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52-594: It began as a villa for the Pamphili family and when the line died out in the eighteenth century, it passed to Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria, and has been known as the Villa Doria Pamphili since. The nucleus of the villa property, the Villa Vecchia or ‘old villa’, already existed before 1630, when it was bought by Pamfilio Pamfili, who had married the heiress Olimpia Maidalchini , to enjoy as

104-538: A blood vessel near the heart. He was laid to rest on 8 February 1769 in the Vatican but his remains were transferred on 27 September 1774 to a monument in the Vatican that had been sculpted by Antonio Canova at the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of the late pontiff. He was described in the Annual Register for 1758 as "the honestest man in the world; a most exemplary ecclesiastic; of

156-657: A papal bull Quantum ornamenti , which approved the request of King Charles III of Spain to invoke the Immaculate Conception as the Patroness of Spain, along with its eastern and western territories, while continuing to recognize Saint James the Greater as co-patron. In France, the Parlement of Paris , with its strong upper bourgeois background and Jansenist sympathies, began its campaign to expel

208-855: A "gift for the Pope." In 1760, Pombal sent the papal nuncio home and recalled the Portuguese ambassador from the Vatican. The pamphlet titled the Brief Relation, which claimed the Jesuits had created their own sovereign independent kingdom in South America and tyrannised the Native Americans , all in the interest of an insatiable ambition and avarice, did damage to the Jesuit cause as well. On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII issued

260-615: A cardinal in his first consistory and later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope Clement XIV —as a cardinal. The pope approved the cultus for several individuals: Andrew of Montereale and Vincent Kadlubek on 18 February 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi on 7 March 1761, Anthony Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Agostino Novello in 1759, Elizabeth of Reute on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi on 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix of Este

312-417: A central casino (a house in the original meaning of the term) with wings, but only the central block was built. There is uncertainty as to who the architect was; Algardi was not an architect, and it may be that he had help from Carlo Rainaldi and that the construction was supervised by Grimaldi. The layout has a central circular room around which the other rooms were arranged. Construction began in 1645 and

364-746: A niece of Pope Innocent X. On the orders of Innocent X, Castro was razed on 2 September 1649 by troops of the Papal Army and never rebuilt. Palazzo Pamphilj , by the architects Girolamo Rainaldi and Francesco Borromini, is located in the heart of Rione Parione , south of the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone in Piazza Navona , the Pamphili neighborhood of Rome, named for this reason Isola de' Pamphili . From 1652, on Saturdays and Sundays in August,

416-586: A nostalgic antiquity. The 18th-century English landscape gardens such as Stowe and Stourhead that were the inspiration for this style aimed to bring to life the Italian landscapes with Roman ruins painted by Claude and Poussin . A notable difference is that at the Villa Doria Pamphili's giardino inglese the Roman remains are likely to be genuine. The site of the villa contained several Roman tombs that yielded vases, sarcophagi and inscriptions that were added to

468-516: A peace accord was signed between the papal families and the dukes. Pope Innocent X was elected to replace him. Innocent set about investigating some of the finances related to the conflict which had been administered by the Barberini. A number of Barberini family members were forced into exile but were later reconciled with the papacy and the Pamphili through the marriage of Maffeo Barberini (son of exiled Taddeo Barberini ) and Olimpia Giustiniani ,

520-421: A possible 44, one more than the required amount. He selected the pontifical name of "Clement XIII" in honor of Pope Clement XII , who had elevated him to the cardinalate. Rezzonico was crowned as pontiff on 16 July 1758 by the protodeacon , Cardinal Alessandro Albani . Notwithstanding the meekness and affability of his upright and moderate character, he was modest to a fault (he had the classical sculptures in

572-664: A royal order permitting the Society to remain in France, with the proviso that certain essentially liberalising changes in their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent of the general in Rome. When the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 suppressed the Jesuits in France and imposed untenable conditions on any who remained in the country, Clement XIII protested against this invasion of

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624-417: A small cascade that let into a short length of formal canal, which was intended to remind the viewer of the similar "Canopus" at Hadrian's Villa — another programmatic connection of the Pamphili with Antiquity. Girolamo Pamphili died in 1760 without male heirs. The resulting disputes between possible heirs were settled in 1763. when Pope Clement XIII Rezzonico granted to Prince Giovanni Andrea IV Doria

