40-517: The Vishnukundina dynasty ( IAST : Viṣṇukuṇḍina, sometimes Viṣukuṇḍin) was an Indian dynasty that ruled over parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Odisha , and other parts of southern India between the 5th and 7th centuries. They emerged as an independent power during the reign of Madhava Varma, who conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and established their capital at Denduluru near Eluru . Their rule significantly shaped
80-568: A macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which
120-509: A century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast, the ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for
160-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have
200-541: Is a historic region located in present-day Andhra Pradesh , India spread over the Godavari and Krishna river deltas. Its capital was located at Pedavegi , near Eluru . Vengi was a prominent city in ancient and medieval Andhra for nearly seven centuries and served as the capital for several dynasties, including the Salankayanas and the Eastern Chalukyas . Vengi was part of Ashoka 's Maurya Empire in
240-649: Is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for
280-782: Is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold a modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on
320-542: Is evidence of the faith of the rulers in Vedic Hinduism and the popularity of Vedic learning with the people during this period. Some of the Vishnukundina kings were credited with authorship of several books. Vikramendra Varma I was described as Mahakavi – a great poet in a record. Further, an incomplete work on Sanskrit poetics called 'Janasraya Chando Vichiti' was attributed to Madhava Varma IV who bore
360-531: The Hindu sects of Saivism and Vaishnavism might have received equal patronage from them. The Vishnukundinas were also great patrons of learning. They established colleges for Vedic learning. Learned Brahmins were encouraged by gifts of lands and colleges were established for the propagation of Vedic studies. Indra Bhattaraka established many schools for imparting education on Vedic literature. The performance of several elaborate Vedic ceremonies by Madhava Varma
400-535: The Pallavas of Kanchipuram . After occupying these areas from the Ananda Gotrikas, Madhava Varma II made Amarapura (modern Amaravati ) his capital. Keeping in view the constant threat from the Pallavas , he created an outpost to check their activities and appointed his son, Deva Varma and after his death the grandson Madhava Varma III as its Viceroy . Madhava Varma II next turned his attention against
440-827: The Salankayana dynasty replaced the Andhra Ikshvakus and ruled over Vengi. In the late 5th century, the Salankayanas were annexed by the Vishnukundinas , who expanded their control over the region. In the early 7th century, King Pulakesin II of the Chalukyas of Badami conquered Vengi from the Vishnukundinas and installed his brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana , as the ruler of the region. This marked
SECTION 10
#1732772286501480-565: The Vakatakas they might have attained feudatory status. During the reign of Madhava Varma, they became independent and conquered coastal Andhra from the Salankayanas and established their capital at Denduluru near Eluru , West Godavari district . Some modern historians from Telangana suggest that the dynasty initially ruled from Indrapalanagara (in present day Nalgonda district of Telangana), and later shifted to Denduluru , and Amaravathi . The Vishnukundina reign might be fixed between
520-674: The Velanati Chodas , who served as vassals to the Cholas. By the early 13th century, the region was incorporated into the Kakatiya Empire . The Reddy dynasty ruled the area from 1328 until it became part of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century. The Eastern Chalukyas played a significant role in the cultural and literary history of Andhra Pradesh . They were prominent patrons of Telugu literature. From
560-542: The Vengi kingdom which was under the Salankayanas . The Vengi region was annexed. The Godavari tract became part of the Vishnukundina territory. After these conquests the capital might have been shifted to Bezwada ( Vijayawada ), a more central location than Amarapura. These extensive conquests made him the lord of Dakshinapatha (southern country). After these various conquests Madhava Varma performed many Asvamedha , Rajasuya and other Vedic sacrifices . The fortunes of
600-659: The Godavari probably to oust the Chalukyas from his territories. However, he lost his life on the battlefield. His son Manchana Bhattaraka also might have been expelled by the Chalukyas. Thus the Vishnukundina rule was brought to a close by 624. They had three important cities, Indrapalanagara, Denduluru , and Amaravati . For administrative convenience, the empire was divided into a number of Rashtras and Vishayas . Inscriptions refer to Palki Rashtra, Karma Rashtra, Guddadi Vishaya, etc. Madhava Varma III appointed members of
640-579: The Godavari. With the accession of Vikramendra Varma II (555–569), the fortunes of the Vishnukundina family were restored. To have immediate access to the Kalinga region, he shifted his capital from Bezwada to Lenduluru (modem Denduluru in the West Godavari district ). He repulsed the attack of the Pallava ruler Simhavarman. He was successful enough to restore the fortunes of the Vishnukundinas in
680-491: The Kalinga region. His son Govinda Varma II enjoyed a comparatively short period of rule (569–573). The Vishnukundina empire set about again to imperial expansion and cultural prosperity under its able ruler Janassraya Madhava Varma IV (573–621). This prudent king spent his early years of rule in consolidating his position in Vengi. The later part of his reign is marked by wars and annexations. In his 37th regnal year, he suppressed
720-725: The Madhava Varma II seem to be patrons of Hinduism . From the time of the accession of Madhava Varma II, an aggressive self-assertion of the Vedic Hinduism occurred. Elaborate Vedic ceremonies like Rajasuya , Sarvamedha , and Aswamedha were undertaken. The celebration of all these sacrifices represents the traditional spirit of the Brahmanical revival. Some of the rulers referred to themselves as 'Parama Mahesvaras'. The inscriptions refer to their family deity Sri Parvata Swami. The names of rulers like Madhava Varma and Govinda Varma show their Vaishnavite leanings. Thus both
760-462: The Virakosa was the officer-in-charge of land forces. These officers also issued grants on behalf of their monarchs. There may have been well-organized administrative machinery for the collection of land revenue. Agrahara villages enjoyed tax exemptions. Sixteen types of coins of the Vishnukundina rulers have been found by archaeologists. All the records of the Vishnukundinas and the kings prior to
