69-539: Yellagonga (d. 1843) was a leader of the Whadjuk Noongar on the north side of the Swan River . Colonists saw Yellagonga as the owner of this area. However, land rights were also traced through women of the group. Yellagonga could hunt on wetlands north of Perth because of his wife Yingani's connections to that country. In 1843 the settler press reported that "the mild, amiable Yella-gonga acknowledged by
138-677: A Body Corporate on 24 July 1956. The Rottnest Island Board of Control became the Rottnest Island Board of Management "with power to sue and be sued in its corporate name, to acquire, hold, lease and dispose of real and personal property, to borrow money with the approval of the Governor and to do and permit to be done all things which are required by the Act to the be done by the Board ;...", until 1988 at which time it became
207-400: A good deal of brushwood and many thornbushes, so that it is hard to go over; here certain animals are found, since we saw many excrements, and besides two seals and a wild cat, resembling a civet-cat, but with browner hair. This island is dangerous to touch at, owing to the rocky reefs which are level with the water and below the surface, almost along the whole length of the shore; between it and
276-487: A new hospital to be built for the Indigenous prisoners. In May 1898, two boys disappeared, apparently drowned, after escaping from the reformatory and stealing a dinghy. After 20 years of operation, the facility closed on 21 September 1901 when the remaining 14 inmates were transferred to an industrial school on the mainland. The reformatory buildings were used as holiday accommodation as part of
345-414: A prison and forced labour camp for over 3,600 Aboriginal people, who were subjected to extremely harsh conditions on the island. Other historical uses of the island include as a military site, and for internment camps housing enemy aliens. Many of the island's buildings date from the colonial period, often made from locally quarried limestone, and are now used as accommodation for holidays. Rottnest
414-421: A severe influenza epidemic in 1883, the colonial surgeon, Alfred Waylen , directed one of the large rooms in the reformatory to be used as a hospital. An estimate of sixty Indigenous deaths for that year was given by eye-witness, Edward Watson. In 1887, the prison superintendent reported one room in the reformatory still being used for sick prisoners, with two rooms used the previous winter, and made an appeal for
483-463: A spot to pitch tents. A reformatory for boys was opened on 16 May 1881. The reformatory buildings were adjacent to the Quod and included a workshop, a kitchen, two large dormitories, a school room and four small cells. Carpenter John Watson constructed the buildings and became the superintendent for the life of the establishment. Watson taught the boys carpentry, joinery and gardening. During
552-482: A very significant fire which consumed around two-thirds of the island in 1955. Some of these bushfires were caused by European hunting parties and on one occasion almost wiped out the quokka population. In 1846, a pilot service was established under Captain Edward Back. It continued for 56 years until 1903. The pilot's and crews quarters were located in at least three of the colonial buildings identified in
621-433: A white in revenge. Yagan was arrested and sent to Carnac Island in the care of Robert Lyon who claimed he was a freedom fighter . Yagan escaped from the island in a boat, and waged a guerrilla campaign on both sides of the river. He was eventually killed by one of two European boys he had befriended and his head was smoked and sent to England, finally being recovered and returned home by Ken Colbung in 1997. Following
690-470: Is a 19-square-kilometre (7.3 sq mi) island off the coast of Western Australia , located 18 kilometres (11 mi) west of Fremantle . A sandy, low-lying island formed on a base of aeolianite limestone , Rottnest is an A-class reserve, the highest level of protection afforded to public land . Together with Garden Island , Rottnest Island is a remnant of Pleistocene dune ridges. Along with several other islands, Rottnest became separated from
759-502: Is an unincorporated area with no local government, subject to direct administration by the government of Western Australia. It is administered by the state's Rottnest Island Authority , which on 1 July 2017 became part of the newly created Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions . Rottnest is well known for its population of quokkas, and is also home to colonies of Australian sea lions and southern fur seals, as well as various birds and three native tree species, notably
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#1732802504667828-403: Is now Lake Monger . With the alienation from their lands due to settlers claiming land and fencing it off, Aboriginal people lost access to important seasonal foods, they did not understand or accept private ownership of their lands, which led to spearing of stock and digging in food gardens. Reprisals led to a cycle of increased violence on both sides. The first attempted Aboriginal massacre