676-466: A suburban villa. Thereafter he set about buying up neighbouring vineyards to accumulate a much larger holding, which was often known as the Bel Respiro or 'beautiful breath' as it stood on high ground, above the malarial areas of Rome, and offered spectacular views which were a desirable feature of Baroque villa settings. In 1644 Cardinal Giambattista Pamphili became elected to the papacy and took

728-474: Is set into the hill slope such that the main entrance on the north side is at a level above the giardino segreto or ‘secret garden’ enclosure on its south side, a parterre garden with low clipped hedges. The gardens on the sloping site were laid out from around 1650 by Innocent's nephew, Camillo Pamphili , formalizing the slope as a sequence from the parterres that flank the Casino, to a lower level below, framed by

780-602: The Encyclopédie of D'Alembert and Diderot on the Index , but this index was not as effective as it had been in the previous century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain , Naples & Sicily , and Portugal . In 1758 the reforming minister of Joseph I of Portugal (1750–77), the Marquis of Pombal , expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia , as

832-794: The Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles . In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano . He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 December 1731 in Rome. Pope Clement XII appointed him to the cardinalate in 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere . He also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia . Rezzonico

884-640: The Society of Jesus but despite this, he championed their order and also proved to be their greatest defender at that time. He was also one of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism with the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Low Countries . These efforts ultimately bore little fruit. Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico

936-629: The Villa Medici or the Casina Pio IV , and rather more Mannerist than Baroque . It offered a foretaste of the richly stuccoed and frescoed interiors, where the iconographic program set out to establish the antiquity of the Pamphili, a family then somewhat parvenu in Rome, with origins in Gubbio . Inside, Algardi provided further bas-reliefs and stucco framing for the heroic frescoes drawn from Roman history painted by Grimaldi. The casino

988-505: The boschi or formalized woodlands that rose above clipped hedges , and eventually arriving at a rusticated grotto in the form of an exedra , from which sculptured figures emerge from the rockwork. The exedra, now grassed, formerly enframed a 'Fountain of Venus' by Algardi, which is preserved in the Villa Vecchia , together with Algardi's bas-reliefs of putti representing Love and the Arts that were formerly here. The fountain spilled into

1040-608: The Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to become the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755. Pope Benedict XIV died of gout in 1758 and the College of Cardinals gathered at the papal conclave in order to elect a successor. Direct negotiations between the rival factions resulted in the proposal for the election of Rezzonico. On the evening of 6 July 1758, Rezzonico received 31 votes out of

1092-568: The Church's rights and annulled the arrêts . Louis XV's ministers could not permit such an abrogation of French law, and the King finally expelled the Jesuits in November 1764. Clement XIII warmly espoused the Jesuit order in a papal bull Apostolicum pascendi , 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: by 1768

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1144-504: The Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768, and Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761. Clement XIII canonized four saints in his pontificate: Jerome Emiliani , Joseph Calasanz , Joseph of Cupertino , and Seraphin of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767. Clement XIII died during the night of 2 February 1769 in Rome. He had participated in the solemnities to mark the Feast of

1196-654: The Four Winds’, which has ever since provided the major access to the Villa's grounds. The Corsini casina near it, called the Palazzino Corsini , was not harmed. Today it is used for temporary art exhibitions. Around 1929 it was suggested that the Villa Doria Pamphili could be annexed to the new state of Vatican through the Lateran Treaty , but this proposal was not adopted in the final version of

1248-549: The Jesuits from France in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts from Jesuit writings, the Extrait des assertions , provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were made to look worse than they were through judicious omission of context). Though a congregation of bishops assembled at Paris in December 1761 recommended no action, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated

1300-626: The Jesuits had been expelled from France, Naples & Sicily and Parma . In Spain, they appeared to be safe, but Charles III (1759–88), aware of the drawn-out contentions in Bourbon France, decided on a more peremptory efficiency. During the night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses of Spain were suddenly surrounded, the inhabitants arrested, shipped to the ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled onto ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to Clement XIII promised that his allowance of 100 piastres each year would be withdrawn for

1352-477: The Napoleonic era, more sweeping changes were made. The parterres that were formal extensions of the casino were retained but replanted with the patterned planting of colourful carpet bedding supplied from greenhouses by the old villa. (Today the parterres have been replanted in 16th-century style, with panels of scrolling designs in close-clipped greens set in wide gravel walks.) In the sloping outer gardens

1404-399: The Pamphili bought property ( palazzi or "palaces" and other estates) and created self-styled principalities . Family members regularly had princely titles bestowed upon them by family patriarchs or matriarchs. Olimpia Maidalchini received the honorific title of Princess of San Martino , effectively turning the small enclave of San Martino into a principality in its own right. After he left

