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32-539: According to the Ukrainian scientist Ahatanhel Krymskyi , even before 1876, in particular in the first half of the 19th century, such Ukrainian writers as Hryhir Kvitka-Osnovianenko , Yevhen Hrebinka , Taras Shevchenko , etc. used the yaryzhka. From 1798 to 1876 the use of yaryzhka was optional in the territory of the Russian Empire, but still quite common due to the lack of a separate standardized spelling for

64-740: A Ukrainian parliamentarian Petro Franko , Kyryl Studynsky , and many others. During the Nazi occupation, the society still was not able to function openly. In 1947, on the initiative of the geographer and one of the major collaborators with Nazi Germany Volodymyr Kubiyovych , it was re-founded as an émigré scholarly society in Munich ; the Society's European center was later moved to Paris . Other branches were also founded in New York City (1947), Toronto (1949) and Australia (1950), and throughout

96-802: A study of Arab higher education and the Arabian Academy of Sciences. During the last years of his life he wrote a six-volume history of the Khazars , which was never published. In Kyiv until 1931, under the leadership of Krymsky, the Turkological Commission at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences published "History of Turkey", "History of Turkey and its Literature", "Introduction to the History of Turkey", "Turks, their language and literature" and others. Krymsky researched

128-527: Is a Ukrainian scientific society devoted to the promotion of scholarly research and publication. Unlike the government-funded National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , the society is a public organization. It was reestablished in Ukraine in 1989 during the fall of the Soviet Union , after being exiled from Ukraine since 1940. The society now has branches in several countries around the globe, such as

160-493: Is with you! Where in the world will you go with a small orphan? Who asks, greets without sweetness, in the world? The father and mother are strangers, and it is hard to live with them! Ahatanhel Krymsky Ahatanhel Yukhymovych Krymsky ( Ukrainian : Агатангел Юхимович Кримський , Russian : Агафангел Ефимович Крымский , romanized : Agafangel Yefimovich Krymsky ; Crimean Tatar : Agatangel Krımskiy ; 15 January [ O.S. 3 January] 1871 – 25 January 1942)

192-534: The Cold War it functioned as a federation of semi-independent societies. During its period in emigration, the major project of the society was again an encyclopedia . Under the editorship of Volodymyr Kubiyovych , it published the great Entsyklopediia ukrainoznavstva ( Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies ) consisting of four major series: the Ukrainian-language thematic encyclopedia in three volumes,

224-745: The Great Purge of the 1930s, he was removed from scholarly and teaching activity for about 10 years. Since 1930, the works of Krymsky were banned and he was forbidden to publish his works. In 1939, he was rehabilitated, but in July 1941 after the German-Soviet war began, the NKVD arrested him as "especially unreliable" on charges of "anti-Soviet nationalistic activities", and imprisoned him in Kostanay General Prison, where he died at

256-677: The Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow in 1891, and subsequently from Moscow University in 1896. After graduation, he worked in the Middle East from 1896 to 1898, and subsequently returned to Moscow, where he became a lecturer at the Lazarev Institute, and, in 1900, a professor. Krymsky taught Arabic literature and Oriental history. In Moscow, he was active in the Ukrainian pro-independence movement and

288-626: The Terciman newspaper, Krymsky identified himself as a Crimean Tatar . His surname "Krymsky" ( Belarusian : Крымскі / Krymski, Ukrainian : Кримський ) means "Crimean," and was received by an ancestor in the 17th century who was a Crimean Tatar mullah from Bakhchysarai . He was baptized into Eastern Orthodoxy . His family moved soon to Zvenyhorodka in Central Ukraine. Krymsky graduated from Galagan College in Kyiv in 1889, from

320-832: The Ukrainian Science Society in Kyiv from 1918. Krymsky was an expert in up to 34 languages; some sources report that he had at least an average knowledge of 56 languages. Krymsky contributed few hundred entries to the Brockhaus, Efron, and Granat Russian encyclopedias and wrote many other works on Arabic, Turkish, Turkic, Crimean Tatar, and Iranian history and literature, some of which were pioneering textbooks in Russian Oriental studies. In particular he wrote, in Russian, histories of Islam (1904–12); of

352-485: The Ukrainian Studies . Throughout most of its history it had three sections: history-philosophical, philological, and mathematically-medical-natural scientific. Under the presidency of the historian, Mykhailo Hrushevsky , it greatly expanded its activities, contributing to both the humanities and the physical sciences, law and medicine, but most specifically once again it concentrated on Ukrainian studies. At

