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98-776: The Toyota Yaris Cross ( Japanese : トヨタ・ヤリスクロス , Hepburn : Toyota Yarisu Kurosu ) is a nameplate used by the Japanese automaker Toyota for two vehicles in the subcompact crossover SUV category ( B-segment ). The nameplate first appeared for the crossover SUV counterpart of the XP210 model Yaris based on the Toyota New Global Architecture , which went on sale in August 2020 in Japan and in 2021 in Europe with

196-479: A driveshaft , and instead utilising an electrified rear axle that supplies power during acceleration or when more traction is required. Under the WLTP test cycle, the i-AWD version of the new Yaris Cross emits 135 grams of CO 2 per kilometer, and 120   g/km for the front-wheel drive variant. The Yaris Cross is manufactured in Japan at Toyota Motor East Japan and France at Toyota Motor Manufacturing France ,

294-637: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down

392-524: A choice of 12.3-inch instrument panel and 10.5-inch head unit, improved NVH levels, thicker glass on the windscreen and side windows, revised Toyota Safety Sense features, new upholstery patterns, a soft lower instrument panel covering, and a new Juniper Blue paint option. The Yaris Cross was tested for automotive safety by ANCAP and Euro NCAP in September 2021 and October 2021 respectively (their protocols are aligned). It received five stars out of

490-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )

588-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as

686-484: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it

784-570: A possible five from both tests. The Yaris Cross was awarded as the 2022 "World Urban Car of The Year". The AC200 series Yaris Cross was unveiled in Indonesia on 15 May 2023, and started production on 13 June 2023 at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia facility in Karawang , West Java , for both local and export markets amounting to 25 countries. Indonesian sales commenced on the same date. A total of 116 suppliers contribute up to 80 percent of

882-450: A sample is acquired full-field under operational or excited conditions. The results represent the actual vibrations. No added mass is influencing the measurement, as the sensor is light itself. Techniques used to help identify NVH include part substitution, modal analysis , rig squeak and rattle tests (complete vehicle or component/system tests), lead cladding, acoustic intensity , transfer path analysis, and partial coherence. Most NVH work

980-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),

1078-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate

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1176-499: A single electric motor producing 59 kW (80 PS; 79 hp) with a total output of 82 kW (111 PS; 110 hp). It is supplemented with a 0.7 kWh lithium-ion battery, which is mounted under the rear seats. In 2024, a Yaris Cross Hybrid was modified by Toyota Gazoo Racing Thailand (TGRT) to participate in RAAT Thailand Rally Championship 2024. According to TGRT, the car retained

1274-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of

1372-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of

1470-535: Is a collaboration between Toyota's European and Japanese studios, combining cues from the Yaris with features from Toyota's larger SUVs such as the more angular RAV4 . According to Toyota, the Yaris Cross resembles a diamond when viewed from above because of its wider midsection, which allowed the designers to broaden the wheel arches to achieve a more 'rugged' styling. The dashboard design shares many components with

1568-448: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,

1666-527: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing

1764-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number

1862-701: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider

1960-740: Is attenuated by isolation, while airborne noise is reduced by absorption or through the use of barrier materials. Vibrations are sensed at the steering wheel, the seat, armrests, or the floor and pedals. Some problems are sensed visually, such as the vibration of the rear-view mirror or header rail on open-topped cars. NVH can be tonal such as engine noise, or broadband, such as road noise or wind noise, normally. Some resonant systems respond at characteristic frequencies, but in response to random excitation. Therefore, although they look like tonal problems on any one spectrum, their amplitude varies considerably. Other problems are self-resonant , such as whistles from antennas. Tonal noises often have harmonics . Below

2058-466: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto

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2156-466: Is between 0.5 Hz and 50 Hz, noise is between 20 Hz and 5000 Hz, and harshness takes the coupling of noise and vibration. The sources of noise in a vehicle can be classified as: Many problems are generated as either vibration or noise, transmitted via a variety of paths, and then radiated acoustically into the cabin. These are classified as "structure-borne" noise. Others are generated acoustically and propagated by airborne paths. Structure-borne noise

