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62-565: The oldest accounts of Yamatai are found in the official Chinese dynastic Twenty-Four Histories for the 1st- and 2nd-century Eastern Han dynasty , the 3rd-century Wei kingdom , and the 6th-century Sui dynasty . The c. 297 CE Records of Wèi ( traditional Chinese : 魏志 ), which is part of the Records of the Three Kingdoms ( 三國志 ), first mentions the country Yamatai , usually spelled as 邪馬臺 ( /*ja-ma-də̂/ ), written instead with

124-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from

186-493: A large stilt house suggests that Yamatai-koku was located near Makimuku in Sakurai, Nara (Anno. 2009). Makimuku has also revealed wooden tools such as masks and a shield fragment. A large amount of pollen that would have been used to dye clothes was also found at the site of Makimuku. Clay pots and vases were also found at the site of Makimuku similar to ones found in other prefectures of Japan. Another site at Makimuku supporting

248-650: A pre-Old Japanese form of Old Japanese yamato 2 (* yamatə ). Tōdō Akiyasu reconstructs two pronunciations for 䑓 – dai < Middle dǝi < Old * dǝg and yi < yiei < * d̥iǝg – and reads 邪馬臺 as Yamai . The etymology of Yamato , like those of many Japanese words, remains uncertain. While scholars generally agree that Yama- signifies Japan's numerous yama 山 "mountains", they disagree whether - to < - tö signifies 跡 "track; trace", 門 "gate; door", 戸 "door", 都 "city; capital", or perhaps 所 "place". Bentley (2008) reconstructs underlying Wa 's endonym * yama-tǝ(ɨ) as underlying

310-528: A sacred word after these two characters. It is equally unlikely that a copyist could have confused the characters, because in their old form they do not look nearly as similar as in their modern printed form. Yamadai was Fan Yeh's creation. (1994:249) He additionally cites Furuta that the Wei Zhi , Hou Han Shu , and Xin Tang Shu histories use at least 10 Chinese characters to transcribe Japanese to , but 臺

372-613: A standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan , the set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of

434-594: A transcription of some early linguistic form allied with the word Yamato. The phonology of this identification raises problems which after generations of study have yet to be settled. The final -ḁ̂i of the Middle Chinese form seems to be a transcription of some early form not otherwise recorded for the final -ö of Yamato. (1967:17-18) While most scholars interpret 邪馬臺 as a transcription of pre-Old Japanese yamatai , Miyake (2003:41) cites Alexander Vovin that Late Old Chinese ʑ(h)a maaʳq dhəə 邪馬臺 represents

496-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;

558-639: Is born second instead of eighth: Now when the time of birth arrived, first of all the island of Ahaji was reckoned as the placenta, and their minds took no pleasure in it. Therefore it received the name of Ahaji no Shima. Next there was produced the island of Oho-yamato no Toyo-aki-tsu-shima. (tr. Aston 1924 1:13) The translator Aston notes a literal meaning for the epithet of Toyo-aki-tsu-shima of "rich harvest's" (or "rich autumn's") "island" ( i.e. "Island of Bountiful Harvests" or "Island of Bountiful Autumn"). The c. 600-759 Man'yōshū ( 万葉集 , "Myriad Leaves Collection") transcribes various pieces of text using not

620-570: Is equivalent with "Middle" Chinese, and his "yod" palatal approximant i̯ (which some browsers cannot display) is replaced with the customary IPA j . Roy Andrew Miller describes the phonological gap between these Middle Chinese reconstructions and the Old Japanese Yamatö . The Wei chih account of the Wo people is chiefly concerned with a kingdom which it calls Yeh-ma-t'ai, Middle Chinese i̯a-ma-t'ḁ̂i , which inevitably seems to be

682-651: Is first seen in the 400s or 500s to spell out Japanese names, as on the Eta Funayama Sword or the Inariyama Sword . This gradually formalized over the 600s and 700s into the Man'yōgana system, a rebus-like transcription that uses specific kanji to represent Japanese phonemes . For instance, man'yōgana spells the Japanese mora ka using (among others) the character 加 , which means "to add", and

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744-511: Is hereditary. The King of Great Wa [Yamato] resides in the country of Yamadai. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:1) The Book of Sui ( traditional Chinese : 隋書 ), finished in 636 CE, records changing the capital's name from the Yamatai recorded in the Book of Wei, to Yamadai ( traditional Chinese : 邪靡堆 , Middle Chinese : /jia muɑ tuʌi/ ; interpreted as Yamato (Japanese logographic spelling 大和 ): Wa

