The Yenisey Gulf ( Russian : Енисейский залив , Yeniseysky zaliv ) is a large and long estuary through which the lower Yenisey flows into the Kara Sea .
63-753: The Yenisey Gulf and its islands belong to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation and is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve , the largest nature reserve of Russia. The Willem Barents Biological Station is a Polar station located northeast of Meduza Bay, at the northern end of the mouth of the Yenisey ( 73°21′N 80°32′E / 73.350°N 80.533°E / 73.350; 80.533 ). The Yenisey Gulf
126-543: A desirable location for energy-intensive industries, such as aluminum plants. Krasnoyarsk Krai consists of forty-four districts and sixteen towns of district significance . Two of the districts (Evenkiysky and Taymyrsky; the former autonomous okrugs ) have special status. Population (including former Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs ): 2,856,971 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,828,187 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,023,525 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,596,260 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Ethnic groups : The population of
189-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for
252-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of
315-426: A point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of
378-428: A succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called a watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed"
441-499: Is formed by the river widening to an average of 50 km (31 mi) for up to 250 km (160 mi) in a roughly north-south direction, between a latitude of 70° 30′ N in the area around Munguy settlement, north of Dudinka . The whole region of the lower Yenisey is bleak and sparsely inhabited, and the settlements are built on permafrost ground. There is no vegetation except for mosses , lichens and some grass. Coastal waters are habitats for beluga whales . The maximum depth of
504-548: Is now the krai in 1897–1900 and 1903, respectively. In Stalin's era, numerous Gulag camps were located in the region. On June 30, 1908, in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River , there occurred a powerful explosion most likely to have been caused by the air burst of a large meteoroid or comet fragment at an altitude of 5–10 kilometers (3.1–6.2 miles) above the Earth's surface. The force of
567-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes
630-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within
693-546: Is the site of the Siberian Federal University , one of Russia's four largest educational institutions. Other notable higher education institutes of the krai are: Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Постановление от 7 декабря 1934 г. «О разукрупнении Западносибирского и Восточносибирского краёв и образовании новых областей в Сибири». ( All-Russian Central Executive Committee . Resolution of December 7, 1934 On
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#1732765667636756-404: Is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or
819-796: The 2021 Census . The krai lies in the middle of Siberia , and occupies nearly half of the Siberian Federal District , almost splitting it in half, stretching 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) from the Sayan Mountains in the south along the Yenisei River to the Taymyr Peninsula in the north. It borders (counting clockwise from the sea) the Sakha Republic , Irkutsk , the Tuva Republic ,
882-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this
945-621: The Arkticheskiy Institut Islands , the Kirov Islands , Uyedineniya Island , Voronina Island , Severnaya Zemlya (the largest group), and Ushakov Island . The highest point of the krai is Grandiozny Peak in the Eastern Sayan Mountains at an elevation of 2,922 meters (9,587 ft). In the south there is a Ergaki Nature Park which is a protected area of Krasnoyarsk Krai. It contains
1008-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,
1071-643: The Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai where he remains in the role today. Krasnoyarsk Krai is represented in the Federation Council of Russia , the upper house of the Russian parliament by two senators. In 2007, eight deputies were elected to the State Duma from Krasnoyarsk regional lists of different political parties . Over 95% of the cities, a majority of the industrial enterprises, and all of
1134-754: The Kan , the Angara , the Podkamennaya Tunguska , the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and the Tanama . There are also several thousand lakes in the krai. The largest lakes include Beloye, Belyo, Glubokoye , Itat, Khantayskoye , Labas, Lama , Pyasina, Taymyr , and Yessey . The rivers and lakes are rich in fish. The climate is strongly continental with large temperature variations during the year. Long winters and short, hot summers are characteristic for
1197-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains
1260-896: The Nordenskiöld Archipelago , the Firnley Islands , the Heiberg Islands , Starokadomsky Island , Maly Taymyr Island , the Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands , the Faddey Islands , and the Saint Peter Islands . There are also a number of islands further out that fall under the administration of Krasnoyarsk Krai – the most prominent being Bolshoy Island, Sverdrup Island , the Izvestiy TSIK Islands ,
1323-833: The Republic of Khakassia , Kemerovo , Tomsk , Tyumen Oblasts , the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean in the north. The krai is located in the basin of the Arctic Ocean ; a great number of rivers that flow through the krai drain into it eventually. The main rivers of the krai are the Yenisei, and its tributaries (from south to north):
