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89-695: The leaders of both parties were closely related to the French king through the male line . For that reason, they were called " princes of the blood " and exerted much influence on the affairs of the kingdom of France . Their rivalries and disputes for government control would serve as much of the basis for the conflict. The Orléans branch of the family, also referred to as the House of Valois-Orléans, stemmed from Louis I, Duke of Orléans , younger son of King Charles V of France (r. 1364–1380). The House of Valois-Burgundy originated from Charles V's youngest brother, Philip

178-539: A marquessate . Katherine Swynford's son from her first marriage, Thomas, was another loyal companion. Thomas Swynford was Constable of Pontefract Castle , where Richard II is said to have died. Henry experienced a more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together as knights of the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in

267-529: A decade by then. Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits to the Order of these guest crusaders . His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Henry and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless. In 1392–93 Henry undertook

356-532: A demonstration of his power, but even that did not prove sufficient to restore his influence. He thus decided to get rid of his exasperating rival, having him murdered on rue Vieille du Temple in Paris on 23 November 1407, while he was leaving the queen's residence at Hôtel Barbette, a few days after she had given birth to her twelfth child. Thomas de Courteheuse then sent word to Louis that the king, Charles VI of France , urgently needed him at hôtel Saint-Paul. Leaving

445-673: A distant cousin who claimed descent from Louis XIII . The French Revolution of 1848 brought an end to the monarchy again, instituting a brief Second Republic that lasted four years, before its President declared himself Emperor Napoleon III , who was deposed and replