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68-648: The centerpiece of the library system is the Sterling Memorial Library , a Collegiate Gothic building constructed in 1931 and containing the main library offices, the university archives, a music library, and 3.5 million volumes. The library is also known for its major collection of rare books, housed primarily in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library as well as the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library ,

136-748: A Gutenberg Bible , the Voynich manuscript , the Vinland map , and the papers and manuscripts of major authors and artists, with particular strengths in American literature. The Lillian Goldman Law Library, situated in Sterling Law Building of the Yale Law School , contains nearly 800,000 volumes relating to law and jurisprudence. These include one of the most significant collections of rare books pertaining to legal history, as well as

204-643: A campaign among Yale alumni to purchase or donate valuable items, and early gifts included a complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible , the papers of Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound , and the papers of James Boswell . Having amassed a major rare books collection, the university established the Beinecke Library in 1963 as a specialized rare books storage and preservation facility, and leaving the Sterling Library's former Rare Book Room with

272-589: A castle-like housing for air handling equipment . The tower's shelves are estimated to stretch 80 miles (130 km), contained within 6.5 miles (10.5 km) of aisles. In addition to the library collections, the tower houses reading rooms, study carrels, library offices, and special collections, including the Babylonian Collection . Access to the Stacks is restricted to affiliates of the university and library patrons. Four reading rooms sit near

340-638: A closed-access, climate-controlled facility that houses 4 million infrequently-accessed volumes, is located in Hamden, Connecticut . 41°18′40″N 72°55′43″W  /  41.31111°N 72.92861°W  / 41.31111; -72.92861 Sterling Memorial Library Sterling Memorial Library ( SML ) is the main library building of the Yale University Library system in New Haven, Connecticut , United States. Opened in 1931,

408-524: A collection of 40,000 books in the 1840s, and later expanded to Linsly Hall and Chittenden Hall, the old library could not hold Yale's swelling book collection, which had grown to over one million volumes. In 1918, Yale received a $ 17-million bequest from John W. Sterling , founder of the New York law firm Shearman & Sterling , providing that Yale construct "at least one enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful edifice." The largest bequest in

476-574: A complete biography of his life difficult to write. Austin was born in Hamden, Connecticut in 1804 and was the son of Daniel and Adah (Dorman) Austin. He first seems to have worked as a carpenter's apprentice and then began his career in architecture in association with Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis , although the nature of his relationship to Town and Davis has not been ascertained. In 1837, he opened his own office in Hartford , evidenced by newspaper advertisements. In Hartford, he designed

544-405: A design produced by Lee Lawrie . The scene depicts Cro-Magnon , Egyptian , Assyrian , Hebrew , Arab , Greek , Mayan , and Chinese scholars in low relief , with inscriptions from major works in each writing system. At center is a medieval scholar, and directly above the doors are symbolic representations of major civilizations, which include a Phoenician ship , a Babylonian lamassu and

612-524: A dozen facilities around campus, and retained over 500 staff. In 2012, many of the Science Hill libraries were re-consolidated at Kline Science Library as the Center for Science and Social Science Information. The library's largest building, Sterling Memorial Library, contains about four million volumes in the humanities, social sciences, area studies, as well as several special collections projects and

680-555: A lasting impression on the domestic architecture of the then-developing real estate projects in the areas of Wooster Square and Hillhouse Avenue . In Wooster Square he designed the Italianate James E. English House (1845), the exotic Indian/Moorish Willis Bristol House (1845), the Nelson Hotchkiss House (1850), and the irregular Italianate villa Oliver B. King House (1852). On Hillhouse Avenue he worked on

748-591: A more modest archival collection. The Sterling library is also home to the largest collection of Benjamin Franklin papers in the world, which it received as a gift in 1935 from William Smith Mason, of the Yale class of 1888, and is considered the largest and most valuable collection of materials ever given to the library. It is headquarters for the editorial staff who are collating and publishing The Papers of Benjamin Franklin , an ongoing effort which began in 1954 and

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816-468: A new building. In 1917, a $ 17-million bequest from John W. Sterling , stipulating Yale build "at least one enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful edifice," provided the means. The collection was moved to the Sterling Memorial Library in 1931, which quadrupled the library's shelving capacity and offered dedicated rooms for periodicals, reference works, and special collections. Although it had received many important books and manuscripts pertaining to