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#17327656676361386-770: The Scythian culture in Krasnoyarsk Krai belong to the 7th century BC and are some of the oldest in Eurasia . A prince's grave, the Kurgan Arshan, discovered in 2001, is also located in the krai. Russian settlement of the area (mostly by Cossacks ) began in the 17th century. After the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway the Russian colonization of the area strongly increased. In 1822,
1449-462: The Siberian Federal District , Krasnoyarsk Krai is the largest krai in Russia, the second-largest federal subject in the country after neighboring Sakha , and the third-largest country subdivision by area in the world. The krai covers an area of 2,366,797 square kilometers (913,825 sq mi), constituting roughly 13% of Russia's total area. Krasnoyarsk Krai has a population of 2,856,971 as of
1512-634: The Yeniseysk Governorate was created with Krasnoyarsk as its administrative center that covered territory very similar to that of the current krai. During both the Tsarist and the Soviet times, the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai was used as a place of exile of political enemies, actual or alleged. The first leaders of the Soviet state, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin , were exiled to what
1575-675: The 60th parallel and continuous north of the 63rd parallel . The coastline contains several prominent peninsulas – from west to east the main ones are the Minina Peninsula , Mikhailov Peninsula , the Taymyr Peninsula (by far the largest, and itself containing the Zarya Peninsula, Oskara Peninsula and Chelyuskin Peninsula ) and the Khara-Tumus Peninsula. There are also a large number of islands off
1638-612: The Subdivision of West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and on the Establishment of New Oblasts in Siberia . ). Drainage basin A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of
1701-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding
1764-548: The Western Sayan Mountains. The park was established in 2005 and it covers an area of 342,873 ha (847,260 acres). It is bordered by the Yenisei highway. According to archaeologists, the first people reached Siberia circa 40,000 BC . The Andronovo culture , a group of Bronze Age peoples, lived in the area around 2000–900 BC, the remains of which were discovered in 1914 near the village of Andronovo, Uzhursky District . The grave-mounds and monuments of
1827-523: The Yenisey Gulf is 63 m (208 ft). The mouth of the gulf is roughly located at 72° 30′ N, in the area of Sibiryakov Island , in the Kara Sea. The weather pattern in this desolate area is severe, with long and bitter winters and frequent blizzards and gales. The Yenisey estuary is frozen for about nine months in a year and even in summer it is never quite free of ice floes. During the winter
1890-409: The agriculture are concentrated in the south of the krai. The krai is among the richest of Russia's regions in natural resources: 80% of the country's nickel , 75% of its cobalt , 70% of its copper , 16% of its coal , and 10% of its gold are extracted here. Krasnoyarsk also produces 20% of the country's timber . More than 95% of Russian resources of platinum and platinoids are concentrated in
1953-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over
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2016-467: The central and southern regions where most of the krai's population lives. The territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai experiences conditions of three climate belts: arctic , subarctic , and humid continental . In the north there are less than 40 days with temperature above 10 °C (50 °F), while in the south there are 110–120 such days. The average temperature in January is −36 °C (−32.8 °F) in
2079-584: The central regions of the krai from early November until late March. The peaks of the Sayan Mountains higher than 2,400–2,600 metres (7,900–8,500 ft) and those of the Putorana Plateau higher than 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft) are covered with permanent snow. Permafrost is absent at low altitudes south of Lesosibirsk , but as one moves north it grades from sporadic around the 58th parallel to extensive discontinuous around
2142-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through
2205-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach
2268-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function
2331-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain
2394-461: The explosion is estimated to be about 10–15 megatons. It flattened more than 2,000 square kilometers (490,000 acres) of pine forest and killed thousands of reindeer. Krasnoyarsk Krai was created in 1934 after disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian Krais and later included Taymyr and Evenk Autonomous Okrugs and Khakas Autonomous Oblast . In 1991, Khakassia separated from
2457-672: The fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The legislative assembly consists of 52 deputies. 22 of them are elected in 22 one-mandate electoral districts by plurality system , 2 in Taymyr, 2 in Evenkia, and 26 are elected by proportional system from
2520-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,
2583-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by
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2646-422: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near
2709-417: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of
