Zhu Jin ( 朱瑾 ) (867–918) was a warlord late in the Chinese Tang dynasty who would later be a major general of the Wu (also known as Hongnong) state during the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . In the late Tang years, Zhu Jin, as the military governor ( jiedushi ) of Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern Jining , Shandong ) would form a power bloc with his cousin Zhu Xuan the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong ), but they were both eventually defeated by Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ). Zhu Xuan was killed, and Zhu Jin fled to the domain of Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ); he would thereafter serve under Yang and Yang's successors, whose domain formed the Wu state eventually. In 918, angry at the arrogance of the Wu junior regent Xu Zhixun (the son of the regent Xu Wen ), he assassinated Xu Zhixun, but Xu Wen's troops attacked him; he committed suicide when he saw that there was no escape.
81-485: Zhu Jin was born in 867, during the reign of Emperor Yizong . He was from Xiayi (下邑, in modern Suzhou , Anhui ). His older cousin (or, according to some sources, brother) Zhu Xuan was an officer at Tianping Circuit (and would later be military governor), and so he went to serve under Zhu Xuan. He was said to have great ambitions and to be talented in his youth and was the most ferocious warrior in Zhu Xuan's army, but
162-534: A base to return to. When he tried to head for Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern Linyi , Shandong ), the prefect Yin Chubin ( 尹處賓 ) refused to receive him. He, Shi, and Li Chengsi had to further flee to Hai Prefecture (海州, in modern Lianyungang , Jiangsu ). Faced with the prospect of further Xuanwu attack, they crossed the Huai River into Huainan Circuit to submit to Huainan's military governor Yang Xingmi . Yang
243-661: A charge of the Jin troops from the hill against the Later Liang troops, crushing them, before disengaging. (Overall, the Huliu Slope battle killed two-thirds of both the Later Liang and the Jin army.) In summer 919, He Gui led another attack against the Jin city of Desheng ( 德勝 , in modern Puyang), which was divided by the Yellow River into the northern city and the southern city. He Gui stationed his Yellow River fleet on
324-513: A dam on the Huai River. When Yang Xingmi attacked Pang, Zhu released the waters to flood Pang's army, and then attacked Pang with Yang. Pang's army was crushed by the waters and the Huainan forces, and Pang was killed. Zhu Yanshou also defeated Ge's army. Hearing that both of his generals had been defeated, Zhu Quanzhong also retreated. The Battle of Qingkou thus affirmed Yang's control of
405-444: A daughter of Taining's military governor Qi Kerang . Qi agreed. On the set wedding date, Zhu Jin personally went to Taining's capital Yan Prefecture ( 兗州 ), ostensibly to carry out the marriage, but he hid armors and weapons in his train. When he got to Yan, he launched a surprise attack and expelled Qi. He then took over the circuit. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong (Emperor Yizong's son and successor) thereafter confirmed Zhu Jin as
486-465: A diplomatic row over the name of the Nanzhao king Qiulong ( 酋龍 )—as it violated naming taboo for Emperor Yizong's ancestor Emperor Xuanzong (Li Longji). Emperor Yizong thus refused to issue an edict formally bestowing Qiulong his kingly title. Qiulong responded by changing his state's name to Dali and declaring himself emperor (thus positioning himself as an equal to Emperor Yizong) and by attacking
567-461: A display of weakness; he therefore recalled He Gui and replaced him with Gao Jichang . In 907, Zhu Quanzhong, who had the imperial court under his control at that point, had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. He Gui continued to serve in Xuanwu army and received continued promotions. In 909, he
648-436: A harm to the state for Your Royal Highness." Instead, Yang Longyan responded with horror, covered his face, and stated: "You, uncle, have to bear this alone; this has nothing to do with me." (Yang Longyan referred to Zhu Jin as uncle because Yang Xingmi's wife (Zhu Yanshou's sister) was also surnamed Zhu, albeit not in reality related to Zhu Jin, although Yang Longyan was not born of Lady Zhu.) Zhu, in anger, stated, "You son of
729-423: A maid cannot accomplish great things." He threw Xu Zhixun's head against a pillar, and then was ready to exit the palace. However, by this point, Xu Wen's officer Zhai Qian ( 翟虔 ) had already deployed his soldiers around the palace. Zhu tried to climb down the palace walls, but fell and broke his leg. As soldiers approached him, he stated, "I have destroyed a harm for tens of thousands of people, and I will suffer
810-582: A morale failure in Zhu Quanzhong's army and forced Zhu Quanzhong to withdraw. Zhu Quanzhong executed Liu and He Huaibao, but, having heard of He Gui's abilities, spared He Gui and made He Gui an officer in his own army. It was said that because Zhu Quanzhong spared him, He Gui privately swore an oath to be faithful to Zhu Quanzhong. In 903, when Zhu Quanzhong's ally Wang Shifan the military governor of Pinglu Circuit ( 平盧 , headquartered in modern Weifang , Shandong ) turned against Zhu (believing that he