1456-563: The Pamphili collection. During the defense of the short-lived Roman Republic in 1849–1850, Garibaldi hastily fortified three of the villas on the outskirts of Rome. The Villa Doria Pamphili lay near the scene of some of the fiercest hand-to-hand combat by the Porta San Pancrazio, as students joined Garibaldi's legions to defend Rome from the French troops that were eventually successful in reinstalling Pope Pius IX . In

1508-533: The Purification of Mary , and was noted to have participated with much fervor that would indicate good health. After lunch, he had a series of audiences, though did not leave the palace due to the exceptionally cold weather that had marred that week. He later received his nephew in an audience and then met with the Cardinal Secretary of State before he would dine with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico,

1560-529: The Treaty. New constructions extended and altered the Villa Vecchia which was given a Romanesque styled façade that is not wholly successful. For the first time, Medieval sculptures were added to the Doria-Pamphili collection of Classical antiquities. At the turn of the 20th century, Art Nouveau interiors were added by Prince Doria Pamphili. The Casino del Bel Respiro , long secluded from public use,

1612-515: The Vatican provided with mass-produced fig leaves ) and generous with his extensive private fortune. He also permitted vernacular translations of the Bible in Catholic countries. Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly disturbed by disputes respecting the pressures to suppress the Jesuits coming from the progressive Enlightenment circles of the philosophes in France. Clement XIII placed

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1664-797: The cardinalate to marry, Camillo Pamphili was given the titles of Prince of San Martino and Prince of Valmontone (he bought the Valmontone comune in 1634 from the Barberini family). Pamphili family tree from 1574 to 1760: Between 1639 and 1649, the Pamphili fought the Wars of Castro alongside the Barberini against the Farnese dukes of Parma who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories. The conflict raged first under Barberini Pope Urban VIII and later under Pamphili Pope Innocent X . Pope Urban VIII died in 1644 only two months after

1716-490: The changes were more extensive, recasting them in the naturalistic manner of English landscape gardens. The grounds, filled with many surprise features and picturesque incidents, swept down to a small lake at the bottom, which already had an air of atmospheric maturity when it was painted in the 1830s by Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps. In the wooded, natural-appearing landscapes with clumps of characteristic umbrella-like stone pines along horizons stand statues and vases, which evoke

1768-409: The course of the French bombardment, the prominently-sited neighboring Villa Corsini —called dei Quattro Venti for its airy perch— was destroyed. In the aftermath prince Doria-Pamphili bought the extensive Corsini grounds, almost doubling the Villa Doria Pamphili's already extensive grounds, and erected on the former villa's site the monumental commemorative arch, also known as the ‘Arch of

1820-477: The election of Giovanni Battista Pamphili as Pope Innocent X , who reigned from 1644–1655. Like the reign of his predecessor Pope Urban VIII (of the equally papal Barberini family), Innocent X's rule was littered with examples of nepotism . Members of the Pamphili family did exceptionally well from the Innocent X papacy. The following family members were created cardinals: Like other Italian noble families,

1872-620: The extended villa grounds are divided by a road built for the Olympic games of 1960 as part of the "Via Olimpica", linking E.U.R. with the Olympic Stadium: the road runs partly in a narrow defile . In celebration of the Jubilee Year of 2000 , a curved and arching pedestrian bridge designed by MdAA and built by Ove Arup Group was built to join the two sections more amenably. Pamphili The House of Pamphili (often with

1924-657: The final long i orthography, Pamphilj ) was one of the papal families deeply entrenched in Catholic Church , Roman and Italian politics of the 16th and 17th centuries. Later, the Pamphili family line merged with the Doria and Landi family lines to form the Doria-Pamphili-Landi family line. The Pamphili surname originated in Gubbio and went to Rome under the pontificate of Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). The peak of Pamphili power came with

1976-464: The long-term residence in Rome of the Catholic House of Stuart . When James Francis Edward Stuart aka James III died in 1766, Clement refused to recognise his son Charles Edward Stuart as Charles III, despite the objections of his brother Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart . Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals in seven consistories in his pontificate. The pope created his nephew Carlo as

2028-502: The name of Innocent X . In accordance with this change in status, the Pamphili aspired to a grander and more expansively sited new villa. Early designs were made, possibly by Virgilio Spada rather than the traditional attribution to Borromini , but these were rejected. Instead the project was placed in the hands of the Bolognese sculptor Alessandro Algardi in 1644, assisted by Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi . The initial design had

