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37-400: He proclaimed himself khagan after coup against Yujiulü Anagui by Qilifa Shifa (俟力发示发). Having lost the fight, Anagui fled to Northern Wei . Emperor Xiaoming sheltered him and ordered his advisors to bring him to palace, using the opportunity. The Chinese court sent an ambassador who was to find out Poluomen’s intentions and urge him to accept Anagui as his vassal. Poluomen did not speak with

74-470: A Buddhist nun. Only after the intercession of Empress Yu's father Yu Jing ( 于勁 ) was Yang Aofei returned to Yuan Yu. Meanwhile, in 508, Yuan Yu himself was punished by Emperor Xuanwu for corruption. He was caned 50 times and demoted to the governorship of Ji Province (冀州, modern central Hebei ). In anger, he rebelled at the capital of Ji Province, Xindu (信都, in modern Hengshui , Hebei ), alleging falsely that Emperor Xuanwu's uncle Gao Zhao had murdered

111-505: A Buddhist nun. He then married Yujiulü Anagui's daughter and created her empress. For a while, this brought peace with Rouran. In 540, she was pregnant when Rouran launched a major attack on Western Wei — causing the Western Wei officials to believe that the attack was launched because she was jealous of the former Empress Yifu, who was by then a Buddhist nun. Emperor Wen, under pressure, ordered Empress Yifu to commit suicide. Later in

148-645: A general. In 534, Emperor Xiaowu planned to act against Gao, but Gao discovered his plan and instead marched on Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowu decided to flee to Yuwen's territory, and Yuan Baoju accompanied Emperor Xiaowu in doing so, arriving at Chang'an in late 534. Also accompanying Emperor Xiaowu was Yuan Baoju's sister Yuan Mingyue ( 元明月 ) -- who was in an incestuous relationship with Emperor Xiaowu. Yuwen did not tolerate Emperor Xiaowu's incestuous relationships with Yuan Mingyue and two other cousins, and eventually he had Yuan Mingyue killed. Emperor Xiaowu became angry, and his relationship with Yuwen deteriorated. Around

185-469: A marriage between a daughter of Anagui and Gao Cheng . Yujiulü Anagui refused, stating that it would only be sufficient if Gao Huan himself married her. Gao Huan himself initially refused, but Princess Lou, Gao Cheng and Wei Jing all persuaded him otherwise, and he married Yujiulü Anagui's daughter, referring to her as the Princess Ruru (蠕蠕公主). To facilitate this marriage, Princess Lou moved out of

222-493: A princess in marriage in 533, a request that was accepted. Emperor Xiaowu sent a cousin of his, Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主) as his bride. In 535, he managed to get another princess for his family, this time to his brother Yujiulü Tahan (郁久閭塔寒), who was married to Princess Huazheng (化政公主), daughter of a Northern Wei official Yuan Yi (元翌). He also forced Emperor Wen to divorce Empress Yifu and marry Yujiulü Anagui's daughter . Emperor Wen agreed, and divorced Empress Yifu, making her

259-454: A younger brother of the reigning Emperor Xuanwu . His mother was recorded as Yuan Yu's concubine Yang Aofei ( 杨奥妃 ). He had three other brothers, at least one of whom, Yuan Baoyue ( 元寶月 ), was older, and born of Yang Aofei. Yuan Yu favored Yang Aofei but not his wife, Princess Yu, a sister to Emperor Xuanwu's wife Empress Yu . Consequently, Empress Yu once summoned Yang Aofei to the palace, beat her severely, and then forced her to become

296-693: The Eastern Wei , Emperor Wen is therefore regarded as Western Wei's founding emperor, formalizing the division of the Northern Wei dynasty. Emperor Wen's relationship with Yuwen Tai appeared cordial, but he was unable to exercise much real power. Yuan Baoju was born in 507, a member of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei . His father Yuan Yu ( 元愉 ), the Prince of Jingzhao, was the son of Emperor Xiaowen and

333-603: The Yuwen Tai and Gao Huan , the actual rulers) and the Rouran didn't fear devastating invasions of their lands. Population increased and Anaguy became one of the strongest rulers in the region. His Han Chinese secretary of the khagan, persuaded him not to sign the messages as a vassal - but as an equal sovereign. Anagui often switched between sides. In fall 545, due to an alliance between Western Wei and Rouran to attack Eastern Wei, Gao Huan sued for peace with Rouran by requesting

370-688: The Marquess of Shao County, and in 530, Emperor Xiaozhuang created him the Prince of Nanyang. In 532, after several years of civil war, the victorious general Gao Huan made Yuan Baoju's cousin Yuan Xiu the Prince of Pingyang emperor (as Emperor Xiaowu). Emperor Xiaowu was not happy about Gao's hold on the military, and he entered into alliances with the independent generals Yuwen Tai and Heba Sheng ( 賀拔勝 ), seeking to resist Gao's control. Yuan Baoju served in Emperor Xiaowu's administration as

407-702: The Prince of Nanyang, followed his cousin Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei in fleeing from the capital Luoyang to Chang'an , after a fallout between Emperor Xiaowu and the paramount general Gao Huan . However, Emperor Xiaowu's relationship to the general that he then depended on, Yuwen Tai , soon deteriorated as well, and around the new year 535, Yuwen Tai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu to death, making Yuan Baoju emperor. As Gao Huan had, late in 534, made Yuan Shanjian (Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei)—the son of Emperor Wen's cousin Yuan Dan (元亶)—emperor, thus establishing

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444-550: The Rouran Khaganate, started an open revolt with help of Yuwen Tai . Some time between February 11 - March 10, 552, Anagui was defeated by Tumen (Bumin) in the north of Huaihuang (in present-day Zhangjiakou , Hebei ) and committed suicide. Following the defeat, Anagui's son Anluochen fled to Northern Qi , while his uncle Yujiulü Dengshuzi succeeded him under protection of Western Wei . Another relative, Yujiulü Tiefa declared himself khagan in east of Gobi . He

481-443: The ambassador, who refused to give him honor as a sovereign lord. Soon, unrest began again in Rouran, Qilifa Shifa this time marched against him. Gaoche took advantage of it and attacked Poluomen. Khagan was forced to transfer the capital to Liangzhou (Central Gansu) and asked to accept Wei overlordship. On the whole, as Poluomen lost power over the Rouran and several nobles started to contest against each other. Northern Wei solved

518-435: The attack was on behalf of Empress Yujiulü. Emperor Wen felt compelled to order Empress Yifu to commit suicide, and he did; Empress Yifu was 31 (by East Asian reckoning) when she died. Soon thereafter, Empress Yujiulü, who was pregnant, died during childbirth. In 548, Yuwen and Yuan Qin were on a grand tour of the provinces when Emperor Wen grew ill, and when they heard the news, Yuwen returned to Chang'an quickly, although by

555-448: The brother of Rouran's Chiliantoubingdoufa Khan Yujiulü Anagui , but then, believing that to be insufficient, he asked Emperor Wen to divorce Empress Yifu and marry Yujiulü Anagui's daughter . Emperor Wen agreed, and divorced Empress Yifu, making her a Buddhist nun. He then married Yujiulü Anagui's daughter and created her empress. For a while, this brought peace with Rouran. Later in 538, with Western Wei then (temporarily) controlling

592-514: The capital. In 540, Emperor Wen therefore made Yuan Wu the governor of Qin Province (秦州, roughly modern Tianshui , Gansu ), and had Empress Yifu accompany Yuan Wu to Qin Province. However, because he still hoped to welcome her back to the palace one day, he secretly told her to keep her hair uncut, rather than shaved like a Buddhist nun. At this time (spring of 540), however, Rouran made a major attack on Western Wei, and many officials thought that

629-512: The daughter of a moderately prominent aristocratic family. (In his youth, Yuan Baoju was described by the Book of Wei as frivolous, alcoholic, and sexually immoral, but this description is highly suspect in that the Book of Wei was written by Wei Shou , an official of Eastern Wei , the rival of Western Wei , for which Yuan Baoju would eventually become emperor.) In 528, Emperor Xiaoming created him

666-586: The early years of his reign, there were serious doubts as to whether Western Wei would survive, as Eastern Wei was then the much stronger state, and Gao Huan made repeated attempts to conquer Western Wei. However, with Yuwen and other generals capably defending the territory, Western Wei was able to withstand Gao's assaults. In 535, Emperor Wen posthumously honored his father Yuan Yu as Emperor Wenjing, and he posthumously honored his mother Lady Yang as empress. He created his wife Princess Yifu empress, and her son Yuan Qin crown prince . His marriage with Empress Yifu

703-480: The emperor and declaring himself emperor. Yuan Yu's rebellion was soon defeated by the general Li Ping ( 李平 ), and during his being delivered to the capital Luoyang , Gao had him killed. At that time, Yang Aofei was pregnant, and she was permitted to give birth and then was executed. Emperor Xuanwu did not execute any of Yuan Yu's sons, but had them, including Yuan Baoju, put under arrest at Zongzheng Temple ( 宗正寺 ). Assuming that Yang Aofei and Lady Yang were in fact