2254-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to

2352-406: Is done in the frequency domain, using fast Fourier transforms to convert the time domain signals into the frequency domain. Wavelet analysis, order analysis, statistical energy analysis , and subjective evaluation of signals modified in real time are also used. NVH analysis needs good representative prototypes of the production vehicle for testing. These are needed early in the design process as

2450-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through

2548-755: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey

2646-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of

2744-577: Is powered by a M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain. The Yaris Cross XP210 made its South American debut in Colombia in December 2021, in two trim levels: XS and XLS. The M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain is available for the latter trim. The Yaris Cross was launched in Ecuador on 13 May 2022, in a sole variant, powered only by M15A-FXE hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is available as an option. The Yaris Cross

2842-498: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and

2940-529: Is standard for the S Hybrid variant. Perodua is developing a localised version of the Yaris Cross under the code number "D66B" or the name "Nexis", to be launched by late-2024. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Costa Rica on 17 August 2023. Available in New Line, High Line and Hybrid trim levels (starting at 29100 USD), the former two trims are powered with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine, while

3038-474: Is the noise spectrum of Michael Schumacher 's Ferrari at 16680 rpm, showing the various harmonics. The x- axis is given in terms of multiples of engine speed. The y- axis is logarithmic, and uncalibrated. [REDACTED] Typical instrumentation used to measure NVH include microphones , accelerometers , and force gauges or load cells. Many NVH facilities have semi- anechoic chambers , and rolling road dynamometers . Typically, signals are recorded directly to

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3136-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and

3234-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have

3332-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns

3430-467: The Avanza/Veloz , while the under section and wheelbase was reworked. The ground clearance is rated at 210 mm (8.3 in). The Indonesian market Yaris Cross is available in three trim levels: G, S and S HEV, the former can be equipped with either a 5-speed manual or a CVT while the latter two can be only equipped with a CVT. It is the second Toyota hybrid model produced in Indonesia, following

3528-690: The Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and

3626-462: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in

3724-616: The Kijang Innova Zenix HEV . Toyota Safety Sense is standard on the S and S Hybrid trim levels, while a GR Parts package consisting of body kits and other cosmetic parts are optional on either S and S Hybrid trim levels. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched together with the Wigo in Cambodia on 7 July 2023. Initially, it was offered in a single trim level, paired only with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine. A new trim with

3822-514: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than

3920-738: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of

4018-806: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to

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4116-527: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),

4214-676: The Gateway plant in Chachoengsao , it is offered in three trim levels: Smart, Premium and Premium Luxury, it is only offered with a 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard for the Premium and Luxury trims. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Brunei on 17 January 2024. It is offered in two trim levels: G with a 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine and S with a 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense

4312-513: The Hybrid trim is paired with Toyota's eCVT transmission. Toyota Safety Sense is standard for the V and S Hybrid trim levels. The Taiwanese market Yaris Cross was unveiled in August 2023 and it was officially launched on 28 September 2023. Three trim levels are offered, all powered by the 1.5-litre petrol engine paired to a CVT transmission. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. It is locally assembled by Kuozui Motors . The Vietnamese market Yaris Cross

4410-486: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,

4508-736: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently

4606-539: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand

4704-713: The XP210 series Yaris Cross is built on GA-B platform as the XP210 series Yaris hatchback and positioned between the Aygo X or Raize and C-HR in Toyota's crossover SUV lineup. It replaces the Japanese/European market XP110 series Ist/Urban Cruiser . The Yaris Cross was originally planned to be unveiled at the 2020 Geneva Motor Show ; however, the show was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic . Toyota then released

4802-583: The Yaris Cross was introduced, powered only by a hybrid powertrain. The Yaris Cross was launched in New Zealand in November 2020, with three variants available: GX, Hybrid GX and Hybrid Limited. In January 2023, a GR Sport trim was added to the range, powered only by a hybrid powertrain. Borneo Motors launched the Yaris Cross in Singapore on 14 January 2021, in two trim levels: Active and Excite. It