2080-431: The older Vecchia Vigna . As a show case for sculpture, the somewhat crowded Casino facades have rhythmically alternating windows with niches which were elaborately adorned with sculptures, both antique and modern, with busts in hollowed roundels, with panels of bas-reliefs , and reliefs. The exterior containing statues gives a rich allure that was architecturally somewhat conservative for its date, looking back towards

2132-473: The palace and the main church were rebuilt and decorated by important baroque artists, like the architect Mattia de Rossi (who rose to prominence under the mentorship of Bernini ), and the painters Pier Francesco Mola , Gaspard Dughet , Guglielmo Cortese , Francesco Cozza and Mattia Preti . Another building in central Rome is the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj , which houses the gallery of

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2184-580: The piazza was turned into a lake to celebrate the Pamphili family, a festival that was suppressed in 1866. Today, the palace functions as the Brazilian Embassy in Rome. The tomb of Innocent X is located in Sant'Agnese. In 1634 the Pamphilj bought the baronial palace in Valmontone , a town near Palestrina , outside ( Rome ): Camillo Pamphili was determined to create a sort of new “ideal city”, so

2236-468: The policy of the Parmese government. The question of the investiture of Parma (technically a Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles. The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon , Benevento and Pontecorvo , and united in a peremptory demand for the total suppression of the Jesuits (January 1769). Driven to extremes, Clement XIII consented to call a consistory to consider

2288-430: The right to take the surname, the arms and the vast properties of the Pamphili. The Prince's claim was based on the marriage between Giovanni Andrea III Doria and Anna Pamphili. Since then, the villa has been known as the Villa Doria Pamphili. Throughout the 18th century, features were regularly added such as fountains and gateways by Gabriele Valvassori and other architects retained by the Pamphili and their heirs. After

2340-537: The same name. Pope Clement XIII Pope Clement XIII ( Latin : Clemens XIII ; Italian : Clemente XIII ; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death in February 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758. His pontificate was overshadowed by the constant pressure to suppress

2392-422: The senator of Rome. However, as the pope was getting ready for bed after reciting the evening prayers with his aide drawing off his stockings, he suddenly collapsed on his bed, exclaiming, "O God, O God, what pain!" The doctor, immediately summoned, tried blood-letting , but Clement XIII died quickly with blood gurgling in his mouth at around 5:15pm. It is generally believed that the pope experienced an aneurysm of

2444-475: The step, but on the very eve of the day set for its meeting he died, not without suspicion of poison, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence. Clement XIII made attempts at engaging with Protestants . This made little progress since Clement refused to compromise on doctrine with Protestants. In support of this policy, he recognised the Hanoverians as Kings of Great Britain despite

2496-492: The whole order, should any one of them venture at any time to write anything in self-defence or in criticism of the motives for the expulsion, motives that he refused to discuss, then or in the future. Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of the Bourbon Philip, Duke of Parma , who was advised by the liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot . In 1768, Clement XIII issued a strong protest ( monitorium ) against

2548-671: Was born in 1693 to a recently ennobled family of Venice , the second of two children of the man who bought the unfinished palace on the Grand Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico ) and finished its construction. His parents were Giovanni Battista della Torre Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo . Carlo received a Jesuit education in Bologna and later studied at the University of Padua where he obtained his doctorate in canon law and civil law. From there, he travelled to Rome where he attended

2600-652: Was bought by the Italian State in 1957 and used as the seat of a Ministry. Today its collection of antiquities and sculptures is open to the public as a museum. The park has an area of 1.8 km. It was bought in 1965–1971 by the City of Rome from the Doria-Pamphilii-Landi family. The park's facilities include sites for bird-watching and jogging , and it is much frequented by the inhabitants of Rome, especially on weekends. The two sections of

2652-442: Was chosen as Bishop of Padua in 1743 and he received episcopal consecration in Rome by Pope Benedict XIV himself, in the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and Cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators . Rezzonico visited his diocese on frequent occasions and reformed the way that the diocese ran, paying attention to the social needs of the diocese. He was the first to do this in five decades. He later opted to become

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2704-471: Was complete by 1647 although embellishments and the garden layouts were not finished until 1653. The casino, sometimes known as the Casino del Bel Respiro , was designed as a complement to the Pamphili collection of sculptures both ancient and modern, and other Roman antiquities such as vases, sarcophagi and inscriptions; it was only ever intended for display of the collection and the family and guests resided in

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