740-476: The empress and wants to destroy the Rouran . At the military council, the nobles of Rouran spoke in favor of recognizing Eastern Wei. Anagui paid a small tribute in recognition of Eastern Wei. After lengthy negotiations, Gao Huan decided to send Princess Le'an (樂安公主) for Yujiulü Anluochen . In 541, the khagan sent 1,000 horses and asked to bring the princess, who was now renamed Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主). In view of

777-871: The fight, Anagui fled to Northern Wei . Emperor Xiaoming sheltered him and ordered his advisors to bring him to palace. As Khagan asked for troops to regain his throne, emperor recognized him but postponed any idea of going to war. Restless Anagui bribed Yuan Cha to leave capital. Emperor suddenly changed his idea when Anagui was about to leave in 521, helped him from martial and economic perspective. Back in Rouran, Qilifa Shifa this time opposed Yujiulü Poluomen , invading his domains. Poluomen's further defeat by Gaoche forced Northern Wei to divide Rouran between Anagui and Poluomen in order to establish stability. Anagui resided in Huaishuo (modern Guyang , Inner Mongolia ), while Poluomen ruled from Xihai (modern Ejin , Inner Mongolia). Poluomen later fled to Hephtalites in 524, but

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814-464: The importance of an alliance with the Rouran, Gao Huan personally presided the collection of the dowry and led the princess and her retinue to Rouran. Anagui was very pleased with the marriage. This year he also ended the Gaoche threat for once and all. The alliance with Eastern Wei turned out to be quite bountiful. Now northern China was weakened by the civil war between Western and Eastern Wei (between

851-444: The mansion, but Gao Huan and Princess Lou were not formally divorced. Next year, in 546, his bannerman Ashina Tumen suppressed a Tiele revolt against Rouran. Following this, Tumen felt entitled to request of the Rouran a princess as his wife. Anagui sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?". Tumen got angry, killed Anagui's emissary, and severed relations with

888-409: The new year 535, Yuwen poisoned him to death. Initially, Yuwen was poised to make Emperor Xiaowu's nephew Yuan Zan ( 元贊 ) the Prince of Guangping the new emperor. However, under suggestion of Yuan Shun ( 元順 ) the Prince of Puyang, who argued that Yuan Zan was too young, Yuwen changed his mind and made Yuan Baoju, then 27, emperor instead (as Emperor Wen). As Gao had earlier declared Yuan Shanjian ,

925-529: The old Northern Wei capital Luoyang, but with Luoyang under attack, Emperor Wen (who had wanted to visit the imperial ancestral tombs in Luoyang) and Yuwen led troops to reinforce Luoyang's defenses, leaving the official Zhou Huida ( 周惠達 ) and Crown Prince Qin in Chang'an. However, with the forces engaged in battle, Emperor Wen eventually became stuck at Hengnong (恆農, in modern Sanmenxia , Henan ), when Chang'an

962-473: The only claimant to the Northern Wei throne. Yuwen, declaring Northern Qi a rebel state, launched a major attack, but Gao Yang himself commanded a large army to defend against the attack, and Western Wei not only did not make gains, but lost a number of provinces to Northern Qi. In March 551, Emperor Wen died and was buried with honors due an emperor, with Empress Yujiulü, although eventually Empress Yifu

999-568: The problem by partitioning Rouran between Poluomen and Anagui. Anagui resided in Huaishuo (modern Guyang , Inner Mongolia ), while Poluomen ruled from Xihai (modern Ejin , Inner Mongolia). Later in 522 Poluomen decided to flee with his soldiers to Hephtalite relatives, but the Chinese troops arrested him and in 522 took him to Luoyang , where he would live under the house arrest in the Lonananguan Palace, where he died in 525. He

1036-457: The same person, this also meant that Yuan Baoju grew up without either parent. He and his brothers remained at Zongzheng Temple and were released only after Emperor Xuanwu's death in 515. During the reign of Emperor Xuanwu's son Emperor Xiaoming , Emperor Xiaoming's mother Empress Dowager Hu posthumously recreated Yuan Yu the Prince of Lintao, and Yuan Baoju and his brothers then observed a mourning period for their parents. Yuan Baoyue inherited

