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43-827: From 1966 to 1969, a previous set of prizes were awarded at the Lucca festival, namely the Silver Plaque (Italian: Targa d'Argento ) in 1966, the Golden Guinigi Tower (Italian: Torre Guinigi d'oro ) in 1967 and the Grand Guinigi in 1969 (Italian: Gran Guinigi ). In 1966, during the second edition of the festival, the monthly magazine Linus presented three Silver Plaques to Orietta Garzanti , for Best Italian Publisher (for I primi eroi ), Best Foreign Publication (for Giff-Wiff ) and Best Italian Critic (to Piero Canotto ). The following year, 1967,

86-455: A prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito , in the municipality of Capannori , about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. ( prigionieri di guerra ) 60, and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca. Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during

129-579: A Caran-d’Ache for "A Life Devoted to Illustration" (from 1982). Since 1969 accredited journalists present at the festival have also presented prizes, in particular the Fantoche Prize rewarding a critical work on animation (1973-1982); the Critics Referendum Prize rewarding a work of animation (1973), the name of which evolved regularly from 1982; and category prizes rewarding various audiovisual or cinematographic works, taking

172-533: A charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina ; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante 's Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca. In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca

215-679: A number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele. There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, basilica -form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca , a selective graduate and doctoral school which

258-639: A palace in Italy is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lucca Lucca ( / ˈ l uː k ə / LOO -kə ; Italian: [ˈlukka] ) is a city and comune in Tuscany , Central Italy , on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea . The city has a population of about 89,000, while its province has a population of 383,957. Lucca

301-626: A statuette representing the little boy dressed in a yellow nightgown began being given to the prize winners. The Yellow Kid Awards were presented at Lucca Comics & Games through 1992. From 1994 to 2005, the Yellow Kid Awards were presented at the Salone Internazionale del Comics (International Comics and Cartooning Exhibition), held in Rome. In 2006, Lucca Comics & Games replaced the Yellow Kid Awards by bringing back

344-596: A total of 233 steps to reach the top. The tower dates from the latter half of the 14th century, when a number of wealthy families were building towers within Lucca's walls as status symbols. It is one of the few remaining towers within the city. It is known for the holm oaks growing on top of the tower. The tower was donated to the local government by the descendants of the Guinigi family. 43°50′37″N 10°30′25″E  /  43.84371°N 10.50701°E  / 43.84371; 10.50701 This article about

387-461: A wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas. The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the Etruscans , and it also has traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from

430-556: Is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance -era city walls and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower , a 45-metre-tall (150 ft) tower that dates from the 14th century and the Cathedral of San Martino. The city

473-603: Is part of the Italian superior graduate school system . Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus , and the former Renaissance -style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library. Association football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil , thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned

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516-539: Is set and was filmed in Lucca. Sergio Martino 's 1993 miniseries Private Crimes , starring Edwige Fenech , is set and was filmed in Lucca. Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here. Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in

559-647: Is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro , and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Augostino . Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa. At the Luca Conference , in 56 BC, Julius Caesar , Pompey , and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate . Frediano , an Irish monk ,

602-530: Is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini ( La Bohème and Madama Butterfly ), Nicolao Dorati , Francesco Geminiani , Gioseffo Guami , Luigi Boccherini , and Alfredo Catalani . It is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte . Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca , a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy ( Grandes écoles ). Lucca hosts

645-507: Is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini , Alfredo Catalani , and Luigi Boccherini . To the Ancient Romans , Lucca was known as Luca . From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ( Latin : lucus ), "to cut" (Latin: lucare ) and "luminous space" ( leuk , a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to

688-705: The Critics' Prize in 1982. In 1984, the prize was reconfigured as the Lucca City Grand Prize , awarded by a special jury and highlighting a recent Italian cartoon. This prize, presented by accredited journalists present at the festival, rewarded Italian critical work devoted to animation. In 1984, the Fantoche Prize was extensively renewed. Now awarded by the same jury as the Grand Prize, it rewarded audiovisual or cinematographic works and

731-714: The Gran Guinigi as a career accomplishment award. In 2020, as the Lucca festival redubbed itself Lucca Changes amidst a shift to virtual programming during the COVID-19 pandemic , the awards shifted to a new system under the umbrella term Lucca Comics Awards , consisting of 9 categories (3 Yellow Kid s, five Gran Guinigi s, and one Stefano Beani Award (named for a former festival director), "regardless of nationality, editorial format or distribution method". In addition to Yellow Kid awards for Italian writers, artists, and cartoonists; and similar awards for foreign creators,