897-764: Is the largest known deaths in custody gravesite in Australia. Historical records note that the first cemetery, likely adjacent to the European cemetery, became full following an outbreak of influenza in 1883 and that a second was established further away from the prison. The area is now known as the Wadjemup Aboriginal Burial Ground. Although slavery, as legally defined, was never widespread in Western Australia (and, indeed, called blackbirding rather than plain slavery in
966-480: Is thought to have been unoccupied for thousands of years. The island was observed and explored by various Dutch, French and English maritime expeditions from around 1619 onward, including by Frederick de Houtman around 28 July 1619. The first Europeans known to have landed on Rottnest Island were about 14 sailors from a Dutch expedition, including Abraham Leeman van Santwits from Waeckende Boey , who landed near Bathurst Point on 19 March 1658 while their ship
1035-698: The Darling Scarp and Armadale . It encompasses the Victoria Plains to the north, the area south of Toodyay and reaches eastwards as far as York and a little beyond. Its southern coastal frontier extends to the vicinity of Pinjarra . Their northern neighbours are the Yued , the Balardong people lay to their east, and the Pindjarup on their southern coastal flank. The Whadjuk formed part of
1104-629: The Noongar language group, with their own distinctive dialect. Culturally they were divided into two matrilineal moieties : Moieties were endogamous , and children took the moiety of their mother. Each moiety also contained two " sections " (or "skins"): in the case of the Manitjmat , these were Didarruk and Tondarup and for the Wardungmat , they were Nagarnook and Ballarruk . The Whadjuk also preserved many stories of
1173-521: The Perth central business district . This Indigenous Australians -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Noongar -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Whadjuk Whadjuk , alternatively Witjari , are Noongar ( Aboriginal Australian ) people of the Western Australian region of the Perth bioregion of
1242-535: The Pinjarra massacre , Whadjuk Aboriginal people became totally dispirited, and were reduced to dependent status, settling at their site at Mount Eliza for handouts under the authority of Francis Armstrong . An Anglican school was established for a number of years at Ellenbrook, but was never very successful and was greatly underfunded. Relations between the settlers and the Noongar people had deteriorated badly in
1311-584: The Rottnest Island pine . The island is a popular recreational and tourist destination, with daily ferry services from Perth , the state's capital and largest city. It has a permanent population of around 300 people, with around 780,000 annual visitors. The land that is now Rottnest Island was inhabited by Noongar people until rising sea levels separated it from the mainland of Western Australia about 7,000 years ago. The island features in Noongar story lines as Wadjemup. Aboriginal artefacts on
1380-615: The Swan Coastal Plain . The ethnonym appears to derive from whad , the Whadjuk word for "no". The traditional tribal territory of the Whadjuk, in Norman Tindale 's estimate, takes in some 6,700 square kilometres (2,600 sq mi) of land, from the Swan River , together with its eastern and northern tributaries. Its hinterland extension runs to Mount Helena and a little beyond. It includes Kalamunda on
1449-466: The Wagyl , a water- python held to be responsible for most of the water features around Perth. This may have been a cultural memory of an extinct Madtsoiidae python-like serpent, a water dwelling ambush predator, part of the extinct megafauna of Australia that disappeared between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago. Coastal dwelling Whadjuk have an oral tradition describing the separation of Rottnest from
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#17328025046671518-421: The colonial buildings of Rottnest Island —buildings 4, 5 and 6. Rottnest was the site of internment camps in both World War I and World War II In World War I, it was mostly used for German and Austrian suspected enemy aliens, and was closed towards the end of the war, due to poor living conditions. The camp was sited near the present-day Caroline Thomson Camping Area. In World War II,
1587-529: The pearling industry ), the "assignment" system effectively implemented a system of forced labour, and was condemned by Reverend J. B. Gribble and the Anti-Slavery Society . Aboriginal people who refused assignment were sent to Rottnest Island to be "civilised", and were used in chain gangs to perform hard labour including farming, quarrying and collecting salt. Most of the island's historic Settlement—including Government House (Hotel Rottnest),
1656-592: The Fremantle port. The location of the island was seen as being important to the defense of the important port of Fremantle, the major base for the Allies in the Indian Ocean, as bombardment of any attacking ships could be made from the island before the ships would come into range of the port. A light railway was built from the jetty at Kingstown Barracks on Thomson Bay, to transport materiel and munitions to