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384-600: The United States , Canada , Australia , and France . The organisation is named after the famous Ukrainian poet, writer, artist, public and political figure, Taras Shevchenko . It was founded in 1873 in Lemberg (today Lviv ), at that time the capital of the Austrian crown land of Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , as a literary society devoted to the promotion of Ukrainian language literature initially under

416-629: The Arabs, Turkey, Persia and their literatures, Dervish theosophy, and a study of the Semitic languages and peoples. In the 1920s and 1930s he also wrote in Ukrainian histories of Turkey and Persia and their literatures; monographs on Hafiz and his songs and on the Turkic peoples, their languages, and literatures; and edited a collection of articles on the Crimean Tatars. With O. Boholiubsky he wrote

448-797: The Russian Empire, in their private correspondence and for the printing of their works in Austria-Hungary they no longer used yaryzhka, but Kulishivka . The spelling of yaryzhka, except for the preservation of the etymological ъ at the end of words after consonants , was phonetic: Yaryzhka orthography: Катерино, серце мое! Лышенько зъ тобою! Де ты въ свити поденесся Зъ малымъ сиротою? Хто спытае, прывитае, Безъ милого, въ свити? Батько, маты — чужи люды, Тяжко зъ нымы жыты!.. Modern orthography: Катерино, серце моє! Лишенько з тобою! Де ти в світі подінешся З малим сиротою? Хто спитає, привітає, Без милого, в світі? Батько, мати — чужі люди, Тяжко з ними жити!.. Translation: Catherine, my heart! Lyshchenko

480-465: The Ukrainian language (alternative to yaryzhka were Latin alphabets and newly created Ukrainian alphabets — Orthography of Kamenetskyi of 1798, orthography of Pavlovskyi , 1818, Maksymovychivka , 1827, Shashkevychivka , 1837, Kulishivka , 1856, Hatsukivka , 1857, etc.). After 1876, the use of yaryzhka became mandatory in the Russian Empire under the Ems Decree of 1876, which banned the use of

512-467: The Ukrainian language in all areas, including the use of a separate Ukrainian orthography and a separate Ukrainian alphabet , in writing and printing. Censorship in the Russian Empire allowed the publication of only texts written or printed in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet of the period of Russian pre-revolutionary spelling. The Ems decree was in force until 1905, when it was abolished, but at

544-625: The Ukrainian language. The Soviet Union annexed the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic including the city of Lviv , which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939. Upon their occupation of Lviv, the Soviets dissolved the society. Many of its members were arrested and either imprisoned or executed. Among the perished members were such academicians as R. Zubyk, a former Ukrainian minister I. Feshchenko-Chopivsky,

576-684: The Ukrainian-language alphabetic encyclopedia in 11 volumes, the English-language thematic encyclopedia in two volumes, and the English-language alphabetic one in five volumes. The last compilation, published in Canada under the title Encyclopedia of Ukraine , is available on-line. In 1989, the society was reactivated in the Ukrainian homeland (in Lviv ) and once again undertook a large-scale research and publication program. Branches were soon founded in other Ukrainian cities and membership exceeded

608-525: The age of 71. Officially, Krymsky died from exhaustion in a prison hospital, but there is a version that he might have died due to cruel torture. His case was finally discontinued in 1957 and he was officially rehabilitated in 1960. Some manuscripts of his works are still unpublished. Notes Bibliography Shevchenko Scientific Society The Shevchenko Scientific Society ( Ukrainian : Наукове товариство імені Шевченка , romanized :  Naukóve tovarýstvo imeni Shevchénka ), founded in 1873,

640-661: The beginning of World War I in January 1915, the Russian military restored the Ems decree of 1876, closing all Ukrainian publishing houses within the Kyiv Military District, except for the magazine Ridnyi Krai , which had to start using the yaryzhka so as not to close. The name yaryzhka comes from the name of the letter of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet ы  — yery. Initially, this term was pronounced as yeryzhka , and later began to be pronounced as yaryzhka : under

672-596: The history of the Ukrainian language . As he was an opponent of Aleksei Sobolevsky's claim that the language of the ancient Kyivan Rus’ was more Russian , than Ukrainian, he wrote three polemical studies from 1904 to 1907 on this question, later his views on the language of the Kyivan Rus were summarized in Українська мова, звідкіля вона взялася і як розвивалася ("The Ukrainian Language: Whence It Came and How It Developed"). Krymsky researched Ukrainian dialects and