884-644: A small collection of 16mm prints acquired for use in teaching film in 1968, was formally established in 1982 and moved to Sterling in 2021. Its collections include original material by filmmakers including Mary Ellen Bute , Frank Mouris , Warrington Hudlin , and Willie Ruff . The Film Archive collects, preserves, and screens films in its collection, and is an Associate of the International Federation of Film Archives . The library houses several special collections: Henry Austin (architect) Henry Austin (December 4, 1804 – December 17, 1891)

952-431: A vaulted nave and commissioned extensive stained glass and stone ornament to decorate the building's exterior and interior. The library's 122,500-square-foot (11,380 m ) footprint would take up more than half a city block. Twenty buildings were cleared for its construction, many of them private homes. Although excavation began in the fall of 1927, the construction site was not fully secured until July 1928, when

1020-541: Is a film archive with a collection of 35mm and 16mm film prints and original elements, as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, and VHS. The Yale University Library includes libraries beyond its campus in New Haven. The Lewis Walpole Library in Farmington, Connecticut is a research library for eighteenth-century studies and the prime source for the study of Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill. The Library Shelving Facility,

1088-489: Is also a member of Borrow Direct , allowing patrons to check out volumes from major American research universities. Throughout the Collegiate School's nascence in the early 18th century, books were the most valuable assets the school could acquire. Although New Haven Colony founder John Davenport began collecting books for a college library in New Haven in the 1650s, the college is said to have been founded by

1156-424: Is decorated with stone gargoyles, reliefs, and inscriptions. The nave is the most ornately decorated library interior, although ornamental features, particularly stained-glass windows, can be found in nearly every room in the building. A relief above the library's main entrance symbolizes the scholarly achievements of ancient civilizations. It is the work of architectural sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan , who executed

1224-536: Is expected to include up to 50 volumes, containing more than 30,000 extant Franklin papers. More specialized facilities would follow: the Kline Science Library absorbed the library's science collections, the Mudd Library received social science books, and smaller libraries in engineering, physics, and geology were established by academic departments. By 2000, the library had expanded to more than

1292-407: Is flanked by two aisles , which originally held card catalogs for the library bookstacks. Though the original catalog drawers remain in the aisles, the cards have been removed and the aisles converted to seating areas and a computer lab . At its western end it is intersected by a transept , which leads to the library's main reading room on one end and its wing on the other. For many years, smoking

1360-459: Is named for John W. Sterling , a lawyer representing Standard Oil , whose huge bequest to Yale required that an "enduring, useful and architecturally beautiful edifice" be built. Sterling Library is elaborately ornamented, featuring extensive sculpture and painting as well as hundreds of panes of stained glass created by G. Owen Bonawit . In addition to the book tower, Rogers' design featured five large reading rooms and two courtyards, one of which

1428-466: Is now a music library. While the library's nave and main reading rooms can be visited on guided tours, its collections are restricted to cardholders. For the ninety years prior to the construction of Sterling Memorial Library, Yale's library collections had been held in the College Library, a chapel-like Gothic Revival building on Yale's Old Campus now known as Dwight Hall. Built to house

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1496-730: The Capitoline wolf of Rome . At the western end of the nave is a fresco painted by Eugene Savage, a professor in the Yale School of Art and Architecture . Savage titled it "The Imagination that Directs the University's Spiritual and Intellectual Efforts," but it is commonly known as the Alma Mater mural for its depiction of a personified "University." Savage, an expert in Early Renaissance techniques, painted

1564-821: The James Dwight Dana House (1848) and the John Pitkin Norton House (1849), as well as remodeled the Greek Revival Ithiel Town House of 1836 for Joseph E. Sheffield in 1859 (demolished), encasing Town's structure in an exuberant Italianate shell. In New Haven, Austin made the so-called candelabra column (a column inspired by Indian architecture consisting of superimposed vegetal layers) his signature, as well as elaborate Indian/Moorish lambrequins over windows, and thick vegetal anthemia and tendrils over window surrounds. Other significant works in New Haven include