2772-436: The krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . In December 1991, president Boris Yeltsin appointed Arkady Veprev as the first governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In January 1993 Yeltsin appointed Valery Zubov as the second governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In Krasnoyarsk Territory governor elections were called. Zubov was elected in a universal election for a five-year term. The Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai
2835-405: The krai and became a republic within the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2007, following a referendum on the issue held on April 17, 2005, the territories of Evenk and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs were merged into the krai. During the Soviet period, the high authority in the krai was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Krasnoyarsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had
2898-428: The krai mostly consists of Russians , and some other peoples of the former Soviet Union . The indigenous Siberian peoples make up no more than 1% of the population. The 2021 Census reported the following ethnic composition: Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.43 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 68.35 years (male — 63.56, female — 73.13) As per
2961-414: The krai's coast, the most prominent of which are (from west to east) Sibiryakov Island , Nosok Island, Dikson Island , Vern Island, Brekhovskiye Island (in the Yenisei Gulf ), Krestovskiy Island, the Kamennye Islands , the Zveroboy Islands , the Labyrintovye Islands , the Plavnikovye Islands , Kolosovykh Island , the Mona Islands , Rykacheva Island, Gavrilova Island, Belukha and Prodolgovatyy Islands,
3024-404: The krai. The krai's major industries are: non-ferrous metallurgy , energy, forestry, chemicals, and oil refining. The major financial-industrial groups of Krasnoyarsk Krai are: The two most powerful hydroelectric plants in Russia are at the Yenisei River : Three are at its tributary Angara River : It makes Krasnoyarsk Krai one of Russia's most important producers of electric energy and
3087-403: The legislative assembly elected Khloponin for the second term. In 2010, after Khloponin was promoted to the office of the president's envoy in the North Caucasian Federal District , Lev Kuznetsov , a businessman and politician from Khloponin's circle, became the new governor of the krai. After Kuznetsov, Viktor Tolokonsky became Governor September 2017. After Tolokonsky, Aleksandr Uss became
3150-415: The lists offered by political parties. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of
3213-400: The most authority), the chairman of the krai Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the krai Executive Committee (executive power). Since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the demise of the CPSU , the head of the krai administration, and eventually the governor has been appointed or elected alongside the elected regional parliament . The Charter of Krasnoyarsk Krai is
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#17327656676363276-409: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into
3339-406: The north and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) in the south. The average temperature in July is 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) in the north – where the most poleward tree line in the world is found at Ary-Mas – and +20 °C (68 °F) in the south. The annual precipitation is 316 millimeters (12.4 in) (up to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) in the foothills of the Sayan Mountains). Snow covers
3402-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show
3465-572: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine
3528-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into
3591-426: The shipping lanes are kept open by icebreakers. Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk Krai ( Russian : Красноярский край , romanized : Krasnoyarskiy kray , IPA: [krəsnɐˈjarskʲɪj ˈkraj] ) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai ) located in Siberia . Its administrative center is the city of Krasnoyarsk , the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk . Comprising half of
3654-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from
3717-485: The survey conducted in 2012, 29.6% of the population of Krasnoyarsk Krai adhered to the Russian Orthodox Church , 5% declared to be a nondenominational Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% belonged to a different Orthodox churches , 1.5% was Muslim , 1% followed the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), and 10.9% did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 35% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious" and 15% to be atheist . Krasnoyarsk
3780-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to
3843-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over
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#17327656676363906-405: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and
3969-420: Was created as well. In 1998, Zubov lost in the gubernatorial election to General Aleksandr Lebed , a well-known politician in all of Russia. In 2002 Lebed died in a helicopter accident. In 2002, Alexander Khloponin , the governor of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug and an influential businessman, was elected a governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai. In 2007, he was nominated by president Vladimir Putin for re-election, and
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