61-641: Nellore is a city located on the banks of Penna River , in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh , India. It serves as the headquarters of the district, as well as Nellore mandal and Nellore revenue division . It is the fourth most populous city in the state. It is at a distance of 279 kilometres (173 mi) from Vijayawada , 660 kilometres (410 mi) from Visakhapatnam , 455 kilometres (283 mi) from Hyderabad and about 170 km (110 mi) north of Chennai , Tamil Nadu and also about 380 km (240 mi) east-northeast of Bangalore , Karnataka. It
122-606: A drainage basin covering 55,213 km : 6,937 km in Karnataka and 48,276 km in Andhra Pradesh. Along with this main stream there is another stream south towards Tamilnadu with the name Then Pennai or south Pennar which further moves towards the east to empty into the Bay of Bengal . The Penna river basin lies in the rain shadow region of Eastern Ghats and receives 500 mm average rainfall annually. Since
183-547: A deep-water port. Buckingham Canal , a navigable man-made waterway that runs just behind the coast, allows small boats from the Penna to get to Chennai in the south and the Krishna River delta to the north. As of November 2015, Krishnapatnam Port is a major port situated at a distance of 24 km from Nellore city. Krishnapatnam is able to manage large ships with load capacities of 1,50,000 tonnes . It has become one of
244-428: A dry tropical monsoon climate. The upper basin of the Penna is semi-arid , with summer temperatures of 25–45 °C and winter temperatures of 18–35 °C. Most of the rainfall is provided by the moisture-bearing southwest monsoon, which provides rain to most of India between June and September. The Penna basin lies in the rain shadow of the high Western Ghats ranges, which prevents much moisture from reaching
305-634: A separate Andhra state would be formed. On 1 October 1953, the Telugu speaking Andhra State was established with its capital in Kurnool . Later, the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State, called Telangana was merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad became the capital city which was formed on 1 November 1956. The house where Potti Sreeramulu died is 126 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chennai; it has been preserved as
366-469: A year." Between 1923 and 1944, he worked for the widespread adoption of charkha textile-spinning in Nellore district . He was known for taking food provided by all households, regardless of caste or creed. He undertook three fasts, during 1946–1948, in support of Dalit (a heterogenous group of oppressed castes then referred to by Gandhi and his supporters by the contentious, though well intentioned, term Harijan ) rights to enter holy places, such as
427-518: Is 550 mm/year in Anantapur , and 900 mm/year in Nellore. The Penna basin suffered from a prolonged drought in the 1990s, which caused much misery among the regions farmers and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema . The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest , thorn forest, and xeric shrublands . Most of
488-618: Is a river of southern India . This is a unique river in world where after originating from Nandi hills, it flows as two different streams, one in North and South directions. The Penna rises in the Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapur District of Karnataka state, and runs north and east through the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh to empty into bay of bengal in Andhra Pradesh. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, with
549-664: Is also in Nellore. Nellore Municipal Corporation was constituted as a municipality on 1 November 1866 by the Madras District Municipality Act. It was upgraded to corporation on 18 October 2004 and has a jurisdictional area of 150.48 km (58.10 sq mi) with 54 wards. In 2013, fifteen gram panchayats namely, Allipuram, Ambhapuram, Buja Buja Nellore, Chinthareddypalem, Gudupallipadu, Gundlapalem, Kallurupalli, Kanaparthypadu, Kodurupadu, Narayanareddypeta, Navalakulathota, Nellore Bit-I (Kothuru), Peddacherukuru, Pottipalem, Vavilatepadhu were merged into
610-461: Is classified as an A grade and Adarsh station in the Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone . The city also has three small railway stations namely, Nellore South , Vedayapalem . and Padugupadu railway station The Southern Railway operates MEMUs regularly for commuting between Nellore and Chennai Central . There is also a proposal to build a no frills airport for
