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62-596: The house originally faced the harbour, near the old weigh house that served as a portage point for ships travelling the IJssel river. The harbour was part of the Grote Aa waterway, a tributary of the Zwarte Water running through the city, which was filled in after cholera outbreaks in the 19th century. In the 1572 map of Zwolle a ship is shown moored in front of this house, which was strategically located next to

124-565: A 1:18 (or 2/3") scale, while a 1:12 (or 1") scale is common for dollhouses made for adult collectors. Miniature homes, furnished with domestic articles and resident inhabitants, both people and animals, have been made for thousands of years. The earliest known examples were found in the Egyptian tombs of the Old Kingdom , created nearly five thousand years ago. These wooden models of servants, furnishings, boats, livestock and pets placed in

186-456: A city or sell in perpetuity. As a rule, the right to levy taxes based upon the weight of merchandise was connected to the local market taxes as well as the provision of the staple right. The latter required travelling merchants to offer their goods for sale for a period of time when they passed through a city and also to have them weighed. Conversely, small settlements, like villages, were generally prohibited from maintaining public scales. During

248-580: A council hall may have been integrated into the weigh house. Therefore, throughout much of Europe, if a building is designated as a “weigh house”, it can be assumed that other functions took place within it too. Such a building, which contained one or more public scales in addition to several other functions, is typically identified as a “so-called weigh house”. Furthermore, there often specific places and instruments for weighing different kinds of goods (for example, salt scales, fat scales, iron scales, hay scales, etc.), and most probably these were brought together in

310-529: A custom basis by individual craftsmen. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, factories began mass producing toys, including dollhouses and miniatures suitable for furnishing them. German companies noted for their dollhouses included Christian Hacker, Moritz Gottschalk , Elastolin , and Moritz Reichel. The list of important English companies includes Silber & Fleming, Evans & Cartwright, and Lines Brothers (which became Tri-ang). By

372-558: A hobby is due largely to the publications of two experts, Vivien Greene (1904-2003) in the UK, and Flora Gill Jacobs (1918-2006) in the US. Vivien Greene's first book, English Dolls' Houses of the 18th and 19th Centuries , was published in 1955; in the same year, an exhibition of period dolls houses from several countries was held in London. Flora Gill Jacobs' first book, A History of Dolls’ Houses ,

434-586: A lady's art gallery. It is not clear if the paintings on display in the house were all painted or collected by the sisters or if some of the paintings had been left by Aleida Wolfsen. The most famous painter represented in the collection besides the ladies themselves is Peter van den Velde , who signed his View of Gibraltar and is the probable painter behind two more marine views in the collection. 52°30′47.52″N 6°5′23.19″E  /  52.5132000°N 6.0897750°E  / 52.5132000; 6.0897750 Weigh house A weighhouse or weighing house

496-459: A period-style dollhouse in the style of Dutch show-dollhouses of the 18th century. The rooms are modelled on the Vrouwenhuis, where it is on display. Aleida Greve's will stipulated that her sitting room with all of its paintings and furnishings had to remain intact, and this is the reason that this art collection with all of its curiosities still exists in its entirety as a "time capsule" of

558-504: A retirement home for 17 women of the Dutch Reformed faith and their governess. In 1742 Greve died childless, and her old age home for women was created; this is commemorated on the gable stone in the front of the house. The stone was commissioned by Gerrijt Willem Golts, the first regent, who also oversaw the conversion of the complex to homes for 17 (later 12, today 5) single women with a common kitchen. Aleida's sitting room became

620-552: A single building or distributed among several structures with similar purposes. Depending on how political circumstances impacted the prosperity of cities, the multifunctional trade halls which housed the public scales took on diverse architectural expression throughout the different regions of Europe. In Flanders, with its relatively weak central power, for example, the cloth halls in the Middle Ages display impressive, monumental proportions (Ypres, Bruges, Mechelen). In France, on

