Sayid Muhammad Khudayar Khan , usually abbreviated to Khudayar Khan , was a Khan of Kokand who reigned between 1845 and 1875 with interruptions. He was the son of Shir Ali Khan . During the reign of Khudayar Khan, the Khanate was suffering from a civil war and from interventions of the Emir of Bukhara . Subsequently, the Russian invasion into Central Asia first forced the Khanate to become a vassal of the Russian Empire , and in 1876 the Khanate was abolished as a result of the suppression of an uprising. In 1875, Khudayar Khan, who took a pro-Russian position, during the uprising had to flee to Orenburg in Russia. He died in exile.
41-689: Muhammad Yakub Beg ( c. 1820 – 30 May 1877), later known as Yakub Padishah , was the Kokandi ruler of Yettishar (Kashgaria), a state he established during his invasion of Xinjiang from 1865 to 1877. He was recognized as Emir of Yettishar by the Ottoman Empire and held the title of "Champion Father of the Faithful". In English-language literature, the name Yakub Beg has also been spelt as Yaqub Beg , Yakoob Beg or Yaʿqūb Beg . Authors using Russian sources have also used
82-643: A conspiracy with Qing Dynasty forces in Jungaria . However, in a letter to the Qing authorities, Niyaz denied any involvement in the death of Yakub, claiming that the Kashgarian ruler had committed suicide. Other sources also state that he was killed in battle with the Chinese. While contemporaneous Muslim writers usually explained Yakub Beg's death by poisoning, and the suicide theory was the accepted truth among
123-409: A harsh interpretation of Islamic Sharia law . Korean historian Kim Hodong points out the fact that his disastrous and inexact commands failed the locals and they, in turn, welcomed the return of Chinese troops. Qing dynasty general Zuo Zongtang wrote that "The Andijanis are tyrannical to their people; government troops should comfort them with benevolence. The Andijanis are greedy in extorting from
164-786: A son of Mallya Khan, living in exile in Bukhara. When the plot was discovered, and Seyid Khan killed, the Emir of Bukhara, to avoid accusations in support of the plot, sent Khudayar Khan the names of conspirators and their supporters. This led to a large amount of executions. In 1875, an uprising forced Khudayar Khan to flee from the khanate. In 1875, he was exiled by the Russians to Orenburg , where he lived for 2 years. Longing for his homeland, he fled to Herat in 1877. Kokand businessmen who sympathized with him gave him money to travel to Peshawar, Bombay and from there to Mecca. He then wandered around
205-661: A weaver. However, Beg quickly became bored and returned to Piskent where he obtained a minor job under the general Ghadai Bai. He later worked under the governor of Khojent , Muhhammad Karim Khaska. When Aziz Bacha was appointed as the governor of Tashkent , Muhhammad Karim Khaska was transferred to the Khanate of Kokand along with Beg, but Kashka was soon assassinated by Musulman Quli. This juncture caused Beg to seek service in cavalry under Bacha. Kilauchi's governor Nar Muhhammad married Beg's sister around this time. In 1847, Nar Muhhammad succeeded Kashka as governor of Tashkent, and Beg
246-541: A year, Yakub had become master of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Maralbashi, areas stretching roughly from the western end of the Tarim Basin to as far as the Yarkand River . The Tarim Basin was conquered by Beg, who was viewed as a Khoqandi foreigner and not as a local. The Khan of Kokand had some claim over Barzug Khan as a subject, but did nothing in practice. Yakub entered into relations and signed treaties with
287-475: Is therefore thought to be the most likely time. Official sources from the US State Department and activists involved in the incident state that Yakub's sons and grandson had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment with a fund provided for their support. Rebiya Kadeer praised Yakub Beg. A son of general and politician Yulbars Khan was named after Yakub Beg. Yakub makes an appearance in
328-505: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , Yakub Beg was ethnically a Tajik. British surveyor Thomas George Montgomerie stated that, although he was a Tajik whose native tongue was Tajiki Neo-Persian , he rarely spoke anything but the local Turkic dialect once his rule over Kashgaria began. Beg's forefathers had lived in the mountainous part of Karategin before moving to Dehbid , near Samarkand . Beg's father, Pur Muhhammad,
369-521: The Qing dynasty between 1774 and 1798. Narbuta Bey’s son Alim was both ruthless and efficient. He hired a mercenary army of Ghalcha highlanders, and conquered the western half of the Fergana Valley, including Khujand and Tashkent . He was assassinated by his brother Umar in 1811. Umar's son, Mohammed Ali (Madali Khan), ascended to the throne in 1822 at the age of 12. During his reign,