891-589: A number of Tang outposts. Meanwhile, the agrarian rebel Qiu Fu ( 裘甫 ) and his followers were overrunning Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing , Zhejiang ). Qiu's rebellion was suppressed by the imperial general Wang Shi in 860, but the Dali attacks would become more intense, and Dali briefly captured the important city Yong Prefecture (邕州, in modern Nanning , Guangxi ) in 861 and then captured Jiao Prefecture (交州, in modern Hanoi , Vietnam ) in 862, retaining it. Despite these crises, Emperor Yizong
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#1732765220561972-534: A relief force to try to save Wang Yin, but he was intercepted and defeated by the Later Liang generals Niu Cunjie ( 牛存節 ) and Liu Xun ; he thereafter withdrew. Niu and Liu thereafter captured Xu Prefecture, and Wang and his family members committed suicide. By 916, Xu Wen, who was still in control of Wu's governance, had removed himself from Yang Prefecture and permanently stationed himself at Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing , Jiangsu ), leaving his oldest son Xu Zhixun in charge at Yang Prefecture. That year,
1053-462: A self-defeating action by He Gui, and decided to try to launch a direct attack on Daliang, despite contrary advice by his major general Zhou Dewei . He thus abandoned the camp that he had pitched near He Gui's army and headed west. In response, He Gui also marched west. The armies met and fought at Huliu Slope ( 胡柳陂 , in modern Heze), and initially, the Jin army was victorious, causing one of the generals under He Gui, Wang Yanzhang , to try to retreat to
1134-523: A series of incidents — including an occasion when Xu Zhixun tried to rape one of Zhu's maid servants, and Xu Zhixun's display of displeasure over Zhu's having a greater title (deputy supreme commander) than he did. He therefore established a Jinghuai Circuit ( 靜淮 ) at Si Prefecture (泗州, in modern Huai'an) and made Zhu the military governor, to send Zhu away from the capital Guangling (i.e., Yang Prefecture). Zhu became hateful of Xu Zhixun as well, but outwardly pretended to continue to honor Xu Zhixun. As Zhu
1215-551: A side effect of those pills, he had a large ulcerous boil on his back, such that he was bedridden and could not meet with the chancellors or other officials. He entrusted Li Zi to three high-level eunuchs that he favored—the directors of palace communications ( Shumishi ) Wang Guizhang ( 王歸長 ) and Ma Gongru ( 馬公儒 ) and the director of the southern court affairs (宣徽南院使, Xuanhui Nanyuanshi ) Wang Jufang ( 王居方 ). After Emperor Xuanzong died, Wang Guizhang, Ma, and Wang Jufang did not initially announce his death, and were set to send one of
1296-521: A surprise attack on Tianping's Cao ( 曹州 ) and Pu (濮州, both in modern Heze , Shandong ) Prefectures. When Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin engaged the Xuanwu forces, they were defeated and barely escaped with their lives. From this point, they became enemies to Zhu Quanzhong. In winter 891, Zhu Jin attacked Xuanwu's Shan Prefecture (單州, in modern Heze), but the Xuanwu officers Ding Hui and Zhang Guiba ( 張歸霸 ) engaged and defeated him. In 893, with Zhu Quanzhong's son Zhu Youyu ( 朱友裕 ) sieging Zhu Jin's ally Shi Pu
1377-519: The Shatuo chieftain Zhuye Chixin (who was bestowed the imperial surname of Li, as well as a new name of Guochang because of his contributions), was able to defeat Pang in 869 was the rebellion suppressed. (Subsequently, though, Kang, due to the false accusations of the chancellor Lu Yan and the imperial scholar Wei Baoheng (the husband of Emperor Yizong's favorite daughter Princess Tongchang),
1458-488: The eunuch Han Quanhui . Zhu Quanzhong, who had been summoned to the capital Chang'an by the chancellor Cui Yin , put Fengxiang Circuit's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege. Emperor Zhaozong sent the Zhang Yan , the son of the former chancellor Zhang Jun , on whom he bestowed the imperial clan surname of Li (and thereafter, Zhang Yan was known as Li Yan), to Huainan as an imperial emissary. Li Yan bestowed
1539-632: The Chang'an region) Wen Zhang ( 溫璋 ) tried to intercede, both were exiled; in response, Wen committed suicide. Princess Tongchang was buried in a grand ceremony that demonstrated Emperor Yizong's wastefulness. As described in the Zizhi Tongjian : The members of the Wei household fought over the ashes of the items burned as offerings to the Princess, in order to sieve out the gold and the silver among
1620-403: The Dali border at Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu , Sichuan ) led to a major misstep on the part of Emperor Yizong, as he was misled by the official Li Shiwang ( 李師望 ) into carving out seven border prefectures out of Xichuan into a new Dingbian Circuit (定邊, headquartered at Xi Prefecture ( 巂州 ), in modern Chengdu) and commissioning Li Shiwang as its military governor despite