671-560: Is imparted by government, aided, and private schools of the School Education Department of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu . Vikrama Simhapuri University is located in Nellore City which offers multiple graduation and post graduation courses to students. Apart from it, The south headquarters of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM)
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#1732772277242732-572: Is imported to the basin. The monsoon flood waters of Krishna river during South West Monsoon months can be transferred for direct use in Penna basin without the need for water storage. The Penna basin water apportionment is governed by colonial time water sharing agreement in the year 1892 and the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956. However the future development of Penna basin depends on Interstate water sharing agreements of Krishna river. Tungabhadra Dam which
793-486: Is located in Karnataka and a joint project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, is the only gate way to transfer water from Krishna river to the uplands of Penna basin up to 600 m MSL. The low lands of Penna basin can be supplied with Krishna river from the Srisailam dam up to 250 m MSL. The outcome of ongoing Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal – II is very crucial for the future of Penna river basin. This river known
854-496: Is nearly 6.316 billion cubic meters. All the water sources in the river basin are fully harnessed by constructing nearly 5 billion cubic meters capacity water storage reservoirs. Ground water is also extensively harnessed in the river basin beyond the long term sustainability. The predominant rain fall is during North East Monsoon season whereas it is in South West monsoon in the adjoining Krishna river basin. This basin
915-434: Is north pinakni 14°34′46″N 80°11′44″E / 14.57944°N 80.19556°E / 14.57944; 80.19556 Potti Sriramulu Potti Sreeramulu ( IAST : Poṭṭi Śreerāmulu; 16 March 1901 – 15 December 1952) was an Indian freedom fighter known for his pivotal role in the creation of Andhra State . Revered as " Amarajeevi " ("Immortal Being"), he is remembered for his commitment to social justice and
976-477: Is situated geographically at lower elevation compared to the surrounding Krishna river basin. This feature facilitates water transfer from the adjoining Krishna basin. Water can be transferred from the adjoining Krishna basin into Penna basin up to 600 m MSL elevation with moderate water pumping (less than 100 m head). The river basin has extensive rain fed agriculture lands and good water storage sites for its all around development provided Krishna river water
1037-618: Is subject both to droughts and to floods based on the seasons. Nellore has been ranked 18th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India. As of the 2011 census , Nellore city had a population of 505,258. The average literacy rate stands at 83.59% (male 87.53%; female 79.52%) with 387,192 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 73.00%. The expanded city population, post-merger of 15 gram panchayats into Nellore Municipal Corporation stands at 631,791 The primary and secondary school education
1098-536: Is the administrative headquarters of Nellore District . There are various theories linked to the origin of the name Nellore. According to a mythological story from the Sthala Purana , the name is connected to a sacred lingam in the form of a stone found beneath a Phyllanthus emblica tree, also known as the nelli tree ( nelli , meaning 'emblica tree' in Proto-Dravidian and Telugu). The presence of
1159-488: Is the present MLA of Nellore City assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party . Kotamreddy Sridhar Reddy is the present MLA of Nellore Rural assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party . The residents of the city are generally referred as Nelloreans . The Rottela Panduga ( Roti festival) is an annual urs event celebrated at the Bara Shaheed Dargah (shrine of twelve martyrs) on
1220-468: Is very popular in Andhra Pradesh and in Raayala Seema in particular, it is a topic of study in graduation course Telugu language paper . Ramakrishna Reddy's "penneti kathalu" represented the tragic and cultural life of the people of Penna valley. These stories are credited to be the best of their kind with the accent of local language presented effectively. The average annual water yield in river
1281-491: The Chola rulers ruled Nellore for a long period of time. The Cholas met their decline in the 13th century CE. Tamil inscriptions indicate that it formed part of Chola kingdom till their decline in the thirteenth century CE. It later became a part of Kakatiyas , Vijayanagara Empire , Sultanate of Golconda , Mughal Empire and Arcot Nawab . In 1758 Marathas under the command of Balwant Rao Captured Nellore from Nazibulla. In