410-667: The Shaybanid emir Shahrukh , of the Ming Tribe of Uzbeks , declared independence from the Khanate of Bukhara , establishing a state in the eastern part of the Fergana Valley . He built a citadel as his capital in the small town of Kokand , thus starting the Khanate of Kokand. His son, Abdul Kahrim Bey, and grandson, Narbuta Bey , enlarged the citadel, but both were forced to submit as a protectorate , and pay tribute to,
451-578: The 1830s, more than 5 million people lived in the Khanate of Kokand. Roughly 3 million of them were sedentary residents with Turkic and Iranian roots, while the remaining population of 2.0–2.5 million were nomadic tribes, spread across 400,000 households, consisting of various Turko-Mongolian groups such as Uzbeks , Kazakhs , Kyrgyz , Karakalpaks , Kalmyks , and Farghani Kipchaks . Sources: 40°31′43″N 70°56′33″E / 40.5286°N 70.9425°E / 40.5286; 70.9425 Muhammad Khudayar Khan In 1845, Shir Ali Khan
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#1732772008077492-554: The Arabian provinces until, in the early 1880s, he settled in the village of Karukh, east of Herat. He died in 1886 in the village of Karukh, east of Herat, in complete poverty. His grave is also located there. Under the orders of Khudayar Khan, his military officer Niaz-Muhammad ibn Ashur-Muhammad Khoqani wrote the Tarikh-i Shahrukhi , a Persian chronicle about the Khanate of Kokand. The palace built by Khudayar Khan
533-479: The Chinese held only the citadels of Kashgar and a few other places. The Kyrgyz, or Kazakh Sadic Beg, entered Kashgar but were unable to take the citadel and were sent to Tashkent as a Khoja to become ruler. Burzug Khan, the only surviving son of Jahangir Khoja , left Tashkent with six men. He joined Yakub Beg, left Kokand with 68 men, and crossed the border of China in January 1865. Sadic Beg, defeated by Yakub Beg,
574-635: The Emir, launched simultaneous attacks on Kokand and Tashkent, and finally took them under control. In the 1850s, the Russian Empire advanced to the Central Asia with the final goal of controlling the whole area. In 1865, Russian troops took Tashkent, and Alimqul, who opposed them, was killed in action. In Kokand, Kipchaks declared Hudaykul Bey the khan, however, after a fortnight he flew to Kashgar . Subsequently, Khudayar Khan entered Kokand without any resistance. In 1866, Russians proceeded to
615-821: The Khanate of Kokand reached its greatest territorial extent. The Kokand Khanate also housed the Khojas of Kashgar like Jahangir Khoja . In 1841, the British officer Captain Arthur Conolly failed to persuade the various khanates to put aside their differences, in an attempt to counter the growing penetration of the Russian Empire into the area. In November 1841, Captain Conolly left Kokand for Bukhara in an ill-fated attempt to rescue fellow officer Colonel Charles Stoddart , and both were executed on 24 June 1842 by
656-571: The Nar and allied himself with Khudayar, however the veracity of this claim is doubtful. Many Qipchaqs were massacred, and this led to an end of the domination of the Qipchaqs over Khokand. There is some uncertainty as to the whereabouts of Beg between 1852 and 1864. In 1864, however, he helped defend Tashkent during the first Russian attack. As a result of the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) , by 1864,
697-474: The Qing generals of the time, modern historians, according to Kim Hodong, think that natural death (of a stroke ) is the most plausible explanation. The exact date of Yakub's death is uncertain. Although Sayrami claimed that he died on 28 April 1877, modern historians think that this is impossible, as Nikolay Przhevalsky met him on 9 May. Chinese sources usually give 22 May as the date of his death, while Aleksey Kuropatkin thought it to be 29 May. Late May 1877
738-425: The Russian Empire and Great Britain, but failed in trying to get their support for his invasion. Yakub Beg's rule was unpopular among the natives, with one of the local Kashgaris , a warrior and a chieftain's son, commenting: "During the Chinese rule there was everything; there is nothing now." Trade also declined. Yakub was disliked by his Turkic Muslim subjects, burdening them with heavy taxes and subjecting them to
779-463: The Sharia implemented by Yakub and cited him as an upholder of Jihad, attacking the Qing. Khanate of Kokand The Khanate of Kokand was a Central Asian polity in the Fergana Valley centred on the city of Kokand between 1709 and 1876. Its territory is today divided between Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and Kazakhstan . The Khanate of Kokand was established in 1709 when
820-725: The famed poet Nodira . Madali Khan's cousin, Shir Ali , was installed as the Khan of Kokand in June 1842. Over the next two decades, the khanate was weakened by a bitter civil war, which was further exacerbated by Bukharan and Russian incursions. During this period, the Kyrgyz tribes also broke away, forming the Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate [ ky ] under the leadership of Ormon Khan . Shir Ali's son, Khudayar Khan, ruled from 1844 to 1858, from 1862 to 1863, and from 1865 to 1875. In