1632-740: The Lillian Goldman Law Library , and the Lewis Walpole Library in Farmington, Connecticut . Many schools and departments at Yale also maintain their own collections, comprising twelve on-campus facilities and an off-campus shelving facility. The library subscribes to hundreds of research databases. Along with the Harvard Library and Columbia Libraries , it was a founding member of the Research Libraries Group consortium. The library

1700-471: The main approach of a cathedral . At its western terminus is a chancel containing an ornate circulation desk and altarpiece mural painted by Eugene Savage . Constructed of Indiana limestone and Ohio sandstone blocks, the nave is a self-supporting stone structure with none of the steel reinforcement used elsewhere in the library. It is elaborately decorated with stone and wood carving, ironwork, stained glass windows, and ceiling bosses . The main hall

1768-413: The "Stacks". Originally intended to house 3.5 million volumes, it is a seven-story structure, with eight mezzanine levels interleaved between the main stories. Although encased in a Gothic exterior, the tower's structural system is a welded steel frame , which permits a vertical rise that traditional Gothic techniques would not. The crenelated roof of the tower is elaborately decorated, complete with

1836-617: The 1860s, Austin's style changed with the times, incorporating structures in the Second Empire and Stick styles. In 1868, he constructed two Second Empire houses on Prospect Street in New Haven for Oliver Winchester and John M. Davies . The Winchester House has been demolished, but the Davies house remains, having been restored by Yale and renamed the Betts House . Austin's son, Fred, joined his father's practice in later years, but

1904-570: The 1980s, still maintains Austin's facade and some interior decorative features. Austin also worked in other regions and states. In Connecticut, he designed churches in Gothic revival and Italianate styles in Northford (Congregational 1845), Waterbury (St. John's Episcopal Church, 1846), Kent (First Congregational 1849), Plainville (Congregational 1850), and Seymour (Trinity Episcopal, 1858). Perhaps his most significant out-of-state commission

1972-815: The Grove Street Cemetery Gate in Egyptian Revival (1848–49), Dwight Hall at Yale (1842–1845), the Townsend City Savings Bank (demolished, 1852), the Palladium Building (formerly Young Men's Institute, 1855) and the strange Moorish New Haven Railroad Station (demolished, 1848). His most significant non-residential commission in New Haven was the City Hall (1860), a polychrome, asymmetrical, Gothic Revival structure, which, although significantly altered in

2040-417: The blacksmith who shaped most of the ironwork for Yale's Gothic buildings, created handwrought elevator doors for the Stacks depicting major trades , as well as ironwork and gates for the building. Other decorative stonework by Chambellan—gargoyles, corbels , and reliefs—can be found throughout the building. While most of his works depict scholarship and university life, several are humorous interpretations of

2108-418: The building's ambition, beauty, and pragmatism. The library is situated on Yale's Cross Campus, the central quadrangle of the university. Surrounding buildings, including Berkeley College , Trumbull College , and Sterling Law Building were designed by Rogers and built in the same period and Gothic Revival style as the library. The entrance hall of the library is known as the "nave" because it imitates

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2176-524: The building's tower. The bookstacks use two classification systems: the Yale Library system and the Library of Congress system. Adopted in the 1890s, the non-standard Yale system became cumbersome and inefficient for cataloging. Though replaced in 1970 by the Library of Congress system, many of the 5.7 million volumes held by the library at that time remain filed in the Yale system. The card catalogs in

2244-495: The college about two hundred books. Four years later, Elihu Yale, who had previously given some books at Dummer's behest, sent 300 books along with other goods from his estate in Wales. The school, recently moved to New Haven, took Yale's name in recognition of the bequest. A third major donation arrived fifteen years later, when philosopher-bishop George Berkeley donated his 1,000-volume,a major assembly of classical works library to

2312-528: The college's collection for private use. The collection, then about 4,000 items in total, was sent inland during the Revolutionary War , a move that culled nearly a third of the collection. The library moved often during its first 150 years while the campus’ Old Brick Row was erected. From the all-timber College House it moved to the First Chapel (Athaneum) after its construction in 1763, to

2380-640: The colony's college, then operating in Saybrook, Connecticut . Over 800 volumes arrived in Boston and were sent to the college. Among the contributors were leading scientists including Isaac Newton , John Woodward , and Edmond Halley , who sent copies of their own tracts among their donations. Religious figures, including Richard Bentley , White Kennett , and Matthew Henry , fortified the theological collections, and other books arrived from Richard Steele , Richard Blackmore , and Dummer himself, who ultimately gave