1701-529: The Huai River and put Ying Prefecture (潁州, in modern Fuyang , Anhui ) under siege. In spring 917, however, after Zhu Youzhen dispatched the general Yuan Xiangxian to aid Ying Prefecture, the Wu troops withdrew. As of 918, Xu Zhixun had become so arrogant and so unreasonable in his actions that he was even openly humiliating Yang Longyan, who was his sovereign. Meanwhile, the relationship between Zhu Jin and Xu Zhixun, apparently initially cordial, had become frayed over
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#17327652205611782-814: The Huainan army's land combat capabilities were greatly enhanced. (Zhu Jin's wife was captured and initially taken by Zhu Quanzhong as a concubine , but soon thereafter, under persuasion by his wife Lady Zhang , Zhu Quanzhong allowed Zhu Jin's wife to become a Buddhist nun . Zhu Jin himself would marry the daughter of the Huainan general Tao Ya ( 陶雅 ) as his new wife sometime after he arrived in Huainan.) The newly constituted Huainan troops would soon be under severe test. Zhu Quanzhong, having conquered Tianping and Taining, decided to make Huainan his next target, so he gathered his available forces and sent Pang Shigu with 70,000 soldiers from Xuanwu and Ganhua Circuits to Qingkou (清口, in modern Huai'an , Jiangsu ), posturing to head to Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture; Ge Congzhou with
1863-413: The Jin army to make a mistake. He Gui thus further suspected Xie. After secretly reporting the suspicious to Zhu Zhen, He Gui and a general under him, Zhu Gui ( 朱珪 ), lay a trap for Xie and two other cavalry commanders, Meng Shencheng ( 孟審澄 ) and Hou Wenyu ( 侯溫裕 ), killing them and claiming that they had committed treason. Hearing of He Gui's killing of Xie, Li Cunxu was very pleased at what he considered
1944-532: The Tianping army in battles between Zhu Xuan's and Zhu Quanzhong's armies. In late 895, Zhu Quanzhong's army had Zhu Xuan's cousin Zhu Jin the military governor of Taining Circuit ( 泰寧 )(headquartered in modern Jining , Shandong ) under siege at Taining's capital Yan Prefecture ( 兗州 ), when Zhu Xuan sent He Gui and another officer, Liu Cun ( 柳存 ), as well as He Huaibao ( 何懷寶 ), an officer of his ally Li Keyong
2025-458: The Xusi soldiers to mutiny under the leadership of Pang Xun . They headed northeast home, and when they reached Xusi's capital Xu Prefecture ( 徐州 ), they attacked and captured it. After Pang's initial attempts to obtain an imperial commission was rebuffed, the mutineer army attacked the nearby regions, with the imperial forces unable to stop them. Not until Kang Chengxun, with major assistance from
2106-510: The army and subsequently successfully defended Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ( 鄆州 ) against Han's attack. Then-reigning Emperor Xizong (Emperor Xuānzong's grandson) commissioned Zhu as the acting military governor, and later the military governor, of Tianping. Zhu made He Gui the commander of the cavalry and infantry. By 887, Zhu Xuan was at war with erstwhile ally Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit ( 宣武 )(headquartered in modern Kaifeng , Henan ). He Gui often commanded
2187-465: The ashes. The clothing, jewelry, and toys burned filled 120 wagons each. The paper ceremonial guards and paper guard corps were decorated with colorful silk, jewelry, and jade, as were the items that she would be using in the underworld, such that the light reflected from them from as far as 20 li away. The Emperor awarded the funereal household over 100 hu [(斛, a unit of fluid volume) of wine, and cakes that required 40 camels to bear them, to supply
2268-597: The assistance of the officer Chen Shao ( 陳紹 ), defeated Wang. Wang withdrew with heavy losses. Late in 914, then-Later Liang emperor Zhu Youzhen (Zhu Quanzhong's son) tried to replace Wang Yin ( 王殷 ) the military governor of Wuning (who had been commissioned by his predecessor and older brother Zhu Yougui , who had assassinated Zhu Quanzhong and taken the throne but was soon overthrown by Zhu Youzhen) with his cousin Zhu Youzhang ( 朱友璋 ). Wang Yin, in fear, submitted to Wu and sought aid from Wu. Zhu Jin thereafter led
2349-403: The campaign against Jin rather than just leaving it to He Gui and other generals.) Soon, He Gui was in conflict with one of the generals under him, Xie Yanzhang ( 謝彥章 ), as He Gui was known for his ability in commanding infantry soldiers and Xie was known for his ability in commanding cavalry soldiers, and He Gui did not like the fact that they had fairly equivalent reputation. In late 918, there
2430-432: The capital Daliang . Later in 916, Qing Prefecture ( 慶州 , in modern Qingyang , Gansu ) turned against Later Liang and surrendered to Qi 's general Li Jizhi ( 李繼陟 ). Zhu Zhen ordered He Gui to command a Later Liang task force to counterattack, and He Gui's counterattack quickly captured Qi's Ning ( 寧州 ) and Yan ( 衍州 ) (both in modern Qingyang). After Qing also fell to him in fall 917, Zhu Zhen rewarded him by making him
