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61-586: Zizzi Restaurants Limited , trading as Zizzi , is a chain of Italian-inspired restaurants in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is the sister restaurant of ASK Italian , both having been founded by Adam and Sam Kaye. In February 2015, Bridgepoint Capital completed a £250 million acquisition of the two brands. They were subsequently bought by TowerBrook Capital Partners in 2020. The first Zizzi restaurant opened in Chiswick in 1999. As of March 2022,

122-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

183-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

244-543: A body of study defines " word ") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon ; dedicated to God ; Smith 's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god ; the smith 's apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a swede in the soup; a Swede who came to see me). Such words that vary according to case are sometimes called capitonyms (although only rarely: this term

305-476: A contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of the business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

366-485: A formal style, this may include the , as in the inimitable Henry Higgins . They may also take the in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique: the young Mr Hamilton (not the old one), the Dr Brown I know ; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent: the young Einstein (Einstein when he was young). The indefinite article a may similarly be used to establish

427-514: A ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This

488-430: A new referent: the column was written by a [ or one] Mary Price . Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally: beautiful King's College is acceptable, but not King's famous College . As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has

549-528: A nickname for Cab Calloway and as the title of a film about him). Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as naming expressions . Sometimes they are called simply names ; but that term is also used more broadly (as in " chair is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name is called a common name to distinguish it from a proper name . Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are agency , boulevard , city , day, and edition . In such cases

610-401: A preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between a registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name, is important because fictitious business names do not always identify

671-437: A previously unknown label was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However, if the object already had an established name , there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals: In English, children employ different strategies depending on

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732-531: A proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., " jump that shark, Fonz!", " O Pacific, be so on our voyage", "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!"). In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally does not use it, only a single article is used (e.g., " the Matterhorn at Disneyland is not the Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at

793-576: A royal name were enclosed in a cartouche : an oval with a line at one end. In Chinese script , a proper name mark (a kind of underline ) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard Pinyin system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as word and phrase . Sanskrit and other languages written in

854-413: A trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when a businessperson writes a trade name on

915-501: Is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length). Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant ( David , the United States of America ) and an informal variant ( Dave , the United States ). In languages that use alphabetic scripts and that distinguish lower and upper case , there

976-522: Is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See Letter case § Title case . Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis "

1037-680: Is called a razón social . Proper noun A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity ( Africa ; Jupiter ; Sarah ; Walmart ) as distinguished from a common noun , which is a noun that refers to a class of entities ( continent, planet, person, corporation ) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent , another planet , these persons , our corporation ). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique (the Hendersons ,

1098-621: Is considered a unique abstract entity. Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named New Haven ; Jupiter may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named Mata Hari , as well as a racehorse, several songs, several films, and other objects; there are towns and people named Toyota , as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include

1159-892: Is not itself a proper name (it can be limited: the Londoner , some Londoners ). Similarly, African , Africanize , and Africanism are not proper names, but are capitalized because Africa is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized ( Swiss in Swiss cheese ; Anglicize ; Calvinistically ; Petrarchism ) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic , Buddhist , Hollywoodize , Freudianism , and Reagonomics are capitalized; quixotic , bowdlerize , mesmerism , and pasteurization are not; aeolian and alpinism may be capitalized or not. Some words or some homonyms (depending on how

1220-530: Is often capitalized (" Cuban Missile Crisis ") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most style guides give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not. Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day English: Dr , Baptist , Congregationalism , His and He in reference to

1281-534: Is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary ). In most alphabetic languages, brand names and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names. Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names. In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means. In Egyptian hieroglyphs , parts of

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1342-452: Is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context. Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a definite article as redundant, and personal names (like John ) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with

1403-403: Is sometimes called onomastics or onomatology , while a rigorous analysis of the semantics of proper names is a matter for philosophy of language . Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of ellipsis (for instance, the three Kennedys = the three members of

1464-494: Is usually an association between proper names and capitalization . In German, all nouns are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance: der Große Bär (the Great Bear, Ursa Major ). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of

1525-716: The Everglades , the Azores , the Pleiades ). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the Mozart experience; his Azores adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no Pavarotti ; a few would-be Napoleons ). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention. A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names . By this strict distinction, because

1586-602: The Bill of Rights (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment (1865) capitalizes only proper nouns. In Danish , from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized. In modern English orthography , it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas ). It

1647-700: The Devanagari script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or syllabic scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically. There is evidence from brain disorders such as aphasia that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain. There also appear to be differences in language acquisition. Although Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names) and names of individuals (equivalent to proper names): When

1708-466: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

1769-629: The Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context: northerner or Northerner ; aboriginal trees but Aboriginal land rights in Australia . When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House , it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to

1830-576: The Himalayas ), and collections of islands (e.g., the Hebrides ). However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the mighty Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., " the Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop

1891-557: The Kennedy family ) and metaphor (for instance, the new Gandhi , likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi). Current linguistics makes a distinction between proper nouns and proper names but this distinction is not universally observed and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously. When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with the ), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as noun phrases such as

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1952-515: The Kingdom ). Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example, Mountain Bluebird does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called common name (somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with

2013-896: The Mediterranean , the Thames ), buildings (e.g., the Parthenon ), institutions (e.g., the House of Commons ), cities and districts (e.g., The Hague , the Bronx ), works of literature (e.g., the Bible ), newspapers and magazines (e.g., The Times , The Economist , the New Statesman ), and events (e.g., the '45 , the Holocaust ). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g.,

2074-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

2135-486: The United Kingdom , North Carolina , Royal Air Force , and the White House . Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their head ; the United Kingdom , for example, is a proper name with the common noun kingdom as its head, and North Carolina is headed by the proper noun Carolina . Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film Being There ; Hi De Ho as

2196-534: The Zizzi portfolio includes about 25 London restaurants, as well as locations throughout the United Kingdom (and also Dublin ). On 17 July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic , Azzurri Group, owner of the Zizzi and ASK Italian chains, announced the closure of 75 restaurants with the loss of up to 1,200 jobs. On 22 April 2007, a 35-year-old Polish man entered the Zizzi restaurant on The Strand and made his way into

2257-604: The article the , as in the Netherlands , the Roaring Forties , or the Rolling Stones . A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named Rose is not a flower). If it once had a descriptive meaning, it may no longer be descriptive. For example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have

2318-449: The article. The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., " Da Vinci's Mona Lisa", " our United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in these United States", " that spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., " whose Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is no Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want another Holocaust"). An indefinite article phrase voids

2379-458: The common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example: Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in English. They may take titles, such as Mr Harris or Senator Harris . Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles , or historic York ; in

2440-534: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

2501-500: The definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language terms these weak proper names , in contrast with the more typical strong proper names , which are normally used without an article. Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g.,

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2562-428: The entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of the corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina ,

2623-567: The head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., " the Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin"). Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It

2684-443: The initial element, though with many exceptions. European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient texts. In past centuries, orthographic practices in English varied widely. Capitalization

2745-418: The kitchen, where he obtained a knife. He then used it to sever his penis in front of diners. Whilst it was initially believed that attempts to re-attach the appendage had been unsuccessful, The Guardian reported later that week that surgeons had, in fact, been able to do so, "in the first operation of its kind in the country", a procedure that was carried out at St Thomas' Hospital after police recovered

2806-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

2867-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

2928-465: The penis from the restaurant floor. The Zizzi in Salisbury was linked to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal since the pair had dined there. Those who had eaten at the restaurant and the nearby Mill Pub on Sunday 4 or Monday 5 March 2018 were advised to take measures such as washing or wiping their personal belongings, even though the risk of harm to other diners was reported to be "low". In

2989-481: The phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a ) is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as " is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when

3050-598: The prize for Corporate, Social and Environmental Responsibility. In 2020, Zizzi won the Lausanne Index Prize for Novel Product of the Year. This UK-based restaurant or restaurant chain article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trading as In a number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States ,

3111-482: The proper name Newtown though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town. In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization, but the details are complex and vary from language to language (French lundi , Canada , un homme canadien , un Canadien ; English Monday , Canada , a Canadian man , a Canadian ; Italian lunedì , Canada , un uomo canadese , un canadese ). The study of proper names

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3172-520: The summer of 2011, Zizzi began using the Pennies service in all their restaurants to give customers the option to top up their bill with a 20p donation to charity. By March 2012, over £50,000 had been raised for charity, with the majority going to long-standing charity partner The Prince's Trust . Pennies with Zizzi was crowned "Project of the Year" by the Real IT Awards in 2012, also picking up

3233-459: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

3294-491: The term noun is used for a class of single words ( tree , beauty ), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: Peter and Africa are both proper names and proper nouns; but Peter the Great and South Africa , while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper noun phrases ). The term common name is not much used to contrast with proper name , but some linguists have used

3355-430: The term proper name ). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species ( Sialia currucoides ), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains. Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Londoner is capitalized because it derives from the proper name London , but it

3416-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

3477-410: The term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply names , but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives (or proper adverbs , and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. Chastity, for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity

3538-557: The use of the definite article (e.g., " a restored Sistine Chapel", " a Philippines free from colonial masters"). The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., " Hague residents are concerned ...", "... eight pints of Thames water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., " the Amazon jungle ", " the Bay of Pigs debacle "). Vocative phrases that address

3599-664: The week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has House of Representatives , in which lexical words are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian Državni zbor , "National Assembly"). In Czech , multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in

3660-553: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

3721-565: Was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and all of the Constitution (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized;

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