1725-491: The Parks and Reserves Act to control and manage the island (excluding the lighthouse and prison reserve). The Board of Control became a Body Corporate in 1956 and became a Board of Management. Between 24 July 1956 and 29 May 1988, it was changed to the "Board of Management". Section 3, subsection 4 of the Parks and Reserves Act 1895–1955 provided legislative scope for the Rottnest Island Board of Control became
1794-643: The Rottnest Island Authority. During this time the managing instrumentality was informally and generally referred to as the "Rottnest Island Board" (RIB). In 1988 the "Rottnest Island Authority" commenced operations. In May 1966, Rottnest Island and Carnac Island were included in the boundaries of the Shire of Cockburn, which became the City of Cockburn in 1971. However, the council has "no involvement in or responsibility for any functions relating to
1863-483: The Rottnest Lodge until 2022 when they were closed for redevelopment of more recently constructed parts of the site to create new accommodation and tourist facilities. In 1856, the settlement structures—the two-storey prison / workshop building, stables, barns and piggery were burnt down. Their former locations are identified in the area between the shops in the settlement area. The fire was deliberately lit by
1932-453: The Swan and Canning Rivers into four residence groups , each with its own territory: Several Europeans in particular contributed to modern understanding of Whadjuk Noongar language and culture. European settlers were initially called Djanga – a term referring to spirits of the dead – by the Whadjuk. This belief incorporated Europeans into the social structure of the Noongar peoples and
2001-442: The camp was used exclusively for Italian enemy aliens and was situated near the airstrip. It had capacity for 120 internees. It was closed about halfway through the war, and its occupants were sent to various other internment and work camps on the mainland. Also during World War II, two 9.2-inch guns were installed near the middle of the island at Oliver Hill, and two six-inch guns installed at Bickley Point, for defence of
2070-566: The church, Salt Store, museum, gift shop, original waterfront cottages and The Quod—was built by forced Aboriginal prison labour working under extremely harsh conditions. Six Aboriginal prisoners were sent to Rottnest Island in August 1838 under the superintendence of Constable Laurence Welch and a small military force: Helia, for murder; Buoyeen, for assault; Molly Dobbin, Tyoocan, Goodap and Cogat, for theft. All six escaped shortly after their arrival by stealing Thomson's boat. Helia drowned during
2139-483: The colonisation it was used to colour hair, which was worn long (in a style similar to dreadlocks ). Quartz from the Darling Scarp was also traded with Balardong groups for the making of spears. The Whadjuk people bore the brunt of the European colonisation, as the cities of Perth and Fremantle were built in their territory. No doubt Whadjuk people had been familiar with Dutch explorers like Vlamingh , and
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2208-470: The constitution in 1896. As of 2016, Aboriginal people number 3% of the state's population, but number 50% of the women in Bandyup Women's Prison and of youth in detention in Western Australia. Many are imprisoned for the non-payment of fines incurred for minor offences. The number of Noongar youth in incarceration exceeds the number in school or formal training. Daisy Bates claimed she interviewed
2277-576: The crossing, but the others apparently survived. The Colonial Secretary, Peter Broun , announced in June 1839 that the island would be converted to "an Establishment for the Aborigines", and between 1838 and 1931 (except for the period from 1849 to 1855) Rottnest was used as an Aboriginal prison. Henry Vincent , the Gaoler at Fremantle, was put in charge of the establishment. On 7 December 1848, there
2346-633: The deaths were from influenza . In 2015—after numerous protests from local Aboriginal people for the Rottnest Island Authority to create a memorial recognising the events, deaths and unmarked graves which lie on Rottnest Island—work begun on the Wadjemup Aboriginal Burial Ground . Artefacts from this period continue to be identified and recorded. Len Collard describes these artefacts, such as glass and ceramic spearheads, as an important demonstration of transitional cultural engineering through use of traditional methods to modify
2415-583: The declining birth rates , these factors led to a collapsing population in those areas nearby European settlement. In addition to white killings and massacres in Fremantle and elsewhere, the arrival of Europeans saw many deaths from diseases to which Aboriginal people had no resistance. These were interpreted as sorcery within traditional culture and led to "pay-back" vendettas , which increased mortality of those in closest contact with Europeans. Rottnest Island Rottnest Island ( Nyungar : Wadjemup ), often colloquially referred to as "Rotto",
