Misplaced Pages

#821178

45-647: Yaghnobi is spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people, and is also taught in some schools. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has often been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature. The Yaghnobi Tajiks are considered to be descendants of the Sogdian -speaking peoples who once inhabited most of Central Asia beyond

90-550: A Tajik -speaking village. Haplogroup R-M173 (Y-DNA) Haplogroup R1 , or R-M173 , is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup . A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479). Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b , which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia ). R-M173 contains

135-554: A South-Siberian or Mongolian group with a high East Asian ancestry (around 60%)". The Yaghnobi Tajiks may be used as proxy for historical Central Asian Steppe ancestry associated with the initial spread of Iranian languages . Yaghnob Valley The Yaghnob Valley is a valley in north-west Tajikistan , between the southern slope of the Zarafshan Range and the northern slope of the Gissar Range . The valley

180-419: A brand new road has at last been built, leading to the very heart of the valley. However, as in many similar cases, this has turned out to have mixed blessings. On the one hand, it has indeed improved access to the outside world, but - likewise - it has equally improved the access of the outside world to the valley and increasing numbers of outsiders, with greater financial resources, have been attracted to exploit

225-408: A cline between Iranian Neolithic farmers and Central_Steppe Bronze Age, with a clear shift in ancestry toward Steppe between Bronze Age and Iron Age, and a smaller shift toward eastern Asian ancestry between Iron Age and present-day. This shift is more pronounced for Tajiks than Yaghnobis. The present-day Turkic peoples "emerged later from the admixture between a group related to local Indo-Iranian and

270-479: A frequency of around 32%. The second most common haplogroup is R1a1a-M17 at around 16%. The third most common haplogroup is L-M20 , at a rate of approximately 10%. Other haplogroups include C-M130 , K-M9 and P-M45 , each at 3%. Yaghnobi Tajiks are genetically more similar to "present-day western Eurasian populations and Iranians". They display high genetic affinities to Iron Age Central Asians. Genetic data further indicates that Yaghnobis "have been isolated for

315-455: A long time with no evidence of recent admixture". Yaghnobi Tajiks derive around 93% of their ancestry from historical Indo-Iranian sources (represented by an Iron Age sample from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan and Western Steppe Herders ) and around 7% from Baikal EBA groups (a population with 80-95% Ancient Northeast Asian and 5-20% Ancient North Eurasian ancestry).The ancient and present-day Iranian populations from Central Asia form together

360-889: A role in the debate about the origins of the Indo-Europeans . High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%), the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Panjikent (64%), the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Bihar Brahmins (60.53%), Shors (58.8%), Poles (56.4%), Teleuts (55.3%), South Altaians (58.1%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) ( Semino 2000 , Wells 2001 , Behar 2003 , and Sharma 2007 ). Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during

405-741: Is a matter of controversy. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242 , especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Tohono O'odham 38%. Some authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell and Raghavan ), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia . One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88),

450-924: Is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin , and is also present in North Africa , where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria . Although it is rare in South Asia , some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi showing 37%( Kivisild 2003 ). Hazara 32% ( Sengupta 2005 ), and Agharia (in East India ) at 30% ( Sengupta 2005 ). Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Bengalis (6.5%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%) and Punjabis (7.6%) ( Kivisild 2003 , Sengupta 2005 , and Gayden 2007 ). In Southeast Asia, it

495-658: Is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the Last Glacial Maximum . Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b . One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan ( Lobov 2009 ), while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1 ) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia , Eastern Europe , Central Asia , Western China , and South Siberia . Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all

SECTION 10

#1732772435822

540-467: Is closely related to ancient Sogdian . Pre-Islamic beliefs and customs are still found in the valley today. Currently, the valley comprises approximately ten settlements, each housing between three and eight families. Topographers and Russian military expeditions have been visiting the Yaghnob Valley since the 1820s. In the 1870s General Abramov of Russia led the first scientific expedition to