861-523: The meantime, Russia was continuing its advance; on 29 June 1865 Tashkent was taken by the Russian troops of General Chernyayev ; the loss of Khujand followed in 1867. Shortly before the fall of Tashkent, Kokand’s best-known son, Yakub Beg , former lord of Tashkent, was sent by the then Khan of Kokand, Alimqul , to Kashgar , where the Hui Muslims were in revolt against the Chinese . When Alimqul
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#1732772008077902-443: The northern parts of the Khanate under special government, and appointed Mirza Akhmad to be the governor. In 1858, the northern provinces rebelled. Khudayar Khan sent his brother Malla Bek to Tashkent to suppress the rebellion. Instead, Malla Bek joined the rebels, conquered Kokand, and proclaimed himself a khan. He was supported by Alimqul , a Kipchak and a powerful warlord. Khudayar had to flee. In 1862, Muhammad Malla Beg Khan
943-498: The order of Emir Nasrullah Khan of Bukhara. Following this, Madali Khan , who had received Conolly in Kokand, and who had also sought an alliance with Russia, lost the trust of Nasrullah. The Emir, encouraged by the conspiratorial efforts of several influential figures in Kokand (including the commander in chief of its army), invaded the Khanate in 1842. Shortly thereafter he executed Madali Khan, his brother, and Omar Khan's widow,
984-542: The people; government troops should rectify this by being generous." His precise manner of death is unclear. The Times of London and the Russian Turkestan Gazette [ uz ] both reported that he had died after a short illness. Historian Musa Sayrami stated that he was poisoned on 30 May 1877, in Korla by the former hakim (local city ruler) of Yarkand , Niyaz Hakim Beg, as part of
1025-715: The second half of George Macdonald Fraser's novel Flashman at the Charge . Al-Qaeda ideologue Mustafa Setmariam Nasar praised Yakub and his establishment of educational institutions for Islam, and mosques called him "Attalik Ghazi" and a "good man" for his war against Buddhists and the Chinese. The Doğu Türkistan Haber Ajansı (East Turkestan News Agency) published an article from Al-Qaeda branch Al-Nusra Front 's English language Al-Risalah magazine (مجلة الرسالة), second issue (العدد الثاني), translated from English into Turkish and titled Al Risale: "Türkistan Dağları" 2. Bölüm (The Message: "Turkistan Mountains" Part 2), which praised
1066-605: The south, occupying Khujand , and thus physically separating the Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate. In 1868, Khudayar formally accepted the sovereignty of the Russian Empire over the Khanate. The reign of Khudayar Khan in the 1860s was notable for extremely high taxes and dysfunctional legal system, which was even worse than what his predecessors installed. In 1870, a plot was discovered, in which opponents of Khudayar Khan tried to replace him with Seyid Khan,
1107-486: The spelling Yakub-bek . A few publications in English written by Chinese authors transcribe his name as Āgǔbó , which is the pinyin transcription his name in Chinese, 阿古柏 , a shortened form of Chinese : 阿古柏帕夏 ; pinyin : Āgǔbó Pàxià . The first name, Muhammad, is subject to the usual variations in spelling. Yaʿqūb is an Arabic analogue of Jacob , and Beg is a Turkic noble title. His noble title Beg
1148-540: The throne, prompting them to go to Osh and executing them. In July 1863, he proclaimed Muhammad Sultan Khan , a son of Muhammad Malla Beg Khan, the Khan of Kokand. Alimqul himself was a regent, since Sultan was about thirteen years old. He launched an attack on the Khudayar's forces, and at the same time Muzaffar had to return to Bukhara to suppress a rebellion which started in Shahrisabz . Alimqul managed to agree with
1189-516: The year, Burzug Khan and Yakub went to Yarkand to deal with a disturbance. The Dungan faction suborned Yakub's Dungans and he was reduced to a few hundred men. Burzug drew off to a separate camp, Yakub defeated the Dungans, Burzug Khan fled to Kashgar and declared Yakub a traitor. The religious leaders supported Yakub, and Burzug was seized in his palace. He was confined for 18 months, exiled to Tibet, and later found his way to Kokand. In little more than
1230-526: Was a Tajik and a descendant of Timur . However, this claim is self-contradictory: as a Tajik, Beg would have had to have a link on his mother's side in order to be considered Timur's offspring, but Timur was actually a Turco-Mongol from the Barlas tribe. Korean historian Hodong Kim suggests the claim of descent from Timur was an unsupported fabrication intended to glorify Beg's genealogy by ascribing his descent to both Timur and Genghis Khan . According to