806-639: Is not one of them. In historical Chinese phonology , the Modern Chinese pronunciations differ considerably from the original 3rd-7th century transcriptions from a transitional period between Archaic or Old Chinese and Ancient or Middle Chinese . The table below contrasts Modern pronunciations (in Pinyin ) with differing reconstructions of Early Middle Chinese ( Edwin G. Pulleyblank 1991), "Archaic" Chinese ( Bernhard Karlgren 1957), and Middle Chinese (William H. Baxter 1992). Note that Karlgren's "Archaic"

868-675: Is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China. In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution . In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing . The project was approved in 2002, and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi . Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,

930-586: Is situated in the middle of the great ocean southeast of Baekje and Silla, three thousand li away by water and land. The people dwell on mountainous islands. ...The capital is Yamadai , known in the Wei history as Yamatai . The old records say that it is altogether twelve thousand li distant from the borders of Lelang and Daifang prefectures, and is situated east of Kuaiji and close to Dan'er. (倭國在百濟・新羅東南、水陸三千里、於大海之中、依山島而居。... 都於邪靡堆、則魏志所謂邪馬臺者也。古云、去樂浪郡境及帶方郡並一萬二千里、在會稽之東、與儋耳相近。) (81, tr. Tsunoda 1951:28) The History of

992-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to

1054-793: The Asuka period (538-710) when Japanese place names were standardized into two-character compounds, the spelling of Yamato was changed to 大倭 , adding the prefix 大 ("big; great"). Following the ca. 757 graphic substitution of 和 ("peaceful") for 倭 ("docile"), the name Yamato was spelled 大和 ("great harmony"), using the Classical Chinese expression 大和 (pronounced in Middle Chinese as /dɑ ɦuɑ/ , as used in Yijing 1, tr. Wilhelm 1967:371: "each thing receives its true nature and destiny and comes into permanent accord with

1116-596: The Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People's Republic of China (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution . This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of

1178-462: The Japanese archipelago : Going south by water for twenty days, one comes to the country of Toma, where the official is called mimi and his lieutenant, miminari . Here there are about fifty thousand households. Then going toward the south, one arrives at the country of Yamadai, where a Queen holds her court. [This journey] takes ten days by water and one month by land. Among the officials there are

1240-593: The Kinki region of central Honshū . Imamura describes the controversy. The question of whether the Yamatai Kingdom was located in northern Kyushu or central Kinki prompted the greatest debate over the ancient history of Japan. This debate originated from a puzzling account of the itinerary from Korea to Yamatai in Wei-shu . The northern Kyushu theory doubts the description of distance and the central Kinki theory

1302-482: The Man'yōshū uses Japanese kun'yomi readings of yama 山 "mountain" and ato 跡 "track; trace". As noted further above, Old Japanese pronunciation rules caused yama ato to contract to yamato . The early Chinese histories above give three transcriptions of Yamatai : 邪馬壹 ( Wei Zhi ), 邪馬臺 ( Hou Han Shu ), and 邪摩堆 ( Sui Shu ). The first syllable is consistently written with 邪 "a place name", which

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1364-654: The Qing dynasty , the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture. The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor . This was when the last volume, the History of Ming , was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced. These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of

1426-472: The San Guo Zhi uses 壹 ("one") 86 times and 臺 ("platform") 56 times, without confusing them. During the Wei period, 臺 was one of their most sacred words, implying a religious-political sanctuary or the emperor's palace. The characters 邪 and 馬 mean "evil; depraved" and "horse", reflecting the contempt Chinese felt for a barbarian country, and it is most unlikely that Chen Shou would have used

1488-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝   'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for

1550-595: The Shintoist creation myth that the god Izanagi and the goddess Izanami gave birth to the Ōyashima ( 大八州 , "Eight Great Islands") of Japan, the last of which was Yamato: Next they gave birth to Great-Yamato-the-Luxuriant-Island-of-the-Dragon-Fly, another name for which is Heavenly-August-Sky-Luxuriant-Dragon-Fly-Lord-Youth. The name of "Land-of-the-Eight-Great-Islands" therefore originated in these eight islands having been born first. (tr. Chamberlain 1919:23) Chamberlain (1919:27) notes this poetic name "Island of