1073-428: The son of Yuan Baoju's cousin Yuan Dan ( 元亶 ) the Prince of Qinghe, emperor, Gao's territory became known as Eastern Wei, with Yuan Shanjian (Emperor Xiaojing) as emperor, and Yuwen's territory became known as Western Wei, with Emperor Wen as emperor. Yuwen Tai publicly deferred to Emperor Wen on most matters, but Yuwen held actual power, with Emperor Wen not being able to exercise much independent authority. Throughout

1110-474: The time they returned, Emperor Wen had recovered. In 549, Emperor Wen issued an edict—probably as Yuwen requested—ordering that the names of the ethnic Xianbei , changed to Han names during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, be changed back to the original Xianbei names. In 550, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang forced Eastern Wei's Emperor Xiaojing to yield the throne to him, ending Eastern Wei and starting Northern Qi (as its Emperor Wenxuan). Emperor Wen therefore became

1147-441: The title, but Yuan Baoju did not possess any titles at the moment, although he was made a general. Despite Empress Dowager Hu's rehabilitation of Yuan Yu, however, Yuan Baoju was not impressed at her toleration of corruption, particularly by her lovers, and he secretly plotted with Emperor Xiaoming to have her lovers killed. When this plot was discovered, he was stripped of the office he held. In 525, he married his wife Lady Yifu ,

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1184-506: The year, when Empress Yujiulü herself was about to give birth, she heard unusual barking noises in the palace, and she suspected them as from the spirit of Empress Yifu. She therefore grew depressed, and she died either during or shortly after childbirth in 540. Eastern Wei regent Gao Huan skillfully used this opportunity, sent Zhang Weiquan, who transmitted a letter to the Khagan. The letter said that Yuwen Tai killed Emperor Wen , poisoned

1221-762: Was arrested and brought to Northern Wei court, who executed him and made Anagui ruler of both parts of the khaganate. Swaying unto Chinese influence, Anagui reformed Rouran after Chinese bureaucracy, made a Han Chinese his chancellor. In 522, he asked for millet for sowing and received 10000 bags from China. However his agricultural project didn't work out, therefore he started to raid Wei frontier towns due to hunger in 523. Later in 525, he answered Wei call for suppressing revolt in Six Frontier Towns with 100.000 strong Rouran army, plundering rebellious people. He tried to maintain balance between Wei and Liang following years, sending gifts to both parties. He asked for

1258-467: Was married to Princess Lanling (蘭陵公主), daughter of Yuan Yi, Prince Qinghe Wenxian (清河文獻王 元懌; 488–520) and granddaughter of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei . He had following children: Emperor Wen of Western Wei Emperor Wen of Western Wei ((西)魏文帝) (507 – 28 March 551 ), personal name Yuan Baoju (元寶炬), was the first emperor of the Western Wei dynasty of China. In 534, Yuan Baoju, then

1295-699: Was posthumously created Duke Guangmu (广牧公). Yujiul%C3%BC Anagui Yujiulü Anagui ( Rouran : Ańakay ; Chinese : 郁久閭阿那瓌 ; pinyin : Yùjiǔlǘ Ānàguī) (?–552) was ruler of the Rouran (520–552) with the title of Chiliantouqiudoufa Khagan (敕連頭丘豆伐可汗; Rouran : Tengridü Kötölber Qaγan ). His reign started with troubles. First rebellion started after 10 days of his coronation when his brother-in-law Qilifa Shifa (俟力發示發) rose against him, killing Anagui's younger brother Yujiulü Yijufa (郁久閭乙居伐) and his mother Hou Lüling (侯呂陵) on his attack, paving way for Anagui's cousin Yujiulü Poluomen . Having lost

1332-400: Was said to be a happy one, as she was virtuous and beautiful, and Emperor Wen respected her greatly. They had 12 children, although only Yuan Qin and Yuan Wu ( 元戊 ) the Prince of Wudu survived infancy. In 538, with Western Wei under the threat of attack by Rouran , Yuwen first tried to alleviate the situation by marrying a daughter of a member of the imperial clan to Yujiulü Tahan ( 郁久閭塔寒 ),

1369-429: Was taken by rebelling former Eastern Wei troops who had been taken captive previously by Western Wei, forcing Zhou and Crown Prince Qin to flee as well. Yuwen was eventually able to disengage after abandoning Luoyang, and he put down the rebellion, allowing Emperor Wen to return to Chang'an. Although the former Empress Yifu had been deposed and made a Buddhist nun, Empress Yujiulü was still not happy about her presence in

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