585-613: Is formed by the Yaghnob River and belongs to the Zarafshan basin. It lies between 2,500 and 3,000 metres above sea level and is virtually inaccessible for six months of the year. The valley is home to the Yaghnobi people , a people directly descended from the ancient Sogdian civilization of Central Asia . Due to its natural isolation and limited infrastructure access, the people of Yaghnob Valley have been able to preserve their distinct lifestyle, culture and language, Yaghnobi , which

630-514: Is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa , such as the Fulani , and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa. The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum . A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there

675-525: Is present in the Philippines due to Spanish and American colonization where different studies vary as to its frequency; from 3.6% of the male population, in a year 2001 study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center had European Y-DNA R1b to 13% in an Public Y-DNA Library. R-M343 (previously called Hg1 and Eu18 ) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe . It

720-740: The Amu Darya River in what was ancient Sogdia . The 1926 and 1939 census data gives the number of Yaghnobi language speakers as approximately 1,800. In 1955, M. Bogolyubov estimated the number of Yaghnobi native speakers as more than 2,000. In 1972, A. Khromov estimated 1,509 native speakers in the Yaghnob valley and about 900 elsewhere. The estimated number of Yaghnobi Tajiks is approximately 25,000. Their traditional occupations were in agriculture, growing produce such as barley, wheat, and legumes as well as breeding cattle, oxen and asses. There were traditional handicrafts, such as weaving, which

765-498: The Yaghnobi language . One solution would be to create the YNEP, which would be the first such in the northern region of Tajikistan . It would protect the valley from any increase in environmentally-damaging activities, such as overgrazing , but would support sustainable and responsible tourism . Plans for the YNEP were discussed and approved during the first international scientific conference on environmental and developmental issues in

810-499: The Mal'ta-Buret' people is a part of a group known to scholars of population genetics as Ancient North Eurasians (ANE). The first major descendant haplogroups appeared subsequently in hunter-gatherers from Eastern Europe ( R1a , 13 kya) and Western Europe ( R1b , 14 kya), with genotypes derived, to varying degrees, from ANE. Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia . Its distribution

855-597: The SNP-Tracker (as of May 2023) it evolved around 25 000 BP/23 000 BC in western Siberia between the southern Urals and Lake Balkhash . No examples of the basal subclade, R1* have yet been identified in living individuals or ancient remains. However, the parent clade, R* was present in Upper Paleolithic -era individuals (24,000 years BP ), from the Mal'ta-Buret' culture , in Siberia. The autosomal DNA of

900-644: The Shirkent Nature Park). In addition, Anvar Buzurukov and his team with the first environmental non-governmental organization in Tajikistan, the Tajik Social and Ecological Union (TSEU), formed with support from the Ayni district authorities, in 1991 began the development of a technical proposal towards developing a protected area in the Yaghnob Valley, for both the natural environment and for

945-1053: The Yaghnob Valley, including improvements in the infrastructure. The conference concluded that the priority was to improve the living conditions of the Yaghnobi people and the quality of their lives. The Yaghnobi community, for its part, needed to play a more active role and become involved in all the subsequent initiatives, learning how to plan and implement the development projects themselves. The Yaghnobi villages were divided into 3 districts (or, in Yaghnobi , sada ): Lower District: Khishortob ‡, Farkow †, Pushoytamen †, Worsowut †, Quli Worsowut †; Middle District: Marghtumayn , Mushtif †, Alowmayn †, Waghinzoy , Shakhsara †, Showeta , Dumzoy †, Khisoki Darv †, Nomitkon , Chukkat †, Bidev , Kashi , Pulla Rowut , Tag-i Chanor , Pitip †; Upper District: Upper Gharmen , Lower Gharmen , Simich †, Sokan , Dahana †, Qul , Piskon , Padipast , Nodmayn †, Dehbaland , Witikhon †, Tagob †, Kansi †, Kiryonti ‡, Dehkalon †‡, Navobod †‡. Note: † indicates an abandoned village, and ‡ indicates