682-686: A thinner plywood and are held together by a system of tabs and slots (plus glue). These houses are usually light-weight and lower cost but often require siding, shingles, or other exterior treatments to look realistic. Kits made from heavier plywood or MDF are held together with nails and glue. The dolls house hobby has two main focuses: construction and/or purchase of dolls houses made by or for adult enthusiasts, and collection of contemporary, vintage or antique dolls houses which were often originally made for children. Dollhouses for hobbyists and collectors are available in different forms, from ready made and decorated houses to kits to custom built houses made to

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744-644: Is 1:12 scale, also called 1" or one inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 1 inch.) Among adult collectors there are also smaller scales which are much more common in the United States than in Britain. 1:24 or half inch scale (1 foot is 1/2") was popular in Marx dollhouses in the 1950s but only became widely available in collectible houses after 2002, about the same time that even smaller scales became more popular, like 1:48 or quarter inch scale (1 foot

806-404: Is 1/4") and 1:144 or "dollhouse for a dollhouse" scale. 1/24th scale dolls houses, and those in smaller scales, may be considered as just one species of miniature houses of this size. 1/24th (or the almost indistinguishable 1/25th) is used for a variety of models including display models and what are coming to be known as 'house portraits'. These typically focus on the exterior detail rather than

868-567: Is 4' 1" tall, contains 18 rooms, and required 15 years to construct. It was built in Ireland but was won by Denmark in a bidding war in 1978 at Sotheby's London Auction house. Tara's Palace is located in the Tara's Palace Museum of Childhood in the grounds of Powerscourt Estate near Enniskerry , Ireland . It required 10 years to build, is 4'6" in height, contains 22 rooms, and was built by Ron McDonnell beginning in 1978 after he failed to secure

930-447: Is a public building at or within which goods are weighed. Most of these buildings were built before 1800, prior to the establishment of international standards for weights, and were often a large and representative structures, situated near the market square, town hall , and prominent sacred buildings in town centre. As public control of the weight of goods was very important, they were run by local authorities who would also use them for

992-625: Is called the Fairy Castle . It is 7' tall, has twelve rooms, and required 7 years to construct, beginning in 1928. In 2012 dollars, the fairy Castle would cost $ 7 million and when first put on tour it generated $ 9 million in revenue over a four-year period. It has been on display since the 1950s at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, Illinois and is visited by an estimated 1.5 million people each year. The Astolat Dollhouse Castle

1054-456: Is completed, they are driven back into the building and can be safely stored there at night. Based on their physical organization and structural characteristics, Dutch weigh houses are divided into four subtypes: The passage type (found exclusively in the Friesian cities of Leeuwarden, Workum, Franeker); the tower type (Haarlem, Makkum); the portico type, (Hoorn, Monnickendam, Rotterdam); and

1116-564: Is filled with miniature items of the finest and most modern goods of the period. Writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling contributed special books which were written and bound in scale size. Titania's Palace is on display in Egeskov Castle in Denmark , a miniature castle that was hand-built by James Hicks & Sons, Irish Cabinet Makers who were commissioned by Sir Neville Wilkinson from 1907 to 1922. The palace

1178-401: Is found in cities that are located along the western coast of North and South Holland, as well as those with direct access to the major rivers and in the province of Friesland. These weigh houses often have highly functional interiors. During the daytime, large scales, which are suspended from moveable beams and trolleys, are pushed out of the building and are parked under a canopy. After weighing

1240-720: Is now located at the Museum of the City of New York. The 68 miniature Thorne Rooms room boxes , each with a different theme, were designed by Narcissa Niblack Thorne and furniture for them was created by craftsmen in the 1930s and 40s. They are now at the Art Institute of Chicago , Phoenix Art Museum and the Knoxville Museum of Art in Knoxville, Tennessee. American silent film actress Colleen Moore's dollhouse

1302-551: Is on exhibit in the Museum of Childhood in London, England . Queen Mary's Dolls' House was designed for Queen Mary in 1924 by Sir Edwin Lutyens , a leading architect of the time, and is on display at Windsor Castle . When first put on display it was visited by 1.6 million people in seven months. It is approximately 5' tall, contains 16 rooms, and required 4 years to construct. The dollhouse has working plumbing and lights and