2511-508: The circuit by dividing it into two circuits, and surrendered to Jin. Jin's prince Li Cunxu was able to take over the circuit despite Later Liang's attempts to recapture it, although in one of the battles, He Gui and another general, Wang Tan ( 王檀 ), were able to recapture one of Weibo's prefectures, Chan Prefecture ( 澶州 , in modern Puyang), and the prefect that Li Cunxu commissioned, the Weibo officer Li Yan ( 李巖 ), and deliver Li Yan to Zhu Zhen at
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2592-527: The consequences alone." He then killed himself with his sword. After his death, Xu Wen threw his body into a pond near the capital and slaughtered his family members, although later, after Xu Wen's adoptive son Xu Zhigao informed Xu Wen of the inappropriate deeds that Xu Zhixun had been carrying out, Xu Wen had Zhu's body recovered from the pond and buried. Emperor Yizong of Tang Emperor Yizong of Tang (December 28, 833 – August 15, 873), né Li Wen , later changed to Li Cui ( Chinese : 李 漼 ),
2673-499: The dancers, and some 800 pi [(匹, a unit of textile length)] of silk serving as the carpet they danced on. After their dance was over, the jewelry that fell off them covered the ground completely. Despite Princess Tongchang's death, Emperor Yizong continued to remain close to Wei Baoheng, who became extremely powerful and corrupt late in Emperor Yizong's reign. Emperor Yizong also reacted in anger whenever Consort Guo's family
2754-543: The eunuch commanders of the Shence Armies ( 神策軍 ), Wang Zongshi ( 王宗實 ), who was not on good terms with them, out of Chang'an to Huai'nan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) to serve as the eunuch monitor for Huai'nan. Wang Zongshi, however, reacted by intruding into the palace; finding that Emperor Xuanzong had already died, he arrested Wang Guizhang, Ma, and Wang Jufang for falsely issuing edicts, and then put them to death. He welcomed Li Wen to
2835-488: The forces from Tianping and Taining Circuits to Anfeng (安豐, in modern Lu'an , Anhui ), posturing to head to Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an); and Zhu Quanzhong himself with his main forces to Su Prefecture (宿州, in modern Suzhou). The people of Huainan Circuit were greatly shocked and dismayed by Zhu's forces. However, Pang, because he had such an impressive force, underestimated Yang Xingmi's army. Yang Xingmi had Zhu Jin serve as his advance commander, and Zhu constructed
2916-430: The hall. As Lady Tao bowed to Xu Zhixun and he bowed back, Zhu struck him and, as he fell to the ground, Zhu's elite soldiers entered and cut off his head. After Zhu took the head and showed them to Xu Zhixun's soldiers, they all fled. Zhu then entered the palace and showed the head to Yang Longyan, expecting Yang Longyan to be pleased and go along with his actions, stating to Yang Longyan, "I, your servant, have destroyed
2997-619: The losses mounted. In winter 895, Zhu Quanzhong and Ge attacked Yan Prefecture and put it under siege. Further, Zhu Jin's older cousin Zhu Qiong ( 朱瓊 ) the prefect of Qi surrendered the prefecture to Zhu Quanzhong. When Zhu Xuan sent his officers He Gui , Liu Cun ( 柳存 ), and the Hedong officer He Huaibao ( 何懷寶 ) to try to lift the siege on Yan, Zhu Quanzhong defeated and captured them. He showed them to Zhu Jin to try to urge him to surrender. Zhu Jin pretended to agree and offered to surrender
3078-569: The middle of Emperor Xuanzong's Dazhong era (847–860), and was posthumously created the higher rank of Zhaorong ( 昭容 ), the sixth highest rank for imperial consorts. Li Wen was not favored by his father, whose favorite son was his younger brother Li Zi the Prince of Kui; as a result, Li Wen was sent out of the palace to live at the imperial princes' residence, known as the Sixteen Mansions, while Li Zi and four other princes lived in
3159-537: The military governor of Ganhua Circuit (感化, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ) at Ganhua's capital Xu Prefecture ( 徐州 ), Zhu Jin tried to go to his aid, but he was defeated by Zhu Youyu and Huo Cun ( 霍存 ) and forced to withdraw. Soon thereafter, Xu Prefecture fell under the attack of the Xuanwu officer Pang Shigu ( 龐師古 ), and Shi committed suicide, allowing Zhu Quanzhong to take over Ganhua. With Ganhua conquered, Zhu Quanzhong sent Pang north to attack Taining. Pang had initial successes against Zhu Jin. Late in
3240-635: The military governor of Hedong Circuit ( 河東 , headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ), to attack Cao Prefecture ( 曹州 , in modern Heze), to try to see if that attack could help lift the siege on Yan. However, they encountered the main army under Zhu Quanzhong's own command and were soundly defeated, with He Gui, Liu, and He Huaibao all captured by the Xuanwu army. Zhu Quanzhong took them to Yan and showed them to Zhu Jin, hoping that their capture would help convince Zhu Jin to surrender, but subsequently Zhu Jin used trick to kill his cousin Zhu Qiong ( 朱瓊 ), who had previously surrendered to Zhu Quanzhong, which caused