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704-490: The influence of the word yaryga ("a man of low social status, a laborer, on the run"). Ahatanhel Krymskyi explains the convergence of these words by the fact that the word yaryzhka should in this case define something bureaucratic, state-imposed by force. Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi ironically called the yaryzhka Romanovka , referring to the Romanov dynasty . Although the yaryzhka was used by Ukrainian writers published in

736-571: The name Shevchenko Society. It was established soon after another cultural society, better known as Prosvita (Enlightenment). At that time any publication in Ukrainian language was prohibited in the Russian-controlled Ukraine ( Little Russia ), from the beginning it attracted the financial and intellectual support of writers and patrons of Ukrainian background from the Russian Empire . The Shevchenko Scientific Society

768-467: The poetry of European writers such as Heinrich Heine , Byron , Sappho , Friedrich Rückert . He published articles and reviews on Ukrainian writers, their works and on Ukrainian theater. As an ethnographer, Krymsky was an adherent of migration theory. He translated into Ukrainian and annotated W.A. Clouston 's Popular Tales and Fictions (1896) and also wrote many Orientalist works and articles about Ukrainian ethnographers. Although Krymsky survived

800-412: The society created several museums, libraries, and archives. By 1914, several hundred volumes of scholarly research and notices had been published by the society including over a hundred volumes of its Zapysky . The First World War interrupted the society's activities, particularly during the Russian occupation in 1914-1915, when the society's collection of works and its print shop were destroyed. After

832-503: The turn of the century the Cultural and Historical Museum, Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Society took an interest in the history and the archaeology of Ukraine. Leading archaelogical experts in this work were Bohdan Janush , Kateryna Antonovych-Melnyk and Volodymyr Antonovych . One of its most prolific contributors was the poet, folklorist, and literary historian Ivan Franko who headed the philological section. Also during that period

864-564: The war and the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, the West Ukraine belonged to Poland . During that time, the society lost its government subsidies, but managed to carry on a precarious existence. Its major contributors were the literary historians, Vasyl Shchurat, Kyryl Studynsky , and the historian Ivan Krypiakevych . One of the most important projects of the society was the publication of the first general alphabetic encyclopedia in

896-561: Was a Ukrainian Orientalist , linguist, polyglot (knowing up to 35 languages), literary scholar, folklorist, writer, and translator. He was one of the founders of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN) in 1918 and a full member of it and of the Shevchenko Scientific Society from 1903. Although Krymsky was not ethnically Ukrainian, he described himself as a " Ukrainophile ". In 1941, he

928-517: Was a member of Moscow's Ukrainian Hromada . In July 1918, Krymsky returned to Kyiv and took part in the foundation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (VUAN). Eventually, he became the director of the academy. He edited 20 of the 25 volumes of Записки Історично-філологічного відділу ("Notes of the History and Philology Department") of the academy (1920–29) and was a professor at Kyiv University , as well as vice-president of

960-725: Was actively involved in the work of standardizing the vocabulary and orthography of literary Ukrainian in the 1920s. In this activity he rejected the Galician orthographic tradition. He was the editor of the first two vols of the four-volume Russian-Ukrainian dictionary (1924–33) and of the Russian-Ukrainian dictionary of legal language (1926). Krymsky wrote three books of lyrical poetry and some novellas , and translated many Arabic and Persian literary works into Ukrainian, including The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam , One Thousand and One Nights , and Hafez 's songs. He also translated

992-646: Was arrested by the Soviet authorities as "Ukrainian nationalist," an "ideologist of Ukrainian nationalists," and a "head of nationalistic underground". He was convicted in "Anti-Soviet nationalistic activities" and imprisoned in Kustanay General Prison No.7 (today near Kostanay , Kazakhstan ). Krymsky was born in Volodymyr-Volynskyi to a Tatar father with Belarusian descent and an ethnic Polish mother. In 1915 in interview to

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1024-736: Was created on an idea of a writer Oleksandr Konyskyi and the Shevchenko's contemporary Dmytro Pylchykov with a financial support of Yelyzaveta Myloradovych-Skoropadska . In 1893, due to the change in its statute the Shevchenko Scientific Society was transformed into a real scholarly multidisciplinary academy of sciences with its periodical the Zapysky NTSh (Notes of the Shevchenko Scientific Society), yet continue to be specialized in

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