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1364-575: Is probable that before he arrived in Zwolle they had received instruction from another painter, such as Wolfsen or Ter Borch. Aleijda Wolfsen died in childbirth with her fifteenth pregnancy in 1692. The house on the Melkmarkt was purchased from her husband's heirs in 1706 by Aleida Greve and her younger sisters. An unmarried aunt came to live with them and at age 49 in 1718, Greve drew up her will, in which she outlined her plan to use her legacy to create

1426-638: Is the largest museum of its kind in Europe. In Russia, the most famous dollhouse was made for Pavel Naschekin (1830s, now in the collection of National Pushkin Museum ). In the United Kingdom, the Uppark Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Uppark , West Sussex, owned by The National Trust. The Nostell Priory Baby-house (ca. 1730) is on exhibit at Nostell Priory , Yorkshire, also owned by The National Trust. The Tate House (1760)

1488-573: The Moomin Museum displays the Moomin house , a dollhouse created around the Moomin characters of Tove Jansson . The house was built by Jansson, Tuulikki Pietilä and Pentti Eistola and later donated to the town of Tampere. The museum also contains dozens of roomboxes with Moomin characters, all made by Tuulikki Pietilä. The Dollhouse Museum ( German : Puppenhausmuseum ) in Basel , Switzerland

1550-484: The Waterpoort , a city gate allowing the passage of ships. The house was bought in 1645 by the young lawyer Hendrik Wolfsen (1615–1684), the wealthy son of a councilman ( Rijkman ) in Zwolle. Hendrik kept a diary in the 1640s until 1649 when he became magistrate of Zwolle. The facade of his house was improved in the early 17th century, probably according to his instructions. His daughter, the painter Aleijda Wolfsen ,

1612-611: The baby house display cases of Europe, which showed idealized interiors. Smaller dollhouses with more realistic exteriors appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, but following the Industrial Revolution and World War II , they were increasingly mass-produced and became more standardized and affordable. Dollhouses can range from simple boxes stacked together used as rooms for play, to multi-million dollar structures displayed in museums. Contemporary children's play dollhouses are mostly on

1674-517: The "Grote Sael" (later the regent's room) with its carved mantelpiece, and the carved wood decorations and marble floors in the hallway were all added during Aleijda's lifetime. Aleijda was not the only woman painting in Zwolle. Gesina ter Borch lived and worked on the Sassenstraat, and her contemporary Eva van Marle had been active as a portrait painter in the 1650s. In 1686, the small painting school of Wilhelmus Beurs began; his pupils were

1736-585: The 17th century in Holland, due to the special political and economic conditions of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, a unique typology devoted to the weighing of merchandise was developed. Known as the (monofunctional) weigh house, it differs from the other buildings in feudal absolutist Europe that accommodated weighing at this time, because its ground floor is exclusively devoted to

1798-473: The 19th century, the products were not made to a strict scale. Children's play dollhouses from most of the 20th and 21st centuries are 1:18 or two third inch scale (where 1 foot is represented by 2/3 of an inch). Common brands include Lundby (Sweden), Renwal, Plasco, Marx , Petite Princess, and T. Cohn (all American) and Caroline's Home, Barton, Dol-Toi and Tri-ang (English). A few brands use 1:16 or 3/4"-scale. The most common standard for adult collectors

1860-428: The 19th century, the public scale declined in importance due to the standardization of weights and measures in addition to the replacement of direct payment of duties by indirect methods of tax collection. Public scales most likely existed in ancient Egypt. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the right to levy tax based upon weight was a source of income which belonged to the rights of the sovereign, who could bestow it to

1922-411: The 19th century, the sole function of a public weigh house was thereafter reduced to the determination of weight. The weigh houses continued to serve this purpose until the middle of the 20th century, when they became ultimately obsolete. [REDACTED] Media related to Weigh houses at Wikimedia Commons Dollhouse A dollhouse or doll's house is a toy house made in miniature . Since

