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19-650: While the Permians were its original inhabitants, it was gradually settled by Slavic settlers whose arrival is traditionally dated to the late 12th century. Vyatka Land, being geographically isolated from the rest of the Russian lands, sometimes accepted the suzerainty of other Russian and Tatar states but de facto enjoyed a large degree of independence until it was annexed by the Grand Principality of Moscow in 1489. Udmurts inhabited Vyatka Land before

38-628: A veche in Vyatka in surviving sources, and historians' opinions on its existence differ. Nikolay Kostomarov and some post-Soviet historians believed that it was the highest authority in Vyatka while Soviet historians argued that there is no proof of its existence. Permians The Permians are the peoples who speak the Permic languages , a branch of the Uralic language family, and include Komis , Udmurts , and Besermyans . The ancestors of

57-470: A pro-Russian khan after capturing Kazan in 1487. Ivan then sent an army to subdue Vyatka in 1489, under the command of Daniil Shchenya . Kotelnich and Orlov were taken without resistance. Khlynov was besieged on August 16. Khlynov notables presented gifts to the Muscovite generals and offered obedience to the grand prince. The generals demanded they hand over three atamans . This was debated for two days in

76-588: The Livonian Order and ally of the Lithuanian ruler Alexander Jagiellon . After the fall of Ivan Yuriyevich Patrikeyev, and his son-in-law Semeon Ivanovich Ryapolovsky, Shchenya took the post of the second voyevoda of Moscow. In 1508, he and Dmitriy Shemyachich unsuccessfully sieged Orsha . That same year Shchenya became the first voyevoda of Moscow after the fall of Daniil Kholmsky. In 1514 Shchenya crowned his military career by capturing Smolensk from

95-625: The Tsardom of Russia . In the 18th century, the Russian authorities opened the southern parts of the land to colonization and the northern parts became a place to which criminal and political prisoners were exiled. The Udmurts came under the rule of the Tatars , the Golden Horde and the Khanate of Kazan until their land was ceded to Russia, and the people were Christianized at the beginning of

114-636: The Vyatka Land , the inhabitants of which had often pillaged northern Grand Duchy of Moscow . Khlynov notables and merchants were resettled in other Muscovite towns. Shchenya took an active part in the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and border disputes and skirmishes, which had preceded the war. In 1493, Shchenya and his relative Prince Vasili Ivanovich Patrikeyev (also known as Vassian Kosoy ) captured

133-538: The grand prince of Moscow , took Vyatka Land from the Suzdalian line of princes and handed it to his brother Yury together with Galich . Yury lived in the latter and sent a deputy to Vyatka. He fortified Khlynov (Vyatka), Kotelnich and Orlov and thereafter they were considered towns ( goroda ). Vyatka supported Yury and his son Dmitry Shemyaka against Vasily II in the Muscovite Civil War . Jonah ,

152-515: The metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' , accused the people of Vyatka ( vyatchane ) of cruelty, destroying churches and selling captives into slavery in 1452. By that time the war had ended in victory for Vasily II and he subsequently organised several campaigns to subdue Vyatka. The first two were unsuccessful – the Muscovite generals were reportedly bribed off – and only the third one launched in 1459 succeeded. The Muscovite army took Kotelnich and Orlov and besieged Vyatka until it surrendered. It accepted

171-404: The 1390s. Some of the inhabitants were killed and others were captured. Ten years later, the prince Simeon Dmitrievich  [ ru ] of Suzdal ruled in Vyatka, possibly as a vassal of the Golden Horde . There was a rivalry between Vyatka and Ustyug which led to several battles fought in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Some time in the first half of the 15th century, Vasily I ,

190-672: The 18th century. A connection between Permians and Bjarmians , a northern people mentioned in Old Norse sources, has been suggested. Recent research on the Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects suggests that in Bjarmaland there once lived speakers of other Finno-Ugric languages beside the Permians. Daniil Shchenya Prince Daniil Vasiliyevich Shchenya ( Russian : Даниил Васильевич Щеня ; died after 1515)

209-483: The Permians originally inhabited the land called Permia covering the middle and upper Kama River . Permians split into two groups, probably during the 9th century. The Komis came under the rule of the Novgorod Republic in the 13th century and were converted to Russian Orthodoxy in the 1360s and 1370s. From 1471 to 1478, their lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Moscow , which would later become

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228-617: The archeological record of the 11th–13th centuries and intensifies after the Mongol conquest of Rus' . The first undisputed mention of Vyatka in Russian chronicles dates to 1374 when a band of ushkuyniks from Vyatka raided Sarai . According to an Udmurt legend, the Udmurts who lived in the settlement on the site of future Vyatka burned down their sanctuary and migrated east to the Cheptsa river. The Tatar prince Bektut conquered Vyatka Land in

247-570: The arrival of Slavic settlers. According to the Legend of the Vyatka Land , they came from Novgorod in 1174, conquered Kotelnich and Nikulitsyn with the supernatural help of saints Boris and Gleb and founded Khlynov (now Kirov), which became the main settlement of Vyatka Land (often called Vyatka as well). This account was disputed by some historians who consider the Legend to be a much later and unreliable source. The settlement appears in

266-540: The city and ultimately the vyatchane refused the demand. The Muscovite army started siege preparations, which caused Khlynov to surrender. The three atamans were beheaded in Moscow, the Vyatka nobles were resettled on the southern border of Muscovy and the merchants were resettled in Dmitrov . The scarcity of information on Vyatka led Nikolay Kostomarov to remark that "there is nothing in Russian history more obscure than

285-665: The city of Vyazma and transferred its princes to Moscow. During the Russo-Swedish War (1496–1499) his army devastated Finland . In 1499, under the leadership of Prince Daniil Kholmsky , Shchenya defeated the Grand Hetman of Lithuania Konstanty Ostrogski in the Battle of Vedrosha and took him prisoner. In 1501, his army was crushed in the Battle of the Siritsa River by Wolter von Plettenberg , master of

304-488: The following year, Vyatka refused to join the army, citing the promise to Ibrahim. In 1485, only a show of force made Vyatka join another Muscovite campaign against Kazan. The vyatchane raided both Tatar and Russian lands: in 1471, they looted Sarai , and in the 1480s, they twice attacked Muscovite lands on the Northern Dvina . Ivan III subjugated the lands of Perm in 1472, annexed Novgorod in 1478, and installed

323-416: The fortunes of Viatka and its region". Vyatka Land was self-governed to a large degree; however, the nature of its government is not known for sure. The local leaders, known as voivodes ( Russian : земские воеводы , romanized :  zemskiye voyevody ), were apparently elected and sometimes they are identified with atamans who headed military campaigns and raids. There are no explicit mentions of

342-487: The suzerainty of Moscow and was forced to pay tribute. Vyatka remained semi-independent even after formally accepting the suzerainty of the grand prince of Moscow. They fought together with other Muscovite forces against the Kazan Khanate in 1468; however, then khan Ibrahim of Kazan sent his troops to Vyatka and extracted a promise not to help Moscow against Kazan. When Ivan III gathered forces to attack Kazan in

361-445: Was a Russian military leader during the reigns of Ivan III and Vasili III . Shchenya was a Gediminid princeling whose great grandfather was a son of Patrikas , who settled in Moscow and married a sister of the grand duke. Shchenya was among the boyars who accompanied Ivan III on his visit to Novgorod in 1475. In 1489, the prince and his army of 64,000 men besieged and captured the city of Kirov (then known as Khlynov) of

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