2484-484: The establishment of the British Swan River Colony at nearby Fremantle , William Clarke and Robert Thomson received land grants for town lots and pasture land on the island. Thomson immediately moved to the island with his wife and eight children. He developed pasture land for hay production west of Herschel Lake as well as salt harvesting from the several salt lakes which was then exported to
2553-757: The final years of Stirling's reign, with settlers shooting at Aboriginal people indiscriminately for the spearing of stock, leading to payback killings of settlers. Stirling's response was to attempt to subdue the Aboriginal people through harsh punishment. When Stirling retired he was replaced as Governor by John Hutt, 1 January 1839, who rather than adopting Stirling's vindictive vengeful policies against "Aborigines", tried protecting their rights and educating them. This ran foul of frontier settlers intent on seizing Aboriginal lands without compensation , who felt they needed strong-arm tactics to protect themselves from Aboriginal "reprisals". In 1887 an Aboriginal reserve for
2622-535: The granting of self-government to Western Australia, specifically excluded provision for Aboriginal Affairs, which remained vested in the British crown. The state's constitution also stated that 1% of government expenditures had to be for the benefit of Aboriginal people, a condition that has never been met. The Premier John Forrest unilaterally took control in Aboriginal Affairs, without an amendment to
2691-404: The guns and infrastructure were decommissioned and parts of the railway removed. The 9.2-inch battery, however, was saved from disposal because the high cost of removing and shipping the guns to the mainland exceeded their value as scrap metal. In the 1990s, the gun emplacements and railway were extensively reconstructed, and since then a popular tourist activity has included a tour of the guns and
2760-473: The guns. Captain (later Brigadier) Frank Bertram Hussey (1908–1985) was seconded from the Australian Staff Corps to oversee the construction of this. The military fixtures including the barracks and railway became known as the "Rottnest Island Fortress". A number of concrete lookouts and bunkers were built around the island also. Near Wadjemup Lighthouse , a Battery Observation Post (BOP)
2829-467: The island have been dated from 6,500 to more than 30,000 years ago. However, other evidence suggests human occupation significantly before 50,000, possibly as early as 70,000 BP . No evidence has been found that the Whadjuk Noongar people continued to inhabit or visit the island after its separation from the mainland, and by the time of European exploration in the 1600s, the island
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2898-474: The last fully initiated Whadjuk Noongar people in 1907, reporting on informants Fanny Balbel and Joobaitj, who had preserved in oral tradition the Aboriginal viewpoints of the coming of the Europeans. Fanny had been born on the Aboriginal sacred site that underlies St George's Cathedral , while Joobaitj's sacred lands were near the current youth hostel at Mundaring Weir . The Whadjuk people were divided by
2967-407: The mainland around 7,000 years ago, when sea levels rose; the traditional Noongar name for the island is Wadjemup , which means 'place across the water where the spirits are'. Human artefacts have been found on the island dating back at least 30,000 years, but visitation and habitation of the island by the Noongar people appears to have ceased following its separation from the mainland. The island
3036-411: The mainland settlement. Salt was an important commodity before the advent of refrigeration. Between 1838 and 1931, Aboriginal prisoners held on Rottnest Island were held in deplorable conditions and subjected to cruel and inhumane treatment. Of the approximately 3,600 people imprisoned there, at least 373 people died and were buried in unmarked graves in at least two areas to the north of the Quod. It
3105-767: The mainland there are also numerous rocks and reefs, and slightly more to southward there is another small island. This large island to which we have been unwilling to give a name, leaving this matter to the Honourable Lord Governor-General's pleasure, may be seen at 7 or 8 miles' distance out at sea in fine weather. I surmise that brackish or freshwater might be obtainable there, and likewise good firewood, but not without great trouble. In his 1681 chart, English captain John Daniel marked an island as Maiden's Isle , possibly referring to Rottnest. The name did not survive, however. The island
3174-489: The mainland, which occurred between 12,000 and 8,000 BCE , technically a post-glacial Flandrian transgression . Like other Noongar peoples, the Whadjuk seem to have moved more inland in the wetter weather of winter, returning to the coast as interior seasonal lakes dried up. The Whadjuk, like many Noongar people, divided the year into six seasons. These seasons were roughly divided (rather than by specific date) and Whadjuk took account of environmental signals such as
