Xia Yan ( Chinese : 夏言 ; pinyin : Xià Yán ; Wade–Giles : Hsia Yen ; 1482–1548), courtesy name Gongjin ( 公謹 ), was a Chinese politician of the Ming dynasty .
26-419: Xia Yan is the name of: Xia Yan (Ming dynasty) (夏言; 1482–1548), Ming dynasty politician Xia Yan (playwright) (夏衍; 1900–1995), Chinese playwright, screenwriter and official [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
52-470: A right theoretically available to everyone from the crown prince to a common farmer, but the court secretaries would read them aloud to the emperor and exercised considerable control over what was considered worthy of his time. They were used in imperial China as a means of regulating corrupt local officials who might otherwise have escaped oversight. Under the Han dynasty , generally, the reception of memorials
78-633: A special poetry for prayer in the Taoist ceremony which was written on a green paper). Xia was not in favour any longer. Later, the Supreme Commander of Shaanxi Zeng Xian appealed to the emperor to recover Hetao . Xia sought backing from the emperor for this proposal, which the emperor initially took a liking to. In February 1548, however, he suddenly withdrew support. Yan Song disassociated himself from this campaign, and indicated that Xia should be blamed for such an impracticable operation. At
104-399: The congratulations until they were back to Beijing, which depressed the emperor. Then one day, the emperor visited Changping , Xia was late for the reception. This infuriated the emperor, and Xia was reprimanded for his discourtesy. The emperor pointed out that Xia had originally been recommended for promotion from a minor post and that he enjoyed his high status at the emperor's pleasure, thus
130-467: The court affairs, and even exiled the officials that Yan Song had promoted. However, Yan did not dare to resist. Widespread disgust at Yan made Xia popular among his peers and the subordinate officers. Meanwhile, Xia Yan's growing arrogance had offended various persons at court, including the eunuchs, who began to speak disparagingly of Xia in the emperor's presence. The emperor also became increasingly dissatisfied with Xia's qingci ( 青詞 , green poetry ;
156-472: The crown prince into one of the two inner palaces that became vacated due to the deaths of two empresses. But when the emperor consulted him, on the issue, Xia made self-contradictory comments that appeared to take Guo Xun's side in the end. Finding it highly objectionable, the emperor began to suspect the censors involved in Guo's case. The emperor also ordered to keep Xia under constant surveillance, and noticed Xia
182-473: The emperor issued an order to strip Xia's title, left him a minor one and forced him to retire. Within a matter of days, the emperor relented and prevented Xia from heading home. The punishment was quashed in the end. There was a censor Gao Shi ( 高時 ) as Xia's closet friend. With his support, Xia Yan caused his political adversary Guo Xun ( 郭勛 ) to be imprisoned in 1541 until his death in the next year. Xia had previously disagreed with Guo Xun's proposal to move
208-472: The emperor was Xia's arrogance rather than the apparent contention. Eventually, Xia was executed at the market publicly on 31 October 1548, following Zeng Xian's death in April. Xia's wife was exiled to Guangxi . Xia's wife came from Su clan, Su had no child, while Xia's concubine was pregnant, Su envied and forced her to remarry. The latter gave birth to a boy, Su got him back after Xia's death. He died when he
234-405: The emperor, especially noting how Xia engineered Guo Xun's downfall. The emperor reproached Xia furiously: 郭勛已下獄，猶千羅百織。言官為朝廷耳目，專聽言主使。朕不早朝，言亦不入閣。軍國重事，取裁私家。王言要密，視等戲玩。言官不一言，徒欺謗君上，致神鬼怒，雨甚傷禾。 (Since Guo Xun had been imprisoned, why did Xia Yan fabricate evidence against him, still? The censors ought to be the ears and eyes of the court, how dared Xia to control them as puppets? If I don't hold court in
260-408: The emperor. Just then a solar eclipse took place. The emperor gave another edict, blaming the officials' misconduct for the abnormal eclipse, and sanctioned Xia's resignation. Many officials expressed their desire to share the responsibility with Xia. The emperor was outraged by their memorials taking Xia Yan's side and punished them. Thirteen officials were exiled in total, and Gao Shi was banished to
286-555: The frontiers for his impeachment of Guo Xun. Xia's influence was on the skids since 1539. Being angered by Yan's presumptuousness, the Jiajing Emperor longed for a sense of balance. Xia was recalled to Beijing in 1545 as a counterbalance to Yan. Again, they competed fiercely for dominance of the imperial court. When Xia became the Senior Grand Secretary again, he vented his anger by excluding Yan Song from
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#1732764962907312-671: The imperial capital, multiple copies were made of the original by the Office of Transmission. The copies would be filed with the archives at the Office of Supervising Secretaries and the original sent to the emperor. Criminal codes specified punishments for mistranscriptions or violations of the imperial naming taboo . Replies varied from Ru's flogging in the Hongwu Emperor's presence to personal replies both handwritten and dictated. Most often, emperors or their secretaries would annotate
338-565: The imperial courier network and copied, summarized, and entered into official registers by the clerks of the Grand Secretariat . Because this great (largely Han Chinese ) bureaucracy might interrupt, conceal, or lose information important to their Manchu rulers, the Kangxi Emperor developed a supplemental system of " Palace Memorials " ( Chinese : 奏摺 ; pinyin : zòuzhé ; lit. 'Memorial Fold') in
