

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4576-430: The increasing dependence of the military orders on the royal power. He was recognized as an intelligent, perceptive ruler with demonstrated success, both by contemporaries and by later historians. Denis was not lacking in political skill. Being adroit in negotiation and a student of human nature, he knew how to go about "opposing and appeasing alternately the secular and the ecclesiastical manorial interests. He confiscated

4664-552: The king granted the university a charter, the Magna Charta Privilegiorum . The university was moved between Lisbon and Coimbra several times, and finally installed permanently in Coimbra in 1537 by order of King John III . As a devotee of the arts and sciences, Denis studied literature and wrote several books on topics ranging from government administration to hunting, science and poetry, as well as ordering

4752-422: The king, whom he accused of favouring Afonso Sanches. Denis had little popular support in the war because of the many privileges he had granted to the nobles in the last years of his reign, while the Infante had the support of the county's cities; these circumstances were rooted in the longstanding conflict between the upper and lower classes of Portuguese society. Repulsed to the town of Alenquer , which supported

4840-493: The largest documented single crystal measuring 22 cm × 16 cm × 11 cm (8.7 in × 6.3 in × 4.3 in). Historically, Sicily was a major source of sulfur in the Industrial Revolution . Lakes of molten sulfur up to about 200 m (660 ft) in diameter have been found on the sea floor, associated with submarine volcanoes , at depths where the boiling point of water

4928-415: The late 1960s. S 2+ 8 is deep blue, S 2+ 4 is yellow and S 2+ 16 is red. Reduction of sulfur gives various polysulfides with the formula S x , many of which have been obtained in crystalline form. Illustrative is the production of sodium tetrasulfide : Some of these dianions dissociate to give radical anions , such as S − 3 gives the blue color of

5016-448: The legislative work of his reign focused on procedural juridical issues, the purpose of much of this new legislation was to avoid excessive delays and court costs and to prevent abuse by attorneys and prosecutors. The personal determination that allowed Denis to achieve so much in the political realm could sometimes harden into obstinacy and arrogance. He was described occasionally as cruel, especially in family relations, shown for example in

5104-422: The life of the poor and found several social institutions. The frequent procedural issues that arose when he issued his decrees increasingly occupied Denis in his quest to frame the common law as being within the scope of the crown's jurisdiction, and in exercising royal power in the realm. The restrictions he placed on the actions of alvazis (local council officials), judges, as well as proctors and advocates in

5192-504: The many centuries that separate Denis from the present, an impression of his personality can be gathered from the historical record: he was determined, even obstinate, in his attempts to systematically centralise the government and consolidate royal power. For example, he launched general inquiries ( Inquirições gerais ) at a remarkably accelerated pace to investigate land ownership and identify cases where abuses were committed. Denis revealed early on his ability as an effective strategist in

5280-536: The municipality is also an important reference for agriculture, owing to the fertility of the Vilariça Valley ( Vale da Vilariça ). Olive oil and chestnut are among its main agricultural productions. Companies, such as Frize (a Sumol + Compal sparkling water brand) and Sousacamp ( edible mushroom producer), known within and outside of Portugal, are located in within its municipal borders. The growth of tourism has meant that lodgings have developed throughout

5368-571: The north, and the vast dominions conquered from the Muslims in the south, as well as the large areas of unclaimed land there, expanded the domain of the crown, and much of the territory of the extreme south came under the control of the military orders. Denis promoted development of the rural infrastructure, earning the nickname of "the Farmer" ( o Lavrador ). He redistributed land, founded agricultural schools to improve farming techniques, and took

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5456-573: The notoriously unreactive metal iridium (yielding iridium disulfide ). Some of those reactions require elevated temperatures. Sulfur forms over 30 solid allotropes , more than any other element. Besides S 8 , several other rings are known. Removing one atom from the crown gives S 7 , which is of a deeper yellow than S 8 . HPLC analysis of "elemental sulfur" reveals an equilibrium mixture of mainly S 8 , but with S 7 and small amounts of S 6 . Larger rings have been prepared, including S 12 and S 18 . Amorphous or "plastic" sulfur

5544-557: The planting of a large pine forest (that still exists today) near Leiria to prevent the soil degradation that threatened the region and to serve as a source of raw materials for the construction of the royal ships. He was also known for his poetry, which constitutes an important contribution to the development of Portuguese as a literary language. In 1290, Denis began to pursue the systematic centralisation of royal power by imposing judicial reforms, decreeing Portuguese "the official language of legal and judicial proceedings", creating