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#17327722772421342-745: The Gandikota at 336 km from its source. The Chitravati rises near the Chikballapur town in the Chikballapur district of Karnataka and traverses 218 km in northeast direction in Kolar, Anantapur and Cuddapah districts before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Penna river forces through Gandikota gorge and flows east through a gap in the Eastern Ghats to go to the plains of Coastal Andhra . The rivers Papagni and Kunderu meets
1403-579: The Great Indian Peninsular Railway , Bombay. In 1929, Sreeramulu lost both his wife and his newborn child. Two years later, he resigned from his job and joined Gandhi's Sabarmati Ashram to serve the struggle for Indian Independence. Sreeramulu took part in the Indian Independence Movement and was imprisoned for participating in the 1930 Salt Satyagraha . Between 1941 and 1942, he participated in
1464-540: The Lawyer Weekly newspaper are based out of Nellore. In addition, Eenadu , Vaartha AndhraJyothy and Sakshi newspapers are also printing local editions in Nellore. Local transport in the city include, two, three and four wheelers. Of these, privately operated auto rickshaws numbered around 6,000 in 2017, dominating most parts of the city for local commuting. Nellore bus station of the city operates district and long-distance services. Nellore railway station
1525-562: The Madras Presidency . His death during the protest sparked widespread riots and public outcry, prompting Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to announce the formation of Andhra State. This movement set a precedent for the reorganization of states along linguistic lines in India. Sreeramulu's legacy is commemorated in Andhra Pradesh and beyond as a symbol of sacrifice and dedication to regional and social causes. Sriramulu
1586-547: The Telugu people in Madras Presidency , and to preserve the culture of Andhra people, he attempted to force the government to listen to public demands for the separation of the Andhra region from the Madras Presidency , based on linguistic lines and with Madras as its capital. He went on a lengthy fast, stopping when Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru promised to support creation of Andhra State. Despite this concession, little progress
1647-553: The south-west monsoon . Rainfall in Nellore occurs between the months of October and December due to the north-east monsoon . This period gives about 60 percent of the city's annual rainfall. Cyclones are common in the city during this period, causing floods and havoc. The maximum temperature is 36 to 46 °C (97 to 115 °F) during summer and the minimum temperature is 23 to 25 °C (73 to 77 °F) during winter. The rainfall ranges from 700 to 1,000 mm (28 to 39 in) through South West and North East Monsoons. Nellore
1708-766: The 18th century, Nellore was taken over by the British from the Arcot Nawabs and was part of the Madras Presidency of British India . The first account was produced by John Boswell in 1873 as collector. This report by the British Includes Climate, agriculture, health statistics as well important taxation information. Social structure including important families of Nellore from the 1800s. These included Venketagiri Raja, kalhastri Rajah, The Chundi Zamindhar, The Mutiyalpad Zamindhar, Sayidapur Zamindhar, Jupalli Zamindhars of Udayagiri, Udayagiri Jaghirediar,
1769-534: The Penna basin. The upper watershed of the Penna includes Cuddapah District , central and eastern Anantapur District , the southern part of Kurnool District , northwestern Chittoor District . The estuary of the Penna river extends 7 km upstream from the Bay of Bengal. Tidal influence and salt water extends further upstream during the November to June dry season. Coastal dunes as high as 7 meters form around
1830-619: The Penna near Kamalapuram . The Papagni river rises near Sidlaghatta town in Kolar district of Karnataka and traverses 205 km before joining the Penna on the right bank. The Kunderu river rises in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and travels 205 km before joining the Penna on the left bank. The Penna river continues in southeastern direction and cuts across the Nallamala hills. The river meets sagileru and turns east. The Sagileru rises in Prakasam district and flows south to meet