2448-515: The contemporaneous development of science, the American colonies, and ecclesiastical history, it had received only piecemeal historical contributions, such as the Assyrian tablets received in 1855 that founded the Babylonian Collection . Beginning under the librarianship of Andrew Keogh in 1924, the library undertook a purposeful program of collecting rare books, personal papers, and archival works. English professor Chauncey Brewster Tinker mounted

2516-423: The courtyard with a 5,000-seat chapel facing opposite the library. With the end of compulsory undergraduate chapel services in 1926 and the lack of a financier, the chapel was never built. Expanding on Goodhue's tower concept, Rogers proposed the library take the form of a cathedral, which, in his own words, would be "as near to modern Gothic as we dared to make it." He modeled the library's entrance hall to resemble

2584-497: The department of Manuscripts and Archives. The Irving S. Gilmore Music Library resides within Sterling Library, and the building is connected via tunnel to the underground Bass Library , a facility for frequently-used materials. Opened in 1963, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library is the library's principal repository of rare and historical books and manuscripts. It holds approximately 800,000 volumes, including

2652-408: The final holdout homeowner agreed to sell. While the new library was planned and constructed, Yale began soliciting gifts from its alumni for the new library. By 1931, the collection had grown to nearly 2 million volumes, many of them rare books and manuscripts. Among the most important of these acquisitions was a Gutenberg Bible donated by Anna Harkness . The bible became the centerpiece of

2720-528: The firm did not survive long after Austin's death. Throughout his later years, Austin maintained control of his firm and was famous as he aged for wearing a dark brown wig. He was the chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Public Buildings in New Haven at the time of his death; he also served on the New Haven city council in 1854 and belonged to the Masons for fifty years. For an image of the only photograph that

2788-529: The gift of “forty folios” in Branford, Connecticut by its ten founding Congregational ministers. All were theological texts, and those surviving are now stored in the Beinecke Library. In the school's first three decades, three gifts established Yale's collection. In 1714, Jeremiah Dummer , Connecticut's colonial agent in Boston, wrote to distinguished English scholars requesting gifts of books for

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2856-470: The history of any American university, it initiated a major period of construction on Yale's campus. Because of the library collection's growth, the university decided to make the centerpiece of Sterling's gift a new library with a capacity for 3.5 million volumes. The building's original architect, Bertram Goodhue , intended the library to resemble his State Capitol Building in Lincoln, Nebraska , with

2924-566: The library for their 10,000-book collections, as was the collection of the American Oriental Society . As the collection swelled beyond the building's 50,000-book capacity, it became necessary to add annex buildings to the Library: Chittenden Hall was finished in 1890, and Linsly Hall in 1906. As the collection surpassed one million volumes in the 20th century, it became clear that the library would need

2992-421: The library was designed by James Gamble Rogers as the centerpiece of Yale's Gothic Revival campus. The library's tower has sixteen levels of bookstacks containing over 4 million volumes. Several special collections—including the university's Manuscripts & Archives—are also housed in the building. It connects via tunnel to the underground Bass Library , which holds an additional 150,000 volumes. The library

3060-444: The library's books in a prominent tower. When Goodhue died in 1924, the project passed to James Gamble Rogers , the university's consulting architect. Rogers' work on a "General Plan" for the Yale campus allowed him to incorporate the main library project into his neo-Gothic scheme for Yale's expansion. Roger's campus plan called for the library to sit on a new main courtyard, now called Cross Campus. Originally, he planned to balance

3128-534: The lives of students and librarians. Several tributes in the library commemorate pioneering graduates of the university. A portrait of Edward Bouchet , one of Yale's earliest African American graduates, hangs in the nave's transept. Near the Franke Family Reading Room is a statue of Yung Wing , the first Chinese graduate of Yale. In 2016 a portrait of the first seven women to receive Ph.D.s from Yale, which those seven women all did in 1894,