5632-417: The privileges due cities to several others. He declared in 1290 that 'the language of the people' was to become the language of the state, and officially known as Portuguese . Denis also decreed that Portuguese replace Latin as the language of the law courts in his kingdom. His wife Elizabeth donated much of the large income generated by her lands and properties to charities, inspiring Denis to help improve

5720-407: The product of sulfate reduction , the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 permil in most sedimentary settings. In forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as

5808-424: The properties of the clergy, but made the concordat [of 1289] with the Portuguese bishops; he restricted the comedoria (victuals) rights of the monasteries, but replaced those rights with a fixed annual sum of money. His actions were sufficiently [statesmanlike, and his political position was strong] enough, for him to secure the confiscation laws and check the erosion of the state patrimony". As administration of

5896-408: The pursuit of his goals, and as an innovator of proactive legislative policy. With the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that his administrative decisions were not made randomly or without consideration of his ideal of a well-governed nation. The wide range of his policies is indicated by a few examples: the concomitant creation of new towns and trade fairs, the fortification of the country's borders and

5984-420: The reaction products. The second, fourth and sixth ionization energies of sulfur are 2252 kJ/mol, 4556 kJ/mol and 8495.8 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of reaction products of sulfur with oxidants (and its oxidation state) depends on whether releasing of reaction energy overcomes these thresholds. Applying catalysts and/or supply of external energy may vary sulfur's oxidation state and

6072-436: The region. Hotels and homestays, as well as establishments catering to rural- and agro-tourism , are found in the municipality. This tourist offer includes available options ranging from seasonal treks in the region to the municipal camping site and river beaches. Denis of Portugal Denis ( Latin : Dionysius , Portuguese : Dinis or Diniz , IPA: [diˈniʃ] ; 9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325), called

6160-509: The rock lapis lazuli . This reaction highlights a distinctive property of sulfur: its ability to catenate (bind to itself by formation of chains). Protonation of these polysulfide anions produces the polysulfanes , H 2 S x , where x = 2, 3, and 4. Ultimately, reduction of sulfur produces sulfide salts: The interconversion of these species is exploited in the sodium–sulfur battery . Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives hydrogen sulfide . When dissolved in water, hydrogen sulfide

6248-454: The royal domain, along with the growing importance of Lisbon as the nation's de facto capital. The preference for Lisbon as a venue of the royal court was accentuated during Denis's long reign. There was as yet no official capital of the country, but Lisbon's location, as well as its advanced urban, economic and commercial development, made the city the most viable choice for a national centre of administration. Its geographical situation between

6336-614: The royal properties became more efficient and he became richer, Denis gained fame for his wealth, even being mentioned in Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy , where he was called Dionysus Agricola, and described among those condemned by the Eagle, in the Sixth Sphere , though the exact reason for this condemnation is unknown. Nevertheless, Denis is described in contemporary chronicles as a wise and able ruler. Although most of

6424-455: The same order in the two previously known codices. King Denis was fond of hunting and in 1294 was hunting around Beja, when a bear attacked him and his horse, bringing them to the ground. It is said that he attacked the beast single-handedly and killed him with a dagger. To commemorate the incident, the king had a live bear captured and taken to his palace of Fuellas for the amusement of the gentlemen and ladies of his court. As heir-apparent to

6512-522: The start of his reign. Several years later he issued another decree forbidding them to inherit the estates of recruits to the orders. In 1288, Denis managed to persuade Pope Nicholas IV to issue a papal bull that separated the Order of Santiago in Portugal from that in Castile, to which it had been subordinate. With the extinction of the Knights Templar, he was able to transfer their assets in

6600-465: The temperature of equilibration. The δ C and δ S of coexisting carbonate minerals and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation. Scientists measure the sulfur isotopes of minerals in rocks and sediments to study the redox conditions in past oceans. Sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine sediment fractionate sulfur isotopes as they take in sulfate and produce sulfide . Prior to

6688-516: The term " fire-and-brimstone " sermons , in which listeners are reminded of the fate of eternal damnation that await the unbelieving and unrepentant. It is from this part of the Bible that Hell is implied to "smell of sulfur" (likely due to its association with volcanic activity). According to the Ebers Papyrus , a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. Sulfur