4900-469: The Yaris hatchback. The wheelbase of the Yaris Cross is identical to the European market Yaris, but the ground clearance is increased by 30 mm (1.2 in) over the standard Yaris. Toyota offers an all-wheel-drive variant (Intelligent All-Wheel Drive, AWD-i) for the hybrid version, unlike other B-segment SUVs which are predominantly front-wheel drive especially in Europe. The system does not require

4998-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which

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5096-578: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there

5194-399: The first pictures and specifications of the Yaris Cross on 23 April 2020. The model went on sale in Japan in September 2020, Australia in November 2020 and in Europe in mid-2021. Development was done alongside the Yaris hatchback, led by Yasunori Suezawa as chief engineer and Hideaki Hayashi as deputy chief engineer under the internal "Toyota Compact Car Company". The design of the Yaris Cross

5292-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure

5390-461: The front shock absorber nuts, which may cause damage to the vehicle posing risk to stability. A total of 5,130 units in Indonesia and 3,378 units in the Philippines, all of which produced between May to September 2023 were affected. Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by

5488-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had

5586-428: The hard drive via an analog-to-digital converter . In the past, magnetic or DAT tape recorders were used. The integrity of the signal chain is very important, typically each of the instruments used are fully calibrated in a laboratory once per year, and any given setup is calibrated as a whole once per day. Laser scanning vibrometry is an essential tool for effective NVH optimization. The vibrational characteristics of

5684-448: The hybrid powertrain was added on 17 November 2023. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in the Philippines on 4 August 2023 and is available in three trim levels: G, V and S HEV, the former two trim levels are powered with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine, while the latter is powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. The petrol models are equipped with Daihatsu's Dual Mode CVT or D-CVT, while

5782-540: The hybrid system but it was modified to meet RC 2.1 class specifications. In the first round of the race, the car finished 1st in its category, and 18th place overall out of 52 entries. The AC200 Yaris Cross Hybrid won the 2024 Car of the Year by Otomotif Award. In February 2024, Toyota issued a recall for the AC200 Yaris Cross marketed in Indonesia and Philippines. The vehicle received an incorrect tightening of

5880-431: The idle shaking of the powertrain, a multi-body model can be used. In contrast, when the phenomenon being considered occurs at relatively high frequency – for example, above 1 kHz – a statistical energy analysis (SEA) model may be a better approach. For the mid-frequency band, various methodologies exist, such as vibro-acoustic finite element analysis , and boundary element analysis . The structure can be coupled to

5978-515: The interior cavity and form a fully coupled equation system. Also, other techniques exist that can mix measured data with finite element or boundary element data. There are three principal means of improving NVH: Deciding which of these (or what combination) to use in solving a particular problem is one of the challenges facing the NVH engineer. Specific methods for improving NVH include the use of tuned mass dampers , subframes , balancing , modifying

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6076-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,

6174-458: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system

6272-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of

6370-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,

6468-511: The latter is powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. The AC200 series Yaris Cross made its South American debut in Peru on 21 September 2023, with four variants: Full M/T, Full CVT, HEV Full e-CVT, and Full D-Lux CVT. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Bolivia on 22 September 2023, with four variants: Mid M/T, Mid CVT, High CVT, and HEV e-CVT. The AC200 series Yaris Cross

6566-512: The local content value, including batteries and engines. The development of the model was done by Daihatsu through a joint Toyota-Daihatsu internal company known as Emerging-market Compact Car Company (ECC), under the lead of chief engineer Toru Uda. It shares the DNGA-B platform with the AC100 series Vios/Yaris sedan . The front section of the platform such as the engine compartment is shared with

6664-612: The model code XP210. In May 2023, Toyota released another vehicle with the same name in Indonesia, which is larger and based on the Daihatsu New Global Architecture , with the model code AC200. This version is available in most of Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and other emerging markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Primarily marketed for the Japanese, European, Oceanian, and Singaporean markets,

6762-418: The now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered

6860-419: The occupants of the cabin , while exterior NVH is largely concerned with the noise radiated by the vehicle, and includes drive-by noise testing. NVH is mostly engineering, but often objective measurements fail to predict or correlate well with the subjective impression on human observers. For example, although the ear's response at moderate noise levels is approximated by A-weighting , two different noises with