364-499: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xia_Yan&oldid=1179991818 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Xia Yan (Ming dynasty) Xia was born in Guixi , Jiangxi . His father, Xia Ding ( 夏鼎 ),
390-687: The memorials as part of his post as Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards. During the early Ming dynasty , an Office of Report Inspection was established in AD ;1370. In AD 1375, Ru Taisu, a bureau secretary of the Ministry of Justice , was flogged by the Hongwu Emperor for two harsh comments of his 17,000- character memorial. At the time he
416-476: The memorials with vermillion ink, whether "forward to the proper ministry", "noted", or a series of circles. These functioned as checkmarks, indicating that he had read the petition. Under the Qing dynasty , memorials were received constantly, detailing personnel evaluations, crop reports, local prices, weather predictions, and local gossip at the national, provincial, and county levels. Memorials were delivered by
442-556: The morning, neither Xia went to the Grand Secretary. Such significant military and political affairs related to national security, Xia actually made decisions at home in private. Xia regards the classified words I uttered as a trifling matter. The censors are blind to these situations, they merely cheated and defamed me. What you have done incur the wrath of gods, the heavy rains had destroyed crops.) Xia became frightened, he not only apologised but also submitted his resignation to
468-454: The same time, there was a rumour going around against Xia, which made the emperor more angry. He scolded Xia, then stripped of Xia's official title and privileges in the beginning of 1548, but had no intention of executing Xia. There was a gossip that Xia expressed resentment at being punished by the emperor, while Yan kept fabricating evidence against Xia. Thus, the emperor was furious, he ordered to kill Zeng and incarcerate Xia. Heard that he
494-506: The substance of his request. Two years later in August 1377, the Hongwu Emperor disbanded the existing Office of Report Inspection and created an Office of Transmission ( 通政司 , Tōngzhèngsī ). By the height of the Ming dynasty, codes and statutes had been drawn up specifying the style and diction appropriate for each level of official concerning each type of problem. When petitions arrived in
520-469: Was about to be an official, so Xia had no descendant eventually. Memorial to the throne A memorial to the throne ( Chinese : 章表 ; pinyin : zhāngbiǎo ) was an official communication to the emperor of China . They were generally careful essays in Classical Chinese and their presentation was a formal affair directed by government officials. Submission of a memorial was
546-525: Was implicated in Zeng's case as soon as he arrived in Tongzhou , Xia was so scared that fell off his carriage, saying "Alas! I have to die! ( 噫！吾死矣。 )". He fought to prove his innocence and affirmed that Yan set him up, but his letter to the emperor failed to redress. Several senior officials attempted to intercede with the emperor, the latter not only refused, but also kept all their wages. Perhaps what rankled
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#1732764962907572-422: Was summoned for his punishment, however, the emperor had only gotten to the 16,370th one. Having the remainder read aloud the next day while in bed, the emperor instituted four of Ru's proposals and praised the last 500 characters as a model memorial for all future submissions. Hongwu admitted he had erred in getting angry, but blamed the victim for having forced him to listen to thousands of words before getting to
598-566: Was the only one to refuse; he took a litter and wore the normal trappings, since he thought the wreath violated the rites. Yan Song seized these opportunities to oust Xia. Yan was promoted to be the Minister of Rites with Xia's help. Nevertheless, they had feuded since Yan entered the Grand Secretariat. Yan conformed with the emperor's expectations as Xia's counter, so he won favour. On one occasion, Yan Song listed Xia's faults to
624-537: Was the responsibility of the Imperial Secretary tasked with overseeing provincial administration. He was generally required to present any formal memorials, but could reject them for improper formatting. Masters of Writing under the Minister Steward then copied and processed these prior to submission to the emperor. Under Emperor An , however, Zhang Heng was placed in charge of reception of
650-639: Was the subprefectural magistrate of Linqing . In the early reign of the Jiajing Emperor , the emperor paid more attention on ceremony. Xia rationalized the emperor's grand scheme for four separate sacrifices to Heaven, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon, and endorsed it. Thus, he gained the emperor's favor. When the Jiajing Emperor went back to Zhongxiang and prayed at Xianling Tomb, Yan Song requested to let officials convey their congratulations. But Xia delayed
676-472: Was too indolent to draft the imperial edicts. Although Xia had taken part in various Taoist ceremonies during the 1530s, he was not an enthusiastic participant in the 1540s. On July 1542 the emperor asked several high-ranking officials to ride a horse to work, he also granted them xiangye jin ( 香葉巾 ; a special headgear as something between laurel wreath and kerchief for Taoist rituals, it may be made from leaves of Aquilaria sinensis ) to wear. Xia Yan
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