3321-441: The military governor of Jingnan Circuit ( 荊南 , headquartered in modern Jingzhou , Hubei ) in 905, and after Zhu's conquest of those circuits was made the acting military governor of Jingnan. Subsequently, when Lei Yangong the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit ( 武貞 , headquartered in modern Changde , Hunan ) attacked Jingnan's capital Jiangling Municipality, He Gui withdrew within the city to defend it, and Zhu considered this
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3402-1074: The military governor of Taining, allowing him and Zhu Xuan to each govern a circuit as close allies. Initially, Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin continued to be allies with Zhu Quanzhong as well, and in fall 887, when Qin Zongquan launched a major attack on Zhu Quanzhong and Zhu Quanzhong sought aid from them, both Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin personally led troops to aid him. Together with the troops of Zhu's own Xuanwu Circuit and Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ), which Zhu Quanzhong had recently taken over, they defeated Qin; from this point, Qin's strength began to wane. In gratitude, Zhu Quanzhong honored both Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin as older brothers. However, later that year, this relationship would be broken. The ambitious Zhu Quanzhong had designs on Tianping and Taining, and therefore falsely accused Zhu Xuan of inducing Xuanwu soldiers to desert. Zhu Xuan thereafter made counteraccusations. In response, Zhu Quanzhong had his officers Zhu Zhen ( 朱珍 ) and Ge Congzhou launch
3483-479: The military governor of Xuanyi Circuit ( 宣義 , headquartered in modern Anyang , Henan ) and giving him the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ( 同中書門下平章事 ). Shortly after, Zhu Zhen further made him overall commander of the Later Liang forces on the northern border with Jin. (The chancellor Jing Xiang , however, appeared to be dismayed over the choice, as he submitted petition in which he urged Zhu Zhen to pay more personal attention to
3564-583: The next day, and Li Yan took the throne (as Emperor Xizong). Consorts and Issue: He Gui He Gui ( Chinese : 賀瓌 ; 858 – 28 August 919 ), courtesy name Guangyuan ( 光遠 ), was a major general in the service of the Later Liang state during the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . He served as Later Liang's overall commander of its operations against its archrival Jin from 917 to his death in 919. He Gui
3645-406: The obvious impractical nature of Dingbian's territory—as Xi Prefecture was extremely close to Xichuan's capital Chengdu Municipality and unsuitable to serve as the capital for a circuit intended to concentrate on border defense. The Dingbian debacle demoralized the officers at Xichuan, who went as far as secretly encouraging Dali to attack Dingbian to expose Li Shiwang. Yet more disastrous, though,
3726-423: The officers Ma Qian ( 馬謙 ) and Li Qiu ( 李球 ) seized Yang Longyan and launched their troops to attack Xu Zhixun. Xu Zhixun was fearful and decided to flee, but was dissuaded by the official Yan Keqiu , and their opposing camps settled in that night. The next day, Zhu Jin, who had been stationed at Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang , Jiangsu ). Looking at Ma's and Li's camp, Zhu assured Xu Zhixun that there
3807-542: The palace, and then issued an edict in Emperor Xuanzong's name creating Li Wen crown prince and changing his name to Li Cui. The next day, Emperor Xuanzong's death was announced, and Li Cui became emperor (as Emperor Yizong). Emperor Yizong honored his grandmother (Emperor Xuanzong's mother) Empress Dowager Zheng as grand empress dowager , while posthumously honoring his mother Consort Chao as empress dowager . Meanwhile, long-time lead chancellor Linghu Tao
3888-428: The palace. Emperor Xuanzong also considered creating Li Zi crown prince , but hesitated because Li Wen, not Li Zi, was his oldest son, and therefore went throughout his entire reign without designating an heir. Late in Emperor Xuanzong's reign, he came to favor certain alchemists who promised immortality, and he took pills that they made. It was said that as a result, he became paranoid and easily angered. By 859, as
3969-640: The permission of Weibo's military governor Luo Hongxin . However, a subsequently Hedong relief force commanded by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxin angered Luo by pillaging the Weibo countryside; Luo fought back and defeated Li Cunxin, and further entered into an alliance with Zhu Quanzhong. When Li Keyong himself then attacked Weibo, the joint Weibo/Xuanwu forces defeated him. Thereafter, no further relief aid would be able to come through from Hedong, and Tianping and Taining grew weaker and weaker. In 897, Pang and Ge jointly attacked Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture ( 鄆州 ) and captured it. Zhu Xuan tried to flee but