774-477: The battle of Altopascio , Castracani defeated Florence 's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli 's third famous book on political rule. Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to

817-411: The province of Viterbo , during this time the city also minted its own coins. The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus , arrived in 742. Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews . The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The Jewish community

860-519: The 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality ( municipium ) in 89 BC. The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum . The outline of the Roman amphitheatre

903-697: The High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli . After the death of Matilda of Tuscany , the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with

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946-529: The Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon , who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca". From 1815 to 1847, it was a Bourbon-Parma duchy . The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain , who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma ,

989-670: The Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona , sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar. In 1408, Lucca hosted a convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy. Lucca managed, at first as a democracy , and after 1628 as an oligarchy , to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa , and painted

1032-469: The West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble. The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop

1075-573: The annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton , Placebo , Massive Attack , Roger Waters , Tracy Chapman , and Santana at the Piazza Napoleone. Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics , movies , games and related subjects. Other events include: Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia , an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art . Mauro Bolognini 's 1958 film Giovani mariti , with Sylva Koscina ,

1118-560: The festival jury also awards special Yellow Kid prizes at its convenience. For instance, the UNICEF plaque rewarding humanist works or institutions (from 1976), renamed the Hector Œsterheld Plaque in 1986; and the Caran-d'Ache Prize rewarding illustrators (from 1978). The organization also awards special guests of the festival a Yellow Kid for "A Life Devoted to Cartooning" (from 1972) and

1161-528: The festival organized the award ceremony through an international jury. These prizes, the Golden Guinigi Tower , an homage to Lucca's most famous monument , were reserved for participants of the fair and the exhibition "I comics oggi" ("Comic Strips Today"). That year, the festival also awarded six prizes to Gian Luigi Bonelli , Cesare Zavattini , Rino Albertarelli , Benito Jacovitti , Mario Gentilini , and Alpe Editions , an initiative which

1204-578: The game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905 , or simply Lucchese, plays in Serie C , the third tier of Italian football , having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays its home games at Stadio Porta Elisa , just outside the northeast wall of the city. Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici , also known as CLAP , was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage

1247-473: The local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for

1290-401: The name of the Fantoche Prize (from 1984). Prizes are also awarded by public vote (from 1974) and by a jury dedicated to academic work ( Romano Calisi Prize , from 1984). Unless otherwise specified, these prizes are called the "Yellow Kid Prize for/to...". This prize, presented by accredited journalists present at the festival, rewarded an animated work produced by Italians. It was renamed

1333-418: The others. The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi ( vide Guglielmo Marconi ), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini , Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento ( vide Risorgimento ), and Viale Giosuè Carducci . The town includes

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1376-547: The period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice . During the Italian Social Republic , as a puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners , foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp . In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca . Lucca

1419-648: The second wife of Napoleon . In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815) , upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma , while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861. In 1942, during World War II ,

1462-481: The walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from

1505-530: The word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789. Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice ) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries. Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805

1548-457: Was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century. At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer , the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards , it was the capital of a duchy, known as Duchy of Tuscia , which included a large part of today's Tuscany and

1591-511: Was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period. Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium . During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany , more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor . In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II)

1634-594: Was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew Anselm II , a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy. During

1677-516: Was awarded to the Cineteca del Friuli (it). Awarded from 1984 to 1992, this prize recognized Italian academic work devoted to comics. It was awarded by a specific jury. Guinigi Tower The Torre Guinigi is a tower in Lucca in the region of Tuscany , central Italy . It is a typical example of local Romanesque-Gothic architecture. The height of the tower is 45 metres (148 ft) with

1720-602: Was divided into several categories. This prize, given by the festival organizers, rewards a cartoonist or animator for their career work. Starting in 1982, the festival began also awarding a special Caran-d'Ache prize for "A Life of Illustration" . In 1990, the festival management also presented the Max Prize for Cartoon Cinema to the Deutsches Filmmuseum in Frankfurt am Main. Two years later, this prize

1763-602: Was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto- Ashkenazic Jewry ). Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus , the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena , the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north. The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It

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1806-527: Was not renewed in the following years. During the following festival, held in November 1968, the awards ceremony was canceled following protests from the authors, in the context of May 68 . The awarding of prizes at Lucca resumed in 1969, this time under the name Grand Guinigi . An encouragement prize and a criticism prize were also introduced. From 1970, the awards were renamed after the Yellow Kid;

1849-475: Was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio . In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiero , Castruccio Castracani , under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in

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