1271-514: Was appointed as Beg of Chinaz . Around 1849, he was transferred and appointed as commander of Ak-Mechet , primarily owing to his brother-in-law's influence. Beg soon amassed a large fortune. He was involved in the complex factional shifts of the Khanate of Kokand. The internal rivalry between Musalman Quli who was the Mingbashi at the time and Nar Muhhammad led to a clash in 1852 where Quli fled, and one of Nar's allies Utambai became Mingbashi. Beg
Yakub Beg of Yettishar - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-512: Was assassinated, and his nephew, Shah Murad Khan , became the khan. The ruler of Tashkent , Kanaat, allied with Khudayar, and Shah Murad besieged Tashkent. At the same time, Muzaffar , the Emir of Bukhara, advanced to Kokand. As the result, the Kokand army disappeared, the siege of Tashkent was lifted, and Khudayar moved to Kokand and declared himself a khan. In the meanwhile, in Osh , Alimqul got rid of possible throne claimants, promising all of them
1353-615: Was born in Samarkand and completed his education in Khojent , later working as a qadi (a judge) at Piskent . He married a local qadi as his second wife. She gave birth to his son Yakub Beg in 1820. Yakub Beg was born in the town of Pskent , in the Khanate of Kokand (now in Uzbekistan ). At a young age, he was orphaned, and was thereafter raised by his uncle. Beg's lax lifestyle worried his uncle who sent him to Tashkent to become
1394-419: Was defeated with 1,000 of the Dungans joining Yakub Beg. Yarkand had decided to submit to Burzug Khan and his great vizier. In September 1865, the second in command and 3,000 men surrendered, converted to Islam, and joined Yakub Beg. The commander refused and blew himself up along with his family; the commanders of Yarkand and Kulja had done the same. An army of rebels from Kokand arrived and joined Yakub. Later in
1435-424: Was driven beyond the mountains. Yakub went southeast to Yarkand, the largest town in the region, and was driven out by an army from Kucha. He next besieged the Chinese at Yangi Hissar for 40 days and massacred the garrison. Sadic Beg reappeared, was defeated, and talked into becoming an ally. Invaders from Badakshan were also talked into an alliance. A Dungan force from Kucha and eastward arrived at Maralbeshi and
1476-600: Was in Namangan during the uprising and thus survived. In the 1840s, Khudayar Khan was essentially locked in the palace in Kokand, whereas the Kipchak nomad elite under Musulmonqul had all the power in the Khanate. In 1853, there was an uprising against the Kipchaks , and a large number of them were killed, including Musulmonqul. Khudayar Khan continued to rule on his own and took an anti-Kipchak and pro-Uzbek position. He put
1517-409: Was killed during the uprising. His son Murad Beg Khan was declared the khan briefly, however, he was soon overthrown and eventually executed by the supporters of Shir Ali Khan, since he was considered to be a puppet of the Emir of Bukhara. The main political figure in the Khanate was Mingbashi Musulmonqul , a military commander, who declared Khudayar Khan, his son-in-law, the khan of Kokand. Khudayar
1558-620: Was killed in 1865 during the battle with Russia for Tashkent, many Kokandian soldiers fled to join Yaqub Beg, helping him establish his dominion (known as Yettishar ) throughout the Tarim Basin , which lasted until 1877, when Qing reconquered the region . The now powerless Khudayar Khan spent his energies improving his lavish palace. Western visitors were impressed by the city of 80,000 people, which contained some 600 mosques and 15 madrasahs . Insurrections against Russian rule and Khudayar’s oppressive taxes forced him into exile in 1875. He
1599-587: Was later elevated to Padishah after his rise to power. He was also given the title Atalıq Ghazi (Chagatay: اتالیق غازی , romanized: Ataliq Ghazi , lit. 'Champion Father of the Faithful';) by the Emir of Bukhara in 1866, and the Ottoman Sultan granted him the title of Emir . Beg's ethnic background is uncertain. According to his biographer D. C. Boulger , Beg
1640-455: Was subsequently recalled back to Tashkent where he was promoted to the rank of military officer with the title of Baturbashi . In late 1852, Muhammad Khudayar Khan , taking advantage of the disunity between the nomadic Qipchaqs and wishing to end their interference in the politics of the Khanate, attempted a coup. The rival Qipchaqs, Nar Muhhammad and Quli, were both captured and executed. According to Vladimir Nalivkin , Beg conspired against
1681-552: Was succeeded by his son, Nasruddin Khan , whose anti-Russian stance provoked the annexation of Kokand by generals Konstantin von Kaufman and Mikhail Skobelev . In January 1876, Tsar Alexander II stated that he had been forced to "... yield to the wishes of the Kokandi people to become Russian subjects." The Khanate of Kokand was declared abolished, and incorporated into the Fergana Oblast of Russian Turkestan . In