6776-474: The throne, Denis was summoned by his father Afonso III to share governmental responsibilities. The country was again in conflict with the Catholic Church at the time, Afonso having been excommunicated in 1277, and only being absolved in 1279 when he acceded to Rome's demands on his deathbed. Consequently, the church was favorably inclined to reach an agreement with the new monarch upon his accession to

6864-463: The throne. In 1284, however, Denis emulated the example of his grandfather and father, and launched a new series of inquiries to investigate the expropriation of royal property; this was to the detriment of the church. The next year he took further steps against ecclesiastical power when he promulgated amortisation laws. These prohibited the church and religious orders from buying lands, and required that they sell or forfeit any they had purchased since

6952-463: The translation of many literary works into Galician-Portuguese (Portuguese had not yet fully evolved into a distinct language), among them the works attributed to his grandfather Alfonso X. He patronised troubadours , and wrote lyric poetry in the troubadour tradition himself. His best-known work is the Cantigas de Amigo , a collection of love songs as well as satirical songs, which contributed to

7040-422: The way he dealt with his legitimate son and rightful heir, Afonso (never his favourite), and his wife, Elizabeth, to whom he turned over the children born of his infidelities, leaving her the responsibility of their care and education. An inescapable figure in the history of the Iberian Peninsula in the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries, Denis was first called "father of his country" ( Pai da Pátria ) by

7128-419: The β-S 8 molecules. Between its melting and boiling temperatures, octasulfur changes its allotrope again, turning from β-octasulfur to γ-sulfur, again accompanied by a lower density but increased viscosity due to the formation of polymers . At higher temperatures, the viscosity decreases as depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur assumes a dark red color above 200 °C (392 °F). The density of sulfur

7216-422: Was 61 and died at age 63. He apparently enjoyed excellent health throughout his life, as he traveled frequently, got involved in wars from an early age and at age 60 still hunted. He died with complete dentition, a rarity for the time, something that even today continues to be fairly unusual. A distinctive feature of his physiognomy revealed by examination of the body was that his hair and beard were auburn. This

7304-631: Was accidentally discovered to exist on Mars after the Curiosity rover drove over and crushed a rock, revealing sulfur crystals inside it. Sulfur is the fifth most common element by mass in the Earth. Elemental sulfur can be found near hot springs and volcanic regions in many parts of the world, especially along the Pacific Ring of Fire ; such volcanic deposits are mined in Indonesia, Chile, and Japan. These deposits are polycrystalline, with

7392-581: Was buried in the Monastery of Saint Denis in Odivelas , near Lisbon. Afonso then became king, whereupon he exiled his rival to Castile , and stripped him of all the lands and fiefdoms bestowed by their father. From Castile, Afonso Sanches orchestrated a series of attempts to usurp the crown. After he failed several times to mount an invasion of Portugal, the brothers signed a peace treaty, arranged by Afonso IV's mother Queen Elizabeth . Bearing in mind

7480-552: Was determined by the Sun. Though it was assumed that the distribution of different sulfur isotopes would be more or less equal, it has been found that proportions of the two most abundant sulfur isotopes S and S varies in different samples. Assaying of the isotope ratio ( δ S ) in the samples suggests their chemical history, and with support of other methods, it allows to age-date the samples, estimate temperature of equilibrium between ore and water, determine pH and oxygen fugacity , identify

7568-400: Was known in ancient times, being mentioned for its uses in ancient India , ancient Greece , China , and ancient Egypt . Historically and in literature sulfur is also called brimstone , which means "burning stone". Almost all elemental sulfur is produced as a byproduct of removing sulfur-containing contaminants from natural gas and petroleum . The greatest commercial use of the element

7656-401: Was the rightful heir to the Portuguese throne. However, he was not Denis' favourite son, the old king preferring Afonso Sanches, his illegitimate son by Aldonça Rodrigues Talha. The notorious rivalry between the half brothers led to civil war several times. Elizabeth would serve as intermediary between her husband and Afonso during the civil war of 1322–1324. Infante Afonso greatly resented

7744-640: Was used for fumigation in preclassical Greece ; this is mentioned in the Odyssey . Pliny the Elder discusses sulfur in book 35 of his Natural History , saying that its best-known source is the island of Melos . He mentions its use for fumigation, medicine, and bleaching cloth. A natural form of sulfur known as shiliuhuang ( 石硫黄 ) was known in China since the 6th century BC and found in Hanzhong . By

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