1891-763: The Penna river on the left bank. The Penna flows almost northwards for the next 146 km from the confluence of Jayamangali. After traversing 67 km in Anantapur district, the Penna reenters Karnataka at Pavagada Taluk in Tumkur district at 115 km from its source. After traversing 13 km in Tumkur district again, it reenters Andhra Pradesh in Kalyandurg Taluk in Anantapur district at 128 km from its source. The Penna turns east at Penna Ahobilam and flows through Marutla and Katrimala forest reserves and near towns like Tadipatri . The Penna gains
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1952-467: The Penna river. It finally joins the Bay of Bengal at 14°35′N 80°08′E / 14.58°N 80.14°E / 14.58; 80.14 near Utukuru at 597 km from its source. The watershed of the Penna and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau , including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka . The Kolar Plateau forms
2013-564: The Penna. The Penna river meets Cheyyeru at Boyanapalli and Gundlamada near the Sidhout on the right bank. The Cheyyeru river is formed by the confluence of the rivers Bahuda and Puncha that originate in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. The two streams join at Rayavaram and flows towards north for 87 km before joining the Penna. The Penna emerges from Velikonda Range in Eastern Ghats at 467 km from its source and enters
2074-562: The Vazella Zamidhars of Gudur, Zamindhars of Ongole, Turrawar Poligar, Tadeboyina Polighar, The Chettiars Polighar, The Udathawar Polighar, The Gangulawar Poighar and Buchireddypalem Family. These families under the British Raj were responsible for the villages and lands in their possession. The British recognized the importance of Nellore in cultivation as well as important port of Krishnapatam. The city had an important role in
2135-479: The banks of Swarnala Cheruvu. The event got its name after the practice of exchanging flat breads and attracts visitors from all religious backgrounds every year and from all over the country and also from foreign countries. Chepala Pulusu (fish curry) is a non-vegetarian recipe of the Nellore district, prepared from Korramennu . Malai Kaja Nellore Famous Sweet is a local sweet made from maida , milk and sugar . Zaminryot newspaper, established in 1930, and
2196-454: The bow of Nandhiswara, the presiding deity of the Nandi hills at the origin of the river. The Penna river has several sources and mouths. The main stream starts in Nandi Hills in of Karnataka , flowing for 597 km to the north and east through several mountains and plains, draining into the Bay of Bengal in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh . The river is seasonal, its main source of
2257-443: The city. The city has a total road length of 1,189.95 km (739.40 mi). The proposed Outer Ring Road, existing arterial and internal roads helps reduce traffic congestion. The city is connected with major National highways such as, National Highway 16 , a part of Asian Highway 45 and Golden Quadrilateral , bypasses the city. Penna River Penna (also known as Pinakini , Penneru , Penner , Pennar , Pennai )
2318-425: The deepest port of India with 18 meters of draft. Telugu literature has flourished in the Penna basin which produced several well-known authors and poets like Kavibrahma Tikkana Somayajulu , Tallapaka Annamacharya, Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy, Yogi Vemana, Molla , Rallapalli Anantha Krishna Sharma , Vidvan Vishvam, and C. Ramakrishna Reddy. Vidhwan Viswam's penneti paata which means "a song of River Penna"
2379-570: The divide between the Penna watershed and those of the Kaveri , Ponnaiyar , and Palar rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern portion of the plateau , which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka . The Krishna River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penna's watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of
2440-589: The dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood , replaced by thorny scrub forest . The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous , dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets. The small boat port of Krishnapatnam used to lie on Upputeru creek, and has now been developed into
2501-562: The emergence of the Telugu language and the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Potti Sriramulu , who fasted until death for the formation of Andhra Pradesh, hailed from Nellore. Nellore is located at 14°26′N 79°59′E / 14.44°N 79.98°E / 14.44; 79.98 . It has an average elevation of 18 metres (59 ft). The climate of Nellore city can be placed under Tropical Savanna climate category according to Köppen climate classification which has hot and humid summers and warm winters. April and May are