800-425: The Vishnukundinas were at a low point during the reign of the next ruler Vikramendra Varma I (508–528). The next two and half decades also experienced the constant strife and dynastic struggles during the reign of Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–555). Though Indra Bhattaraka could not withstand the hostile Kalinga subordinate, Indra Varma and lost his life in battle. The Vishnukundinas lost their Kalinga possessions north of
840-563: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Vengi Vengi or Venginadu ( Telugu : వేంగి )
SECTION 20
#1732772286501880-663: The beginning of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty, which ruled for several centuries. The Eastern Chalukyas expanded their territory, extending their influence as far north as Srikakulam and as far south as Nellore . The dynasty frequently faced invasions from the Rashtrakutas and other neighboring powers. In the late 10th century, the Chola dynasty under Raja Raja Chola I invaded Vengi to support Saktivarman I, an Eastern Chalukya prince, against local rivals. Saktivarman
920-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in
960-631: The convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and the short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit
1000-620: The daughter of Prithvishena II, was given in marriage to him. By the middle of the 5th century, the dynasty rose to imperial heights. A princess of the then powerful ruling family of the Deccan the Vakatakas was given in marriage to Madhava Varma's son, Vikramendra Varma. This alliance enabled them to extend their influence to the east coast and vanquish the petty chieftains lingering on in that area. Madhava Varma II led his arms against Ananda Gotrikas who were ruling over Guntur , Tenali and Ongole , probably enjoying subordinate position under
1040-630: The emblems found on the caves and the areas being under the rule of the Vishnukundinas during this period clearly show that these were contributions of the Vishnukundinas. The big four-storeyed cave at Undavalli and the 8 cave temples in Bhairavakonda in Nellore district show however clear resemblances with the architecture of Pallava Mahendra Varman's period. Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians References Sources IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST )
1080-542: The end of the Salankayana and the rise of the Eastern Chalukyan power in 624. Some historians mention Vishnukundinas' reign was from 420 to 624, while some other historians say their reign was from the early 5th century to the 7th century. Govinda Varma I took the princely title of Maharaja and his son Madhava Varma I was the founder of the power based on grants from Sriparvata (Nagarjunakonda) and Indrapalagutta. The reign of Madhava Varma (c. 420 – c. 455). He
1120-528: The history of the Deccan region. However, their reign ended with the conquest of eastern Deccan by the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II , who appointed his brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana , as viceroy. Vishnuvardhana later declared independence, founding the Eastern Chalukya dynasty. The dynasty is usually referred to as the Viṣṇukuṇḍins, but the question was reviewed by S. Sankaranarayanan who closely examined
1160-609: The mid-3rd century BCE. Following the decline of the Mauryas, the region came under the control of the Satavahana dynasty , who ruled for nearly four centuries. The Satavahanas, established by Simuka , extended their domain to include areas as far as Magadha and Bengal at their zenith. After the fall of the Satavahanas, the region was governed by successive dynasties such as the Pallavas and Andhra Ikshvakus . By 300 CE,
1200-700: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for
1240-417: The philogical evidence and concluded that Vishṇukuṇḍi was the gramattically correct form of the name. Although this is technically correct, historians continue to use Viṣukuṇḍin because it is well established in the literature, having been used by K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Dineshchandra Sircar . The early rulers of the dynasty migrated from eastern Deccan to the west Deccan in search of employment and under
Vishnukundina dynasty - Misplaced Pages Continue
1280-599: The reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than
1320-759: The revolt of his subordinate chief the Durjaya Pruthvi Maharaja in Guddadivishya (modern Ramachandrapuram in the East Godavari district). Madhava Varma IV had to face the Chalukyan onslaught in his last years of rule. By about 616, Pulakeshin II and his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana conquered Vengi from the Vishnukundinas and the Pithapuram area from their subordinate Durjayas. In 621 in his 48th regnal year, Madhava crossed
1360-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in
1400-486: The romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called
1440-421: The royal family as Viceroys for various areas of the kingdom. The king was the highest court of appeal in the administrator of justice. The Vishnukundina rulers established various kinds of punishments for various crimes. They were known for their impartial judgment and high sense of justice. Their army consisted of traditional fourfold divisions: The Hastikosa was the officer-in-charge of elephant forces and
1480-500: The title of 'Janasraya'. Sanskrit enjoyed royal patronage. Being great devotees of Siva , the Vishnukundinas seem to have been responsible for the construction of a number of cave temples dedicated to Siva. The cave structures at Bezwada ( Vijayawada ), Mogalrajapuram, Undavalli caves , and Bhairavakonda were dated to this period. Though some of these cave temples were attributed to the Pallava Mahendra Varman I,
1520-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in
1560-474: Was restored to the throne in 1002 CE under the overlordship of the Cholas. Subsequent marital alliances between the Cholas and the Eastern Chalukyas solidified their relationship, allowing the Cholas to absorb Vengi into their empire during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I . Vengi remained under Chola control until the 12th century. Following the decline of the Cholas, Vengi came under the control of
1600-428: Was the founder of the Vishnukundina power. Madhava Varma II was the most powerful ruler of Vishnukundina dynasty. The reign of Madhava Varma II ( c. 440 – c. 460 ) was a golden age in the history of the Vishnukundinas. The Vishnukundina dynasty reached its greatest territorial extent under Madhava Varma II. He defeated Prithvishena II, the powerful ruler of Vakataka dynasty . Vakataka Mahadevi,
#500499