4050-409: The prefect of Pu Prefecture ( Chinese : 濮州 ) in modern Heze , Shandong . In 882, when Han Jian the military governor ( jiedushi ) of Weibo Circuit ( 魏博 )(headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ) attacked Tianping Circuit ( 天平 ) (headquartered in modern Tai'an , Shandong ), which Pu Prefecture belonged to, Tianping's military governor Cao Cunshi ( 曹存實 ) was killed in battle. Zhu took over
4131-465: The reign of his son Emperor Xizong . Li Wen was born around the new year 834, during the reign of his cousin Emperor Wenzong . His father Li Yi was then the Prince of Guang, and Li Wen was born at Li Yi's mansion. He was Li Yi's first son. His mother was Li Yi's concubine Lady Chao. In 846, after the death of Emperor Wenzong's brother and successor Emperor Wuzong , Li Yi, whose name
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#17327652205614212-429: The river, chaining the ships together to serve as a blockade to block access between the two halves of the city, and then put the southern city under siege. When Li Cunxu arrived at the northern city, he initially could not cross to try to save the southern city. Li Jianji, however, led a group of soldiers and volunteered to charge the Later Liang fleet. They reached the fleet and cut off the chains by axes and fire, causing
4293-421: The seals (the symbols of his control of Taining), but requested that Zhu Qiong be the one sent into the city to retrieve them. When Zhu Qiong entered the city, Zhu Jin had him seized and beheaded, which caused Zhu Quanzhong's army to lose morale, so Zhu Quanzhong, after killing Liu and He Huaibao, withdrew. However, he left Ge to continue to watch Yan, but Zhu Jin defended the city and refused to engage Ge. Later in
4374-465: The southeastern circuits. After Yang died in 905 and was succeeded by his son Yang Wo (who carried the title of Prince of Hongnong), Zhu Jin continued to carry the title of deputy supreme commander — a title that he continued to carry after Yang Wo was assassinated in 908 by the officers Zhang Hao and Xu Wen and succeeded by his younger brother Yang Longyan . (Xu killed Zhang soon after their assassination of Yang Wo, and while thereafter Yang Longyan
4455-578: The territory between the Huai and the Yangtze Rivers. In 899, Yang and Zhu Jin attacked Xu Prefecture. Zhu Quanzhong initially sent Zhang Guihou ( 張歸厚 ) to relieve the attack on Xu, and then also led an army himself. When Yang and Zhu Jin heard that Zhu Quanzhong was about to arrive, they withdrew. In 902, after Emperor Zhaozong had been forcibly taken to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji , Shaanxi ), then ruled by Li Maozhen , by
4536-403: The title of supreme commander of the southeastern circuits on Yang and created him the Prince of Wu, ordering him to attack Zhu Quanzhong. As part of the order, Zhu Jin was given the title of military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang , Shandong ) (which was then under the rule of Wang Shifan ). Yang also bestowed on Zhu Jin the title of deputy supreme commander of
4617-449: The west, but the Jin army, mistaking Wang's troops for their own, believed that they had been defeated, and went into a general panic, causing many casualties, including Zhou and his son. In the aftermaths of the initial victory, He Gui try to take advantage by taking a hill position. Li Cunxu, realizing that the hill was tactically important, personally fought and captured it. The Jin generals Li Sizhao and Li Jianji ( 李建及 ) subsequently led
4698-433: The workers laboring at the funeral. The Emperor and Consort Guo [(Princess Tongchang's mother and Emperor Yizong's favorite concubine )] missed their daughter greatly, and they commissioned the musician Li Keji [(李可及)] to author a music piece entitled, "Lamentation for a Hundred Years," with sad and delicate tones and several hundred dancers set to dance to it. The palace storage provided large numbers of jewels to decorate
4779-489: The year as well as ordering frequent musical performances in the palace. If the entertainment was to his liking, Yizong would not only reward the entertainers greatly but also bestow governmental ranks. Emperor Yizong eventually exhausted the empire's treasury that had accumulated during his father's administration. Extreme hardships, including famines that forced people to resort to cannibalism , led to widespread agrarian rebellions late in his reign. Those rebellions would plague
4860-539: The year, Ge attacked Zhu Wei ( 朱威 ) the prefect of Tianping's Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern Jinan , Shandong ). Both Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin personally tried to aid Qi Prefecture, but Zhu Quanzhong then arrived himself and defeated them. After this series of defeats, both Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin sought aid from Zhu Quanzhong's archrival Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan , Shanxi ). Li Keyong repeatedly sent officers to reinforce Tianping and Taining, but even with Hedong's aid