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2562-561: The entreaties of supporters who stated that retention of Madras was a futile cause. Despite the Andhra Congress committee's disavowal of the fast, this action captured the public attention. Despite strikes and demonstrations by the Andhra people, the government made no clear statement regarding the formation of the new state, and Sreeramulu died during the night of 15 December 1952. Only one person before him in modern Indian history, Jatindra Nath Das , actually fasted to death; all
2623-457: The hottest months and the hot conditions generally last until the end of the June. December, January and February are the coolest months. As the Bay of Bengal is at a distance of 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the city, the sea breeze renders the climate of the city moderate both in winter and in summer. Humidity level in the city is high due to its proximity to the coast. Nellore does not receive
2684-768: The individual satyagraha and the Quit India movement and was imprisoned on three occasions. He was involved in the village reconstruction programmes at Rajkot in Gujarat and Komaravolu in Krishna district , Andhra Pradesh . He joined the Gandhi ashram established by Yerneni Subrahmanyam in Komaravolu. Commenting on Sreeramulu's dedication and fasting ability, Mahatma Gandhi once said, "If only I have eleven more followers like Sreeramulu I will win freedom from British rule in
2745-452: The last stages of his life, Sreeramulu stayed in Nellore and worked for Dalit upliftment, walking the city with slogan placards calling for Dalit upliftment, barefoot and with no umbrella against the sun. Some locals thought him insane, and he was chastised by the non dalit castes and his own Komati community for his solidarity with the Dalit cause. In an effort to protect the interests of
2806-405: The modern form "Nellore," used in both Telugu and Tamil-speaking regions. Historically, the area was known as Vikrama Simhapuri in medieval era. The abundance of paddy fields eventually led to the name being changed to Nellore. The region has long been associated with agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, which continues to play a significant role in its economy today. Nellore had been under
2867-423: The municipal corporation. Present mayor of the city is Sravanthi. The city is one among the 31 cities in the state to be a part of water supply and sewerage services mission known as Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) . Nellore is represented by Nellore City assembly constituency and Nellore Rural assembly constituency for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Ponguru Narayana
2928-461: The nelli tree in this story is believed to be one of the etymological roots of the region's name. Another theory is that the name "Nellore" is derived from the Tamil word "nellu", which means "paddy" or "rice." The region is renowned for its vast rice cultivation, and the name reflects its agricultural heritage and the importance of rice production in the area. Over time, the name "Nelluru" evolved into
2989-797: The northwest at its source, near the town of Maralur. It flows for 48 km towards the north through the Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka before entering Andhra Pradesh State at Hindupur Sri Sathya Sai district . At 69 km, the Penna meets the Kumudavati river. At 82 km, the Penna meets the Jayamangali river near the town of Hindupur in Sri Sathya Sai district . . The Jayamangali river rises in Tumkur district and traverses 77 km in northeast direction before joining
3050-904: The others either gave up or were arrested and force fed or hospitalised. In his death procession, people shouted slogans praising his sacrifice, with thousands more joining as the procession reached Mount Road, Madras. The procession broke into a riot and accompanying destruction of public property. As the news spread, disorder broke out in Vizianagaram , Visakhapatnam , Vijayawada , Bhimavaram , Tadepalligudem , Rajahmundry , Eluru , Guntur , Tenali , Ongole , Kanigiri and Nellore. Police fatally shot seven people in Anakapalle and Vijayawada. The popular agitation continued for three to four days disrupting normal life in Madras and Andhra regions. On 19 December 1952, Prime Minister Nehru announced that
3111-697: The plains under Somasila Dam in the Nellore district . The river flows near the towns like Atmakuru , Kovur , Jonnawada , Sangam and Nellore . It meets two minor tributaries, the Boggeru and the Biraperu near the Sangam town. The Boggeru rises in Boggu Venkatapuram and joins other minor streams before meeting the Penna river. The Biraperu is a small stream which carries rainfall of the north east portion of Nellore, Udayagiri and Kavali Mandals to