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1984-642: The Astolat Dollhouse Castle were designed with fixed contiguous exterior walls to create a three-dimensional viewing effect. As interest in doll houses expanded during the seventeenth century, there was also a shift in the gender-oriented organization of the miniature houses towards a more feminine focus. There is a shift of viewing doll houses as a collectible “male-oriented artefact to a female-organized model of domesticity”. Dutch doll houses resembled cabinets with separate compartments of fully furnished rooms than actual houses, which represented

2046-400: The Middle Ages, public scales were usually housed in a multifunctional trade hall. The designation of these buildings was more or less random, and only one of the multiple functions provided the name for the building. Thus, public scales were located in a cloth hall , or a meat hall or a store house etc. Furthermore, public scales were sometimes situated in the town hall or, conversely,

2108-480: The Napoleonic reforms at the end of the 18th century. In the rest of Europe, other conditions, notably the abolishment of internal customs introduced by the emergeing nation-states as well as the collection of taxes based on the value of goods, that lead to a decisive change in the design of the buildings erected for trade and commerce. No longer a venue where goods were weighed and taxation was imposed, beginning in

2170-626: The Pyramids almost certainly were made for religious purposes. The earliest known European dollhouses were the baby houses from the 16th century, which consisted of cabinet display cases made up of individual rooms. The term “baby” in baby house is coined from the old English word meaning doll. Dollhouses of this period showed idealized interiors complete with detailed furnishings and accessories. The cabinets were built by hand with architectural details, filled with miniature household items and were solely intended for adults. The baby moniker referred to

2232-564: The United States, most houses have an open back and a fancy facade, while British houses are more likely to have a hinged front that opens to reveal the rooms. Children's dollhouses during the 20th century have been made from a variety of materials, including metal ( tin litho ), fibreboard, plastic, and wood. With the exception of Lundby , 1:18 scale furniture for children's dollhouses has most often been made of plastic. Contemporary kit and fully built houses are typically made of plywood or medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Tab-and-slot kits use

2294-533: The Wisconsin Toy Co. Dollhouse dolls and miniatures were also produced in Japan, mostly by copying original German designs. After World War II, dollshouses were mass-produced in factories on a much larger scale with less detailed craftsmanship than before. By the 1950s, the typical dollhouse sold commercially was made of painted sheet metal filled with plastic furniture. Such houses cost little enough that

2356-591: The customer's design. Some design and build their own dollhouse. Simpler designs might consist of boxes stacked together and used as rooms. Miniature objects used for decoration inside dollhouses include furniture , interior decorations , dolls and items like books , couches, furniture, wallpaper, and even clocks . Some include functional kitchen appliances to create miniature food . Dollhouses for enthusiasts are available ready made and in kits, but may also be homemade. Dozens of miniature trade shows are held by various miniature organizations and enthusiasts throughout

2418-528: The dollhouse of Petronella Oortman in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam . The Rijksmuseum estimates that Petronella Oortman spent twenty to thirty thousand guilders on her miniature house, which was nearly the price of a real house along one of Amsterdam's canals at that time. All these dollhouses shows the linen room (laundry room), kitchen, and bedrooms in great detail. In Tampere in Finland ,

2480-579: The dollhouses known as Deauville Dollhouses. They were made by the VILLARD & WEILL company, mainly between 1905 and 1925. This toys manufacturer won prizes in Sydney, Paris and St Louis World Fairs. The TynieToy Company of Providence, Rhode Island, made authentic replicas of American antique houses and furniture in a uniform scale beginning in about 1917. Other American companies of the early 20th century were Roger Williams Toys, Tootsietoy , Schoenhut, and

2542-595: The early 20th century dollhouses have primarily been the domain of children, but their collection and crafting is also a hobby for many adults. English-speakers in North America commonly use the term dollhouse , but in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries the term is doll's house (or, less commonly, dolls' house ). They are often built to put dolls in. The history of today's dollhouses can be traced back about four hundred years to