4941-541: The year, when Ge was set to withdraw, he tricked Zhu Jin into believing that Hedong and Tianping aid forces were arriving; Zhu Jin thus came out of the city to attack, and Ge defeated him before withdrawing. It was said that, by this point, with Tianping and Taining repeatedly under Xuanwu attack, both circuits had been laid waste. They again sought aid from Li Keyong, and Li Keyong sent the officers Li Chengsi ( 李承嗣 ) and Shi Yan ( 史儼 ) to aid them, going through Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan , Hebei ) with
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#17327652205615022-488: Was (outwardly) preparing to leave Jiangdu, Xu Zhixun went to bid him farewell. Zhu held a feast for him, offered him wine, had Zhu's favorite concubine come outside to greet him and sing for him, and presented Zhu's favorite horse as a gift to him. Zhu then invited him into the middle of Zhu's mansion, where Zhu's wife Lady Tao came out to greet him as well as a sign of respect. Xu Zhixun was pleased and took no further precautions, while Zhu already had his elite guards surround
5103-428: Was a mutiny by soldiers for Xusi Circuit (徐泗, headquartered in modern Xuzhou , Jiangsu ), who had been posted to Gui Prefecture (桂州, in modern Guilin , Guangxi ) to defend against a potential Dali attack, with a promise that they would be allowed to return home after three years. When the term was up in 868, however, the governor of Xusi Circuit, Cui Yanzeng ( 崔彥曾 ), ordered that the term be extended one year, causing
5184-457: Was a time when He Gui and Xie were surveilling the potential battlefield, and He Gui pointed out a good spot to pitch camp—which, when the Jin army subsequently arrived, they used to pitch camp. He Gui thus suspected Xie of leaking the information to the Jin army. Meanwhile, He Gui wanted to directly confront the Jin army, while Xie argued for not engaging the Jin army directly but instead trying to take strategically advantageous positions to wait for
5265-443: Was accused of misconduct. In 873, in a grand ceremony, Emperor Yizong welcomed what was claimed to be a relic (a finger bone) of Gautama Buddha to the palace, despite warnings by some that his grandfather Emperor Xianzong died shortly after also welcoming the same relic to the palace. (Emperor Yizong responded to the warnings by stating, "As long as I can see it once while living, I do not have regrets about dying.") The ceremony
5346-479: Was also created a marquess. In 912, he was made the prefect of Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan). He was soon recalled to the Later Liang imperial government to serve as the commander of the Left Longhu Army ( 左龍虎軍 ). In 916, by which time Emperor Taizu's son Zhu Zhen was emperor, Weibo Circuit, which had long been in Later Liang's hands, rebelled against Later Liang over Zhu Zhen's plan to weaken
5427-604: Was also said to be violent and cruel. In 884, when Zhu Xuan's neighbor Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit came under attack by Qin Zongquan , a former Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian , Henan ), who had turned against Tang and was pillaging the nearby circuits, Zhu Quanzhong sought aid from Zhu Xuan, and Zhu Xuan sent Zhu Jin to aid him. After Zhu Jin repelled Qin's attack, Zhu Quanzhong, in appreciation, honored Zhu Xuan as an older brother. In 886, Zhu Jin wanted to capture nearby Taining Circuit, so he sought to marry
5508-761: Was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He reigned from 859 to 873. Emperor Yizong was the eldest son of Emperor Xuanzong . After Emperor Xuanzong's death in 859, Emperor Yizong was placed on the throne by the eunuch Wang Zongshi ( 王宗實 ), who killed other eunuchs supporting another son of Emperor Xuanzong, Li Zi the Prince of Kui. According to traditional historians, Emperor Yizong did not pay much attention to governmental affairs but instead chose to live in opulence, became an alcoholic and surrounded himself with women while his government levied heavy taxes on its citizens. A deeply devout Buddhist , even more so than his father, he would hold grand Buddhist ceremonies throughout
5589-433: Was born in 858, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang . It is known that he was from Puyang , but all that is known about his family were the names of several male-line ancestors—great-grandfather He Yan ( 賀延 ), grandfather He Hua ( 賀華 ), and father He Zhongyuan ( 賀仲元 ). It was said that He Gui was ambitious in his youth and became a soldier during the late Tang dynasty disturbance, becoming an officer under Zhu Xuan
5670-411: Was captured and delivered to Zhu Quanzhong to be executed. Meanwhile, Zhu Jin, running low on food supplies himself, left his officer Kang Huaizhen ( 康懷貞 ) in charge of Yan and headed south with Li Chengsi and Shi to raid the former Ganhua Circuit (now renamed Wuning Circuit) for food. When Zhu Quanzhong heard this, he sent Ge to launch a surprise attack on Yan. Kang surrendered, leaving Zhu Jin without