3196-644: The most complete collection of William Blackstone 's commentaries. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library , Yale's medical library, houses a collection of historical medical works. The Center for Science and Social Science Information, situated in Kline Biology Tower on Science Hill , contains science and social science works consolidated from the former Kline Science Library facilities. The Haas Arts Library in Rudolph Hall houses art and architectural materials. The Yale Film Archive

3264-538: The most in number, Bonawit's panels can be found in many of Yale's Gothic Revival buildings of the same period, including the Sterling Law Building , the Hall of Graduate Studies, and the residential colleges . In the nave, ten high relief stone panels by Chambellan depict the history of the Yale University Library up to 1865. Bosses on the nave's ceiling depict writing implements. Samuel Yellin ,

3332-623: The mural in his characteristic style, an Art Deco interpretation of traditional Renaissance composition. Surrounding "Alma Mater" are personifications of academic disciplines . 680 unique stained glass panels by G. Owen Bonawit adorn the nave, reading rooms, offices, and tower of the library. Eighty decorate the nave, depicting scenes from the history of Yale and New Haven. Most reading rooms have stained glass panels that represent themes from their subject matter. Bonawit's firm also designed over 2,000 small outline images to inset in windows without stained glass panes. Although Sterling contains

3400-421: The nave on the first floor of the library: The tower holds smaller reading rooms for the library's area studies holdings, including African, East Asian, Latin American, Near East, Slavic and East European, Southeast Asian, and Judaica collections. There are also dedicated reading rooms for several fields of study, including American Studies , History , and Philosophy . Sterling's northern wing, accessed from

3468-523: The nave once contained as many as 9.5 million cards, sorted in 8,700 trays. Manuscripts & Archives is the primary archival repository of the university, housing Yale memorabilia, university archives, historical manuscripts, and personal papers donated to the university. Though the archive uses the former Rare Book Room as its primary reading room, most of the collection is held off-site. Significant materials within Manuscripts & Archives include

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3536-652: The nave via a cloister hallway , contains the library's offices as well as three major rooms: a lecture hall, the Memorabilia Room, and the Rare Book Room. The Memorabilia Room hosts temporary exhibitions of Yale's archival collections and university history, and serves as an antechamber to the 120-seat lecture hall. The Rare Book Room, designed after English Jacobean architecture , was built to allow library patrons to browse Yale's collection of rare books and manuscripts. A vaulted, octagonal chapel behind

3604-611: The new Lyceum building in 1804, then to the new Second Chapel in 1824. The first dedicated home for the collection, the College Library , was constructed between 1842 and 1846 and held the collection for almost ninety years. The Victorian Gothic building, designed by Henry Austin and considered an extravagance in its day, was modeled after Gore Hall , the library of Harvard College . Two university-affiliated literary societies , Linonia and Brothers in Unity , were given rooms in

3672-522: The new library was criticized as expensive and retrograde. William Harlan Hale , writing in The Nation , scorned it as a "cathedral orgy," criticized the library's bastardized cathedral aesthetics and the university's timid anti-modernism. Many students of architecture leveled similar criticisms. Others asserted that the project was either sanctimonious or sacrilegious for merging academic purpose and religious architecture. Later critics have praised

3740-400: The new library's Rare Book Room, which allowed students and researchers to browse the most valuable books in the university's collection for the first time, a function later subsumed in part by the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library . At the time of its construction, the choice of cathedral architecture attracted criticism. Like much of Yale's revivalist construction of the same era,

3808-562: The papers of Charles Lindbergh , Eero Saarinen , Eli Whitney , John Maley and the audio library of Osama bin Laden . The archives hosts a notable collection of diplomatic papers, including those of Dean Acheson , Henry Kissinger , Henry Stimson , and Cyrus Vance . Audio, visual, and paper materials related to music are retained in the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library, a facility converted from one of Sterling's courtyards. The collection

3876-405: The room was specially constructed to house a copy of the Gutenberg Bible . The completion of the Beinecke Library in 1963 provided a more secure, climate-controlled repository for rare books, and the room and chapel now serve as a browsing room for the library's Manuscripts & Archives department. The library originally had two courtyards designed and landscaped by Beatrix Farrand . In 1997,

3944-479: The school. Now holding a sizeable collection, Yale President Thomas Clap decided to catalogue the collection for the first time, then housed in the college's only building, the College House. This first inventory already showed evidence of book losses and thefts. During the move from Saybrook to New Haven, residents angry to lose the collection overturned the ox-carts carrying the books and liberated much of