1612-656: The Yoshinogari site in Saga Prefecture , which was thought to be a possible candidate for the location of Yamatai. While some scholars, most notably Seijo University historian Takehiko Yoshida, interpret Yoshinogari as evidence for the Kyūshū Theory, many others support the Kinki Theory based on Yoshinogari clay vessels and the early development of Kofun (Saeki 2006). The recent archeological discovery of

1674-413: The ikima and, next in rank, the mimasho ; then the mimagushi , then the nakato . There are probably more than seventy thousands households. (115, tr. Tsunoda 1951:9) The Wei Zhi also records that in 238 CE, Queen Himiko sent an envoy to the court of Wei emperor Cao Rui , who responded favorably: We confer upon you, therefore, the title 'Queen of Wa Friendly to Wei', together with the decoration of

1736-541: The 4th millennium BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century. The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty , each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in

1798-491: The Chinese record Twenty-Four Histories , Yamatai was originally ruled by the shamaness Queen Himiko . The other officials of the country were also ranked under the queen, with the highest position called ikima , followed by mimasho , then mimagushi , and the lowest-ranking position of nakato . According to the legends, Himiko lived in a palace with 1,000 female handmaidens and one male servant who would feed her. This palace

1860-605: The Dragon-fly" is associated with legendary Emperor Jimmu , whose honorific name includes "Yamato", as Kamu-yamato Iware-biko . The 720 Nihon Shoki ( 日本書紀 , "Chronicles of Japan") transcribes Yamato with the Chinese characters 耶麻騰 , pronounced in Middle Chinese as /jia mˠa dəŋ/ and in Old Japanese as ya ma to 2 or ya ma do 2 . In this version of the Eight Great Islands myth, Yamato

1922-554: The Great Harmony.") The early Japanese texts above give three spellings of Yamato in kanji : 夜麻登 ( Kojiki ), 耶麻騰 ( Nihon Shoki ), and 山蹟 ( Man'yōshū ). The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki use Sino-Japanese on'yomi readings of ya 夜 "night" or ya or ja 耶 (an interrogative sentence-final particle in Chinese), ma 麻 "hemp", and to 登 "rise; mount" or do 騰 "fly; gallop". In contrast,

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1984-615: The Northern Dynasties , completed 643-659 CE, contains a similar record, but transliterates the name Yamadai using a different character with a similar pronunciation ( traditional Chinese : 邪 摩 堆 ). The first Japanese books, such as the Kojiki or Nihon Shoki , were mainly written in a variant of Classical Chinese called kanbun . The first texts actually in the Japanese language used Chinese characters, called kanji in Japanese, for their phonetic values. This usage

2046-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China

2108-532: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,

2170-524: The Wa kings lived in the country of Yamatai ( 邪馬臺國 ): The Wa dwell on mountainous islands southeast of Han [Korea] in the middle of the ocean, forming more than one hundred communities. From the time of the overthrow of Chaoxian [northern Korea] by Emperor Wu (B.C. 140-87), nearly thirty of these communities have held intercourse with the Han [dynasty] court by envoys or scribes. Each community has its king, whose office

2232-508: The cursive form of the kanji, and katakana from a simplification of the kanji). The c. 712 Kojiki ( 古事記 , "Records of Ancient Matters") is the oldest extant book written in Japan. The " Birth of the Eight Islands " section phonetically transcribes Yamato as 夜麻登 , pronounced in Middle Chinese as /jia mˠa təŋ/ and used to represent the Old Japanese morae ya ma to 2 (see also Man'yōgana#chartable ). The Kojiki records

2294-425: The direction. This has been a continuing debate over the past 200 years, involving not only professional historians, archeologists and ethnologists, but also many amateurs, and thousands of books and papers have been published. (1996:188) The location of ancient Yamatai-koku and its relation with the subsequent Kofun -era Yamato polity remains uncertain. In 1989, archeologists discovered a giant Yayoi-era complex at

2356-458: The errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing . An additional project, attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published. This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition , which argues that it

2418-501: The gold seal with purple ribbon. ...As a special gift, we bestow upon you three pieces of blue brocade with interwoven characters, five pieces of tapestry with delicate floral designs, fifty lengths of white silk, eight taels of gold, two swords five feet long, one hundred bronze mirrors, and fifty catties each of jade and of red beads. (tr. Tsunoda 1951:14-15) The ca. 432 CE Book of the Later Han ( traditional Chinese : 後漢書 ) says

2480-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from

2542-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as

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2604-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In

2666-983: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often

2728-592: The next generation. There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished. In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China (ROC), the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing , adding 21 supplementary chapters to