5751-413: Was changed to Li Chen, became emperor (as Emperor Xuanzong). He created five of his sons, including Li Wen, imperial princes, with Li Wen carrying the title of Prince of Yun. Li Wen's mother Lady Chao was created the imperial consort rank of Meiren ( 美人 ), which was only the 15th highest rank for imperial consorts (and there could be as many as nine Meiren at any single point). She died sometime in
5832-450: Was doing so under the order of Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong ), He Gui participated in Zhu's campaign against Wang, and after the victory, he was made the prefect of Cao Prefecture. He also followed Zhu in his campaign against Zhao Kuangning the military governor of Zhongyi Circuit ( 忠義 , headquartered in modern Xiangyang , Hubei ) and Zhao's brother Zhao Kuangming
5913-465: Was exiled.) Meanwhile, late in 869, Li Shiwang provoked Dali by killing its emissary Yang Qiuqing ( 楊酋慶 ). Dali's emperor Qiulong thus launched a major attack on Dingbian, and neither Li nor his successor Dou Pang ( 竇滂 ) was able to repel it. The Dali forces quickly arrived at Chengdu's vicinity and put Chengdu under siege. Emperor Yizong commissioned Gao Pian as Xichuan's military governor, and Dali forces thereafter withdrew, but both Dingbian (which
5994-431: Was made the military prefect ( 團練使 , Tuanlianshi ) of Xing Prefecture ( 邢州 , in modern Xingtai , Hebei ). In 910, he was made the prefect of Ze Prefecture ( 澤州 , in modern Jincheng , Shanxi ) and the acting military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit ( 昭義 )—which Ze Prefecture belonged to but the capital of which, Lu Prefecture ( 潞州 , in modern Changzhi , Shanxi ), was then under the control of Later Liang's archrival Jin —and
6075-456: Was nothing to be concerned about, and he yelled at Ma's and Li's troops; in fear, Ma's and Li's troops disassembled, and they were captured and executed. In winter 916, with Li Keyong's son and successor Li Cunxu the Prince of Jin requesting Wu to enter an alliance to jointly attack Later Liang, Xu Zhixun and Zhu Jin led troops north toward Song (宋州, in modern Shangqiu , Henan ) and Bo (亳州, in modern Bozhou , Anhui ) Prefectures. They crossed
6156-594: Was prince, Xu effectively controlled the governance of the Wu state — which was an independent by that point after Zhu Quanzhong usurped the Tang throne in 907 and established Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu, a title that Yang Wo and his successors refused to recognize.) Around the new year 914, the Later Liang general Wang Jingren attacked Wu, to try to capture Wu's Shou and Lu (廬州, in modern Hefei , Anhui ) Prefectures. Xu and Zhu Jin engaged Wang at Zhaobu (趙步, in modern Lu'an) and found themselves outnumbered, but Xu, with
6237-444: Was relieved of his chancellor position and replaced with the former chancellor Bai Minzhong , although Bai, when recalled to the capital Chang'an , fell and suffered an injury while he was climbing up the stairs at the imperial meeting hall, and therefore never actually assumed chancellor position before resigning in early 861. Meanwhile, Emperor Yizong was immediately met with two military crises. Tang and Nanzhao had gotten into
6318-415: Was said to be spending much of his time in feast and games, ignoring the affairs of state, despite his officials' urging to attend to them, although he was sending generals to the Dali front (including Kang Chengxun and Gao Pian ), without initial success. Over the course of 865–866, however, Gao Pian was able to defeat Dali forces and recapture Jiao Prefecture. Meanwhile, though, the tense situation on
6399-487: Was said to bring out great offerings by the households of Chang'an. Emperor Yizong himself walked toward the relic and bowed on the ground in tears. Later in the year, Emperor Yizong became critically ill. With his not having designated an heir, the eunuchs Liu Xingshen ( 劉行深 ) and Han Wenyue ( 韓文約 ) supported his 11-year-old son Li Yan the Prince of Pu as his heir. Liu and Han had an edict issued in Emperor Yizong's name creating Li Yan crown prince. Emperor Yizong died
6480-444: Was then merged back into Xichuan) and Xichuan had been deeply wounded. Princess Tongchang died in 870, and this caused a major display of Emperor Yizong's caprice at the capital Chang'an , as Emperor Yizong, in anger that the imperial physicians were not able to cure her, executed some 20 imperial physicians and had some 300 of their relatives imprisoned. When the chancellor Liu Zhan and the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e.,
6561-438: Was very pleased, and he personally went to Gaoyou (高郵, in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ) to welcome them. He bestowed on Zhu Jin the title of military governor of Wuning (i.e., not giving him a title that was inferior to his own) and also gave Shi and Li Chengsi honored titles. It was said that, previously, the Huainan forces were only familiar with water combat; now, with the infusion of Tianping, Taining, and Hedong army soldiers,
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