SECTION 20

#1732772435822

990-475: The Yaghnob Valley, its people and its language in the history of this land. The residents of the Yaghnob Valley had to pool their own resources to build a road up to Bedef village. However, this road is deteriorating as there are no more funds available for maintenance work. The valley is still effectively isolated for more than six months of the year and the people have little access to the outside world and, in particular, to emergency health services. Recently,

1035-536: The Yaghnob Valley. The so-called “Mystery of Yaghnob” was introduced to the world by the German scientist G. Capus in 1883 in his article Yaghnob Valley and its People , published in the European Journal of Geography. The author highlighted the unique nature of this valley, the language of its people and the need for further research. However, the valley has only really become the focus of public attention in

1080-710: The Yaghnob Valley: Ancient Sogdiana: Past, Present and Future , which took place on the 18–19 October 2007 in Dushanbe in Tajikistan . The conference delegates formulated an appeal to the government and citizens of Tajikistan , and also to international organizations, for support in the establishment of the Yaghnob Natural Ethnography Park and for help in the sustainable and responsible development of

1125-529: The Yaghnobi, lived there in peaceful isolation until the 1820s. Until the 20th century, the Yaghnobis lived through their natural economy . Some some still do, as the area they originally inhabited is still remote from roads and power transmission lines. The first contact with Soviet Union in the 1930s during the Great Purge led to many Yaghnobis being exiled, but perhaps the most traumatic events were

1170-722: The early 90s, the Mountain Geo-system Research Lab of the Institute of Geography at the Russian Academy of Science , with support from the private sector, the Soros Foundation and the Tajik Social and Ecological Union, was actively engaged in field research in the valley. In 2001 Alexei Gunya presented the findings in his book, Yagnob Valley – nature, history, and chances of a mountain community development in Tajikistan , which presented

1215-552: The east. Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia , its likely region of origin. There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain , Portugal , France , Britain and Ireland . The clade

1260-420: The economic potential of the valley. The current population of the valley is about 492 people (82 families) according to 2008 census, but the population fluctuates according to season. Nevertheless, the overall trend appears downwards, as the younger people seem less inclined to remain in the valley, due to the paucity of health and educational facilities available locally. In 1989-1992, Anvar J. Buzurukov (as

1305-446: The forced resettlement in 1957 and 1970, from the Yaghnob mountains to the semi-desert lowlands of Tajikistan . In the 1970s, Red Army helicopters were sent to valleys to evacuate the population, ostensibly because Yaghnobi kishlaks (villages) were considered at risk from avalanches . Some Yaghnobis reportedly died of shock in helicopters as they were moved to the plains. Many were then forced to work at cotton plantations on

1350-523: The government has largely ignored this issue and has made little effort to restore the necessary socio-economic conditions for durable life in the valley or otherwise redress the wrongs inflicted on this community. The government, and other institutions, have sought to uncover the roots of the Tajik people in the Persian Empire and in other ancient civilizations, but have studiously ignored the place of

1395-818: The head of the Protected Areas Department of the Ministry of the Environment) initiated, planned and led scientific feasibility studies towards establishing the first national and natural parks in the Tajik SSR. In 1992, the biggest high mountain park in USSR- Pamir National Park was designated, now called the Tajik National Park, a year before the same team established the first nature reserve in Tajikistan,

Yaghnobis - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-627: The indigenous people. Unfortunately, the civil war of 1992-97 put these plans on hold. In 2007 A.J. Buzurukov, as founder of the TSEU, planned and organized a multidisciplinary expedition to the Yaghnob Valley, with the support of the Ayni Development Committee, the UNDP's Ayni Regional Office and the UK government . Together with independent researchers, the expedition attempted to renew