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2604-526: The end of the 19th century American dollhouses were being made in the United States by The Bliss Manufacturing Company. In France, the Deauville dollhouses were made by the manufacturer Villard & Weill in the first quarter of the 20th century. Germany produced the most prized dollhouses and doll house miniatures up until World War I . The doll houses were produced in Nuremberg, Germany ; which, since

2666-556: The function of weighing. The main reasons for the emergence of this typology include the abolition of the staple right in connection with the creation of the free movement of goods within the country in combination with the concentration of Dutch agriculture on the production of dairy products, such as butter and cheese, at that time. Whereas the mass of some foodstuffs, such as grains, was often determined using hollow measures, provisions such as butter and cheese had to be weighed to determine their weight. The Dutch monofunctional weigh house

2728-411: The great majority of girls from the developed western countries which were not struggling with rebuilding after World War II could own one. The baby houses of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the toy dollhouses of the 19th and early 20th century rarely had uniform scales, even for the features or contents of any individual house. Although a number of manufacturers made lines of miniature toy furniture in

2790-495: The half-sisters Cornelia van Marle and Aleida Greve , Sophia Holt , and Anna Cornelia Holt . Works by these women dated 1686 are on display in the regent's room. In the frontispiece to a book on painting that Beurs published in 1692 and dedicated to his four pupils, three women are portrayed in a room gazing at three paintings that are the same size as those they created under his instruction. Though Beurs appears to have been very proud of his pupils, whom he taught for 4 years, it

2852-529: The house on the Grote Aa in exchange for the couple's possessions in the Hague. The couple had several children, and in 1680 they made improvements to the house, most notably building the hallway attaching the front house to the rear house, so that they could house their extended family. The extra space was probably also necessary as a studio for Aleijda, who continued to paint after her marriage. Her sitting room,

2914-453: The levying of taxes on goods transported through or sold within the city. Throughout most of Europe, this building was a multifunctional trade hall and would contain diverse functions related to trade and commerce. There is a big variety among their physical organization and the external appearance due to the fundamentally different political and economic conditions that existed throughout Europe. The weighhouse had two functions: to determine

2976-581: The other hand, due to the strong control of cities by the nobility, trade halls are often reduced to simple, long wooden constructions that are open along the lateral facades, as  e.g. in Monpazier. In England the important harbor cities feature large trade halls (a.o. Norwich, King's Lynn, York and London). In Germany, in contrast, the trade and assembly functions are often distributed among several buildings. Here, buildings that contain public scales are located at or near large urban squares. Beginning in

3038-420: The poor decreased, and the Vrouwenhuis closed as a charitable institution for elderly ladies in 1984. Since 1987, the ground floor and the majority of the oldest part of the house function as a museum, while a few former ladies' rooms are let to young women. The current director is the artist and art historian Saskia Zwiers, who has conducted research into the paintings and artists of the collection. She has built

3100-399: The regent's room. The house functioned as a retirement home for women from 1742 when the first inhabitant was Aleida Greve's elderly servant. The director G.W. Golts was a cousin by marriage to Greve, and descendants of their family were regents until 1916, when a new set of regents were appointed. With the increase in public services in the 20th century, the need for private initiatives to help

3162-497: The return of Titania's Palace to Ireland. It is furnished with miniature antiques. The Stettheimer Dollhouse was constructed in New York City by Carrie Walter Stettheimer between 1916 and 1935. Many contemporary artists made miniatures of their art for the dollhouse, including Marcel Duchamp , Alexander Archipenko , George Bellows , Gaston Lachaise , and Marguerite Zorach . It is 28" high and contains 12 rooms, and

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3224-532: The rooms inside, though there is no reason why a dolls house should not have a realistic exterior or a house portrait include interior details. In Germany during the middle part of the 20th century 1:10 scale became popular based on the metric system . Dollhouses coming out of Germany today remain closer in scale to 1:10 than 1:12. The largest common size for dollhouses is 1:6 which is proportionate for Barbie , Ken , Blythe and other dolls 11-12 inches tall, and furniture and accessories such as Re-Ment . In