4012-681: The tower of Christ Church Cathedral (1838), the Wadsworth Athenaeum with Town and Davis (1842, his involvement is uncertain), the demolished gothic-revival Kellogg house (1841), and the long-gone 1842 building for St. John's Episcopal Church (Hartford, Connecticut) ; he also became associated at this time with Nelson Hotchkiss a New Haven real estate developer and designed with him villas along "Park Row" in Trenton, NJ , probably his first major commission. In 1841, he moved his practice to New Haven where his first significant commission

4080-587: The western courtyard was enclosed and renovated to become the Irving S. Gilmore Music Library. Sterling's remaining courtyard, named the Selin Courtyard, features motifs from the history of printing. The library is one of the most elaborate buildings on the Yale campus. Rogers commissioned artisans, including stained glass artist G. Owen Bonawit and blacksmith Samuel Yellin , who worked with Rogers on many of his buildings, sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan , and painter Eugene Savage . The building's exterior

4148-405: Was a prominent and prolific American architect based in New Haven , Connecticut . He practiced for more than fifty years and designed many public buildings and homes primarily in the New Haven area. His most significant years of production seem to be the 1840s and 1850s. The paucity of precise information concerned with Austin and a lack of many personal papers (such as diaries or letters) makes

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4216-401: Was allowed in the nave, which left a layer of soot on its upper levels. Beginning in 2013, the nave underwent a $ 20-million, yearlong renovation to clean its surfaces, restore its architectural details, overhaul building systems, and reconfigure visitor circulation and services. Fifteen levels of library materials, primarily books, are housed in the building's tower, commonly referred to as

4284-504: Was established in the mid-19th century under Gustave J. Stoeckel , and was expanded by the acquisition of Lowell Mason 's papers and library in 1873. Its collections include one of the largest catalogs of recordings and scores in the United States, including the papers of Charles Ives , Carl Ruggles , Quincy Porter , Horatio Parker , Virgil Thomson , Clarence Watters , Richard Donovan, and J. Rosamond Johnson . The collection

4352-576: Was moved to Sprague Hall of the Yale School of Music in 1955, then to Sterling after the Gilmore Library was completed in 1997. The seventh floor of Sterling Memorial Library holds the Yale Film Archive , which holds collections of more than 7,000 film elements, including hundreds of unique 35mm and 16mm prints and original negatives, as well as more than 50,000 items in its circulating video collection. The archive, which grew from

4420-484: Was placed in the library. The women include Mary Augusta Scott , Elizabeth Deering Hanscom, Margaretta Palmer , Charlotte Fitch Roberts, Cornelia H.B. Rogers, Sara Bulkley Rogers, and Laura Johnson Wylie. The portrait is the first painting hanging in the library to have women as subjects. Brenda Zlamany was the artist. The large majority of materials in Sterling are housed in the bookstacks, which are contained in

4488-500: Was taken of Austin: [1] In recent years, curiosity has been raised about Austin's professional relationship to his New Haven contemporary, Sidney Mason Stone , but, other than minor references to civic duties they shared, there seems to be little documentation available to fuel such an inquiry. Austin was married twice, first to Harriet M. Hooker, then to Jane Hempstead, and had four children who survived into adulthood, Willard, Henry, David, and Fred. He died in 1891 in New Haven and

4556-746: Was the Morse-Libby House ( Victoria Mansion ) in Portland, ME, 1857–1860, for Sylvester Ruggles Morse . This large, elaborate Italianate mansion in brownstone is considered one of Austin's best works and has been called "one of the culminating domestic designs of the antebellum years, and of the Italianate villa in general." One of his last major commissions was for the gothic, brownstone library (Rich Hall, 1866–68), now Patricelli '92 Theater, at Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT. After

4624-454: Was the now-demolished, Greek Revival George Gabriel House (1841). In New Haven, Austin's style diversified; in one ad, Austin claimed he could design buildings "in every variety of architectural style". He worked in a range of styles popular in the nineteenth century including Gothic , Italianate , Egyptian and Moorish Revival . In some buildings, he employed an eclectic mix of styles, creating varied, exotic formi. His New Haven work left

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