6958-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by

7056-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with

7154-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,

7252-458: The petrol model, the AC200 series Yaris Cross is powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine rated at 78 kW (106 PS; 105 hp) and 138 N⋅m (14.1 kg⋅m; 102 lb⋅ft). The hybrid model is powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX engine, which is a world-first application. It is an Atkinson cycle engine based on the 2NR-VE rated at 67 kW (91 PS; 90 hp), combined with

7350-481: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as

7448-411: The same A-weighted level are not necessarily equally disturbing. The field of psychoacoustics is partly concerned with this correlation. In some cases, the NVH engineer is asked to change the sound quality, by adding or subtracting particular harmonics, rather than making the vehicle quieter. Noise, vibration, and harshness for vehicles can be distinguished easily by quantifying the frequency. Vibration

7546-508: The same as the standard Yaris. The company planned to produce 150,000 units of the Yaris Cross per year in its French factory. The first Yaris Cross rolled out the French factory in July 2021. In Japan, the Yaris Cross was sold from August 2020 and is available in both petrol and hybrid variants. All-wheel drive is available as an option and Toyota Safety Sense is standard across the lineup. It

7644-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning

7742-432: The solutions often need substantial modification to the design, forcing in engineering changes which are much less expensive when made early. These early prototypes are very expensive, so there has been great interest in computer aided predictive techniques for NVH. One example is the modeling works for structure borne noise and vibration analysis. When the phenomenon being considered occurs below, for example, 25–30 Hz,

7840-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )

7938-817: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this

8036-672: The stiffness or mass of structures, retuning exhausts and intakes , modifying the characteristics of elastomeric isolators, adding sound deadening or absorbing materials, and using active noise control . In some circumstances, substantial changes in vehicle architecture may be the only way to cure some problems cost-effectively. Not-for-profit organizations such as the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association (VISCMA) provide specifications, standards, and requirements that cover

8134-481: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This

8232-612: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Noise, vibration, and harshness Interior NVH deals with noise and vibration experienced by

8330-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,

8428-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of

8526-480: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It

8624-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending

8722-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or

8820-539: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular

8918-735: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,

9016-529: Was initially available in X, G and Z trim levels. On 19 July 2022, two newer trim levels were added: GR Sport and Z Adventure. The Yaris Cross was launched in Australia in November 2020, with three trim levels available: GX, GXL, and Urban. It is available in petrol and hybrid powertrains for each trim, and AWD-e all wheel drive option is available across the range. In December 2022, the GR Sport trim for

9114-602: Was launched in Jamaica on 5 October 2023, with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Trinidad and Tobago on 7 October 2023. It is available in a sole trim, powered solely by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Chile on 11 October 2023, with 3 variants: XI M/T, XI CVT, and XG CVT. The AC200 series Yaris Cross

9212-528: Was launched in Panama on 13 October 2023. It is offered in two trim levels: Base and Full, both are only powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VE petrol engine mated to a CVT. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Guatemala on 18 October 2023. Three trim levels are available, the highest trim is powered by the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. The AC200 series Yaris Cross

9310-590: Was launched in Paraguay on 3 November 2023, with two powertrains: 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine, and the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Honduras on 17 November 2023, in a sole variant powered by a 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Venezuela on 23 November 2023, in a sole variant powered by a 1.5-litre 2NR-VE engine. For

9408-474: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )

9506-557: Was released on 19 September 2023. It is offered in two trim levels, the highest trim is offered with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Laos on 22 September 2023. It is only offered with the 1.5-litre 2NR-VEX hybrid powertrain trim level. Toyota Safety Sense is standard. The AC200 series Yaris Cross was launched in Thailand on 5 October 2023. Produced at

9604-476: Was updated on 21 November 2023 in Europe. Updates consists of a new "Premiere Edition" trim , which includes a new Urban Khaki two-tone paint, redesigned 18-inch alloy wheels, and green accents on the upholstery, instrument panel and doors. Other changes include a choice of new electric motor which improves the power output to 130 hp (97 kW; 132 PS) and 185 N⋅m (18.9 kg⋅m; 136 lb⋅ft) of torque, new Toyota Smart Connect multimedia system with

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