3243-551: The natives as the possessor of vast tracts of land between Perth and Fremantle , is no more. He fell from a rock on the river's bank, and was drowned". Yellagonga Regional Park , around Lake Joondalup , was named after him. In 2018, Mia Yellagonga (Place of Yellagonga) was chosen as the name of the Woodside Energy Global Headquarters Campus bounded by Mounts Bay Road , Spring Street, and Mount Street (the former Emu Brewery site) in
3312-417: The new materials of European settlement. Five Aboriginal prisoners were executed on Rottnest in the late 19th century, all for murder: In 2015 the restoration and recognition of the Wadjemup Aboriginal Burial Ground began. As of June 2016 buildings have been removed from the site and pathway constructed around it. Prior to the closure of the tourist camp in 2018, the burial ground was being using as
3381-420: The northern side of the island, near The Basin. He described the island as "...pleasurable above all islands I have ever seen—a paradise on earth". During their time on the island, they found no people. Holes were dug on the island, yielding water of good drinking quality. They also noted that the wood from the trees on the island had an exquisite scent—akin to rosewood —and a quantity was cut and brought on board
3450-583: The occasional visit of whalers to the coast, before the arrival of settlers under the command of Governor James Stirling . After a near disaster at Garden Island , a long-boat under the command of Captain (later Lieutenant Governor) Irwin was dispatched and met with Yellagonga and his family at Crawley , on the coast of what is now the University of Western Australia or by Mount Eliza . As Aboriginal women had been earlier seized by European seal hunters, Yellagonga subsequently moved his encampment to what
3519-413: The prison was announced. At that time, there were 33 Aboriginal prisoners serving sentences there. However, the prison continued to be used as a forced labour camp for Aboriginal prisoners until 1931. Some 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned there during the life of the establishment. There may be as many as 369 inmates' graves on the island; one writer has suggested that 95% of
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#17328025046673588-669: The remaining Whadjuk people was established near Lake Gnangara , one of a whole series of wetlands which may have, within the memory of Aboriginal people here, been a series of caves along an underground river whose roof fell in. This reserve was re-established in 1975. In addition to the "feeding station" at Mount Eliza, under the control of Francis Armstrong, first "Protector of Aborigines". Hutt also tried to establish an Aboriginal yeomanry by giving Aboriginal "settlers" grants of government land. The lands chosen for this venture were marginal and Aboriginal people were expected to make improvements without giving them access to needed bank finance, so
3657-518: The roof of Vincent's kitchen and proceeded to the salt house, through the window of which they got out a dinghy which was confined there. They then went to the pilot's whaleboat moored a short distance offshore, and succeeded in getting to the mainland 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of Fremantle. Five of the escapees were retaken by J. Drummond at Toodyay . A quadrangular building was constructed in 1863–1864 and generally referred to as "the Quod "; it
3726-482: The scheme quickly collapsed. Aboriginal campsites were temporarily established at many metropolitan locations including Ellenbrook , Jolimont , Welshpool and Allawah Grove. These sites however were frequently moved at the discretion of European authorities once an alternative use was found for the land (as happened at Karrakatta Cemetery , the Swanbourne Rifle Range and Perth Airport ). In 1893
3795-604: The ship. Other explorers who stopped at the island included members of the French expedition of Nicholas Baudin in Naturaliste and Geographe in 1801 (when he planted a flag and left a bottle with a letter) and 1803, Phillip Parker King in 1822, and Captain James Stirling in 1827. Early visitors commonly reported that much of the island was heavily wooded, which is not the case today. In 1831, shortly after
3864-497: The spring call of the motorbike frog , in marking seasons. For example, the onset of Kambarang, or the flowering of the Western Australian Christmas tree showing the onset of Bunuru. Whadjuk used high quality red ochre in ceremonies, which they obtained from the site now occupied by Perth Railway Station and which they traded with people to the east. By repute it was traded as far as Uluru . Prior to
3933-561: The superintendent, Henry Vincent, after two prisoners had escaped into nearby bush. Vincent lit the fire with the intent of flushing the prisoners out of their hiding place. The prevailing winds at the time were blowing away from the buildings; however, the wind changed direction which brought the flames into the settlement. About 50 tons of hay was also destroyed. Major bushfires occurred in March ;1894, January 1910, January 1917, March 1939, February 1949, and