1485-405: The initiatives to save and protect the valley's natural environment and the lifestyles and the language of its people. They prepared a report entitled, A brief scientific feasibility study, with proposed pre-project activities, for establishing the Yaghnob Natural Ethnography Park (YNEP) . (downloadable on www.yagnob.org) Advocates have long called for a special status to be given to the valley and

1530-631: The last 17 years, with a number of expeditions, as well as national and international publications, dedicated to the Yaghnob Valley. In 1990, after the Glasnost reforms, it became possible for the Tajik Cultural Fund to organize expeditions and the historian Oleg Panfilov published articles on the valley. The subsequent period of Civil war in Tajikistan put further field research by international researchers on hold, though some Russian scientists were still able to continue their research. In

1575-472: The last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan .( Lobov 2009 ) It may have survived the last glacial maximum , in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea .( Lobov 2009 ). It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from

1620-481: The majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b ( Rosser 2000 , Semino 2000 ). (R1a1a) (R1a1*) (R1a*) (R1b1a) (R1b1b) (R1b1c) (R1b*) R1 and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242). The origins of haplogroup R1 cannot currently be proved. According to

1665-501: The most complete history of the valley, its agricultural practices and topography. The valley's first permanent settlements date back to the 8th century. The population was made up of Sogdians , fleeing the armies of the Arab Caliphate , who swept through Central Asia . The ancient Sogdians , and their direct descendants, the Yaghnobi, continued to live for centuries in splendid isolation in their remote valley home, surviving

1710-647: The mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R ) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R * (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan ( Firasat 2007 ). The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups

1755-458: The plains tend to be assimilated with the Tajiks, as their children study in school in the Tajik language . The returnees live through the natural economy , and the majority remain without roads and electricity. The Yaghnob Valley comprises approximately ten settlements, each housing between three and eight families. There are other small settlements elsewhere. The upper Yaghnob River Valley

1800-549: The plains. As a result of overwork and the change in environment and lifestyle, several hundred Yaghnobis died of disease. While some Yaghnobis rebelled and returned to the mountains, the Soviet government demolished the empty villages and the largest village on the Yaghnob River , Piskon , was removed from official maps. Since 1983, families have begun to return to the Yaghnob Valley . The majority of those that remain on

1845-484: The successive waves of invaders that destroyed the surrounding areas. The Yaghnob Valley faced major challenges in the 1970s, when its entire population was forcibly removed and resettled in the Zafarabad region. However, the links to the valley were not entirely destroyed, as some Yaghnobi farmers continued to graze their herds in the valley, and maintained the cemeteries and sacred places. A slow renaissance of

Yaghnobis - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-558: The valley began at the end of the 1980s when some Yaghnobi families returned to their ancestral homes. In 1990, the Leninabad Provincial Executive Committee issued a decree which authorized limited government assistance to the returning Yaghnobis. Some state funds were allocated, and a new road was built between Margib and Khishortob. During the time of Perestroika , the Yaghnobi people were able to return to their native land. However, since then

1935-701: Was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran ." The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago. The distribution of M417-subclades R1-Z282 (including R1-Z280) in Central- and Eastern Europe and R1-Z93 in Asia suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region. The place of origin of these subclades plays

1980-519: Was mostly done by men. The women worked on moulding earthenware crockery. The Yaghnobi people originated from the Sogdians , a people dominant in the area until the Muslim conquests in the 8th century, when Sogdiana was defeated. In that period, Yaghnobis settled in the high valleys. The ancient Sogdians fled to the Yaghnob Valley to escape the medieval Arab Caliphate . Their direct descendants,

2025-549: Was protected by an until recently almost impenetrable gorge. They also live in and about the Amu Darya River, the Yaghnob River , the Yaghnob Valley , the Qul River, the Varzob rivers and the town of Anzob . The Yaghnobi people are Sunni Muslims. Many elements of the pre-Islamic Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism are still preserved. The main paternal haplogroups of Yaghnobis are R1-M173 and J2-M172 , both found at

#821178