3286-468: The scale of the houses rather than the demographic it was aimed at. They were off-limits to children, not because of safety concerns for the child but to protect the dollhouse. Such cabinet houses were trophy collections owned by the few matrons living in the cities of Holland, England and Germany who were wealthy enough to afford them and, fully furnished, were worth the price of a modest full-size house's construction. The earliest known recorded baby house

3348-606: The sixteenth century, was coined as the 'toy city'. Their baby houses were thought to be the origin for the basic standards of contemporary doll houses. Notable German miniature companies included Märklin , Rock and Graner and others. Their products were not only avidly collected in Central Europe, but regularly exported to Britain and North America. Germany's involvement in WWI seriously impeded both production and export. New manufacturers arose in other countries. France produced

3410-467: The synthesis of the tower type and the portico type (Amsterdam, Leiden, Gouda). In addition, there are a number of existing buildings of other typologies which were repurposed and adapted for use as weigh house (u. a. Alkmaar, Delft, Medemblik). In the Netherlands, the structural and technical development of the (monofunctional) weigh house came to a conclusion just prior to the introduction of

3472-446: The weight of a given item in addition to levying and collecting tax upon it. The first function, the need to precisely determine the weight of a commodity, was of particular importance in the pre-industrial period, where regional differences regarding the calculations of measures and weights existed and there were few large instruments for weighing available. The second function concerned the need to control and regulate access to trade. In

3534-418: The year, where artisans and dealers display and sell miniatures. Often, how-to seminars and workshops are part of the show features. Stores that sell miniatures also hold classes. Enthusiasts share images online and use Internet forums, blogs and other online social media to share information about dollhouses and miniatures. Recognition of the value and enjoyment of collecting vintage and antique dolls houses as

3596-632: Was born there on 22 October 1648. From 1650–1656, he became a representative to the Staten Generaal and stayed for weeks at a time in The Hague . In 1657, he moved his family to the Hague when he was promoted to member of the high court of the Duchy of Brabant . He kept the house in Zwolle, and when his daughter Aleijda married Pieter Soury (later mayor of Zwolle) in 1667 in Rijswijk , he gave her

3658-584: Was commissioned from 1557-1558 by Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria .   Smaller doll houses, such as the Tate house with more realistic exteriors, appeared in Europe in the 18th century. Nuremberg kitchens , a type of single-room dollhouse, date back at least to 1572, when one was given to Dorothea and Anna , the Princesses of Saxony, daughters of Augustus, Elector of Saxony aged five and ten. The early European dollhouses were each unique, constructed on

3720-683: Was commissioned in 1631 and was publicly displayed and advertised by Köferlin in the form of original verses composed on broadsheet. Surviving Dutch 17th century notable cabinet dollhouses include the Amsterdam, Netherlands 18th century dollhouses of Sara Rothé ; one is in the Frans Hals Museum , and one is in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag ; the dollhouse of Petronella de la Court in Centraal Museum , and

3782-595: Was inspired by Alfred Tennyson 's poetry about the Lady of the Lake and built between 1974 and 1987 by miniaturist Elaine Diehl. It was appraised over $ 1 million in 2006 and at $ 8.5 million in 2015 primarily because of the upgrade to the interiors and pieces. It is 9' tall, has 29 rooms and is on display at the Nassau County Museum of Art on Long Island, New York. The Colleen Moore fairy Castle Dollhouse and

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3844-908: Was published in 1953. Both collectors opened museums dedicated to dolls houses, the Rotunda (1962-1998) in Oxford , England, and the Washington Dolls’ House & Toy Museum (1975-2004), in Washington D.C. , US. Through print publications such as the International Dolls' House News (c 1969-2002) American Miniaturist , and Dolls House and Miniature Scene , collectors around the world shared photos, tips, queries and information; today, websites, blogs, social media, and online forums allow even more collectors to share their hobby. Anna Köferlin’s (no longer existing) Nuremberg doll house

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