4002-420: The tunnels, with the journey to the battery being made on a purpose-built train from Kingstown Barracks. Prior to about 1880, communication with the mainland was primarily with semaphore flags and flares . A staffed lookout at Bathurst Point included a signalling station which relayed shipping information between Wadjemup Lighthouse at the centre of the island and Arthur Head at Fremantle. A heliograph
4071-539: Was careened nearby. Waeckende Boey (under command of Samuel Volkersen ) had been searching for survivors of Vergulde Draeck , which had been wrecked off the western coast of Australia in April 1656. Volkersen described the island in his journal: In slightly under 32° S. Lat. there is a large island, at about 3 miles' distance from the mainland of the South-land ; this island has high mountains, with
4140-442: Was another escape by Aboriginal prisoners, with eight out of the 10 prisoners then on the island escaping. Those who escaped came from the north and eastward. "The plan of escape, as related by one of themselves, exhibits considerable foresight and sagacity, being not only well conceived, but as well executed". The Aboriginals burrowed under the sill door until there was room for them to all pass underneath. They all then crept over
4209-528: Was built as a lookout to coordinate aiming and firings from the Bickley and Oliver Hill Batteries. A Signals Building, associated with the BOP and a Women's Army Barracks, built to house officers and staff who operated the BOP were constructed there also. The latter building is used nowadays for occasional accommodation for University and other scientific research groups working on the island. After World War II,
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#17328025046674278-527: Was first documented by Willem de Vlamingh in 1696, who called it ' t Eylandt 't Rottenest ("Rats' Nest Island") after the quokka population. Following establishment of the Swan River Colony (now Perth) in 1829, the island was initially used by British settlers for agricultural purposes, and a permanent settlement was built in Thomson Bay. From 1838 to 1931, Rottnest Island was also used as
4347-472: Was given the name ' t Eylandt 't Rottenest ('Rats' Nest Island'; the quokkas were mistaken for large rats ) by Dutch captain Willem de Vlamingh , who spent six days exploring the island from 29 December 1696. De Vlamingh led a fleet of three ships, De Geelvink , De Nijptang and Weseltje , searching for the survivors of Ridderschap van Holland that had gone missing two years earlier, and anchored on
4416-402: Was installed in 1879 at Signal Hill, the small rise overlooking the main settlement in Thomson Bay. A Frenchman by the name of Henri Courderot was the heliograph operator and was paid $ 10 per year to operate the service once a day weather permitting. A single circuit submarine communications cable was laid from Cottesloe in 1900, after which the heliograph service was discontinued. This
4485-451: Was reduced to begging for survival, and shortly thereafter he accidentally drowned. The situation for Midgegooroo was even more precarious. Violence flared when it was said 200 "savages" were going to attack the ferry from Fremantle, and citizens armed themselves and rushed to the site to find nothing but a bemused ferryman. A Tasmanian settler shot one of the local Aboriginal men and Yagan, Midgegooroo's son and Yellagonga's nephew, speared
4554-422: Was reinforced by several factors. To the Whadjuk, the settlers resembled dead people because they: Work by Neville Green in his book Broken Spears has shown how Aboriginal culture could not explain the high death rates associated with European infections, and believed that Aboriginal sorcery was involved, leading to rising numbers of reprisal spearing and killings within the Aboriginal community. Coupled with
4623-554: Was replaced with a larger cable in 1935. After Rottnest was proclaimed as an A-class Reserve in 1917, management was vested in the "Rottnest Island Board of Control" which continued until 1956. The first chairman was Hal Colebatch , who served from 13 May 1917 to 23 July 1956. Rottnest Island was declared an A class reserve under the Permanent Reserves Act in May ;1917. A Board was then appointed under
4692-476: Was the "Battle for Perth" when there was an attempt to surround and capture Aboriginal people who had retreated into Lake Monger. The area was cordoned, but the hunted people escaped. Once Lake Monger was settled by the Monger family, Yellagonga moved to Lake Joondalup . In 1834 this Wanneroo area was explored by John Butler , and in 1838 by George Grey . With the lands seized for settlement in 1843, Yellagonga
4761-405: Was used for tourist accommodation until 2018, when it was closed after decades of protests by Aboriginal people. There were about twenty prisoners there in 1844; by 1880, there were 170. Vincent retired in 1867 after complaints regarding cruelty to prisoners; he was replaced by William Jackson. In the early 1880s, an influenza epidemic struck, killing about sixty inmates. In 1902, the abolition of
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