2790-677: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as

2852-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as

2914-417: The phonetic man'yōgana spellings, but rather a logographic style of spelling, based on the pronunciation of the kanji using the native Japanese vocabulary of the same meaning. For instance, the name Yamato is sometimes spelled as 山 ( yama , "mountain") + 蹟 ( ato , "footprint; track; trace"). Old Japanese pronunciation rules caused the sound yama ato to contract to just yamato . According to

2976-729: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to

3038-622: The project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016. Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed. However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected, and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted. In China, the Zhonghua Book Company have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists. From 1991 to 2003, it

3100-496: The proposed eight vowels of Nara period (710-794) Old Japanese ( a , i , ï , u , e , ë, o , and ö , see Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai ), which merged into the five modern vowels ( a , i , u , e , and o ). During the Kofun period (250-538) when kanji were first used in Japan, Yamatö was written with the ateji 倭 for Wa , the name given to "Japan" by Chinese writers using a character meaning "docile, submissive". During

3162-521: The spelling 邪馬壹 ( /*ja-ma-ʔit/ ), or Yamaichi in modern Japanese pronunciation. Most Wei Zhi commentators accept the 邪馬臺 ( /*ja-ma-də̂/ ) transcription in later texts and dismiss this initial spelling using 壹 ( /ʔit/ ) meaning "one" (the anti-fraud character variant for 一 'one') as a miscopy, or perhaps a naming taboo avoidance, of 臺 ( /dʌi/ ) meaning "platform; terrace." This history describes ancient Wa based upon detailed reports of 3rd-century Chinese envoys who traveled throughout

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3224-571: The theory that Yamatai once existed there is, the possible burial site of Queen Himiko at the Hashihaka burial mound . Himiko was the ruler of Yamatai from c. 180 C.E.- c. 248 C.E. Twenty-Four Histories The Twenty-Four Histories , also known as the Orthodox Histories ( 正史 ; Zhèngshǐ ), are a collection of official histories detailing the dynasties of China , from the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors in

3286-581: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with

3348-985: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write

3410-495: The transcription 邪馬臺's pronunciation * ja-maˀ-dǝ > * -dǝɨ . The location of Yamatai-koku is one of the most contentious topics in Japanese history . Generations of historians have debated "the Yamatai controversy" and have hypothesized numerous localities, some of which are fanciful like Okinawa (Farris 1998:245). General consensus centers around two likely locations of Yamatai, either northern Kyūshū or Yamato Province in

3472-487: The transcriptional difference between the 邪馬壹 spelling in the Wei Zhi and the 邪馬臺 in the Hou Han Shu , Hong (1994:248-9) cites Furuta Takehiko  [ ja ] that 邪馬壹 was correct. Chen Shou , author of the ca. 297 Wei Zhi , was writing about recent history based on personal observations; Fan Ye , author of the ca. 432 Hou Han Shu , was writing about earlier events based on written sources. Hong says

3534-518: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being

3596-587: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c.  200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c.  the 5th century . Although

3658-561: Was most likely located at the site of Makimuku in Nara prefecture . She ruled for most of the known history of Yamatai. After Queen Himiko died, an unknown king became ruler of the country for a short period, and then Queen Toyo reigned before Yamatai disappears from historical records. Modern Japanese Yamato ( 大和 ) descends from Old Japanese Yamatö or Yamato 2 , which has been associated with Yamatai . The latter umlaut or subscript diacritics distinguish two vocalic types within

3720-487: Was pronounced as /kˠa/ in Middle Chinese and adopted into Japanese with the pronunciation ka . Irregularities within this awkward system led Japanese scribes to develop phonetically regular syllabaries . The new kana were graphic simplifications of Chinese characters. For instance, ka is written か in hiragana and カ in katakana , both of which derive from the Man'yōgana 加 character (hiragana from

3782-686: Was translated from Literary Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese , by Xu Jialu and other scholars. One of the Twenty-Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English: Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes. In Korean and Vietnamese, only the Records has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are

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3844-454: Was used as a jiajie graphic-loan character for 耶 , an interrogative sentence-final particle, and for 邪 "evil; depraved". The second syllable is written with 馬 "horse" or 摩 "rub; friction". The third syllable of Yamatai is written in one variant with 壹 "faithful, committed", which is also financial form of 一 , "one", and more commonly using 臺 "platform; terrace" (cf. Taiwan 臺灣) or 堆 "pile; heap". Concerning

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