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#17327722772423172-430: The region. Post-monsoon cyclonic storms in the coastal region produce additional rain during September and October. The winter northeast monsoon, which provides rain between December and March, provides little rain to the upper basin and slightly more to the lower basin. It varies greatly from year to year in south India , sometimes bringing powerful cyclonic storms with flooding and high winds. The mean annual rainfall
3233-482: The river flows in two streams, both North and South directions, it forms the shape of bow. Thus this river gets the name of bow called Pinakini named after bow Pinaka . The name of the river Penneru (alternatively Penner) is derived from Telugu words penu పెను meaning grand and yeru ఏఱు / యేఱు meaning river, stream, or a rivulet or else from neeru నీరు water, in flow of course. It is also known as Utthara Pinakini in Karnataka. The name Pinakini refers to Pinaka,
3294-511: The river mouth. Upputeru tidal creek, 15 km in length, and Isakapalli lagoon, separated from the Bay of Bengal by the Isakapalli barrier island, 180 m long and up to 3 m high, form the main coastal wetlands . The lower basin of the Penna is largely made up of ancient Archean rocks, principally granite and schist . The lower basin is made up of young sediments, including laterite and recent alluvium . The Penna basin has
3355-528: The rule of Mauryas , Satavahanas , Cholas , Pallavas , Pandyas , Kharavela of Chedi dynasty , Kakatiyas , Eastern Gangas of Kalinga Empire , Vijayanagara Empire , Arcot Nawabs and other dynasties. Nellore was ruled by Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty in the 3rd century BCE. Nellore was conquered by the rulers of the Pallava dynasty and it was under their rule till the 6th century CE, subsequently
3416-564: The temples of Nellore . He fasted in supplementary of Dalit entry rights to the Venu Gopala Swamy Temple in Moolapeta, Nellore, rights which were eventually secured. He again fasted to receive favourable orders, passed by the Madras government, to further uplift the Dalit community. As a result, the government instructed District Collectors to attend to measures of Dalit upliftment for at least one day per week. During
3477-477: The upliftment of Dalits , organizing fasts to advocate for their rights and access to religious sites. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi , Sreeramulu participated in major independence movements, including the Salt Satyagraha and Quit India movement , and was imprisoned multiple times. Sreeramulu is most noted for his 56-day hunger strike in 1952, demanding a separate state for Telugu -speaking people from
3538-416: The volume but loses stream by the time it crosses Palakondalu and enters Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. It regains the stream in district after meeting many tributaries including Chitravati, Bahuda, Papagni, Kunderu, Sagileru and Cheyyeru and flows near the towns like Kodur , Jammalamadugu , Proddatur , Kamalapuram and Siddhavattam . The Penna meets its major tributary Chitravati at Gandalur near
3599-624: The water being from rains. Therefore, it appears like small stream during periods of drought. The major tributaries of the Penna are the Jayamangali , Kunderu and Sagileru from the north, and Chitravathi , Papagni and Cheyyeru from the south. The Penna river rises at 13°15′N 77°25′E / 13.25°N 77.41°E / 13.25; 77.41 at 11 km southwest of Chikkaballapur in Chennakesava Range of Nandi Hills in Karnataka . It begins flowing to
3660-632: Was born in a Telugu Hindu family to Guravayya and Mahalakshmamma in 1901 at Padamatapalli in a district that once was itself a region within Nellore district . Later, the family shifted to Madras as famine conditions prevailed in this region. They later lived in Nellore , Andhra Pradesh . He completed his high school in Madras and joined the Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute in Bombay to study sanitary engineering. After his college education, Sreeramulu joined
3721-504: Was made on the issue, largely due to the Telugu people's insistence on retention of Madras as their future capital. The JVP (Jawahar, Vallabhbhai, Pattabhi) committee, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru , Vallabhbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya , would not accept that proposal. With the Andhra State still not granted, Sreeramulu resumed his hunger strike, at the Madras house of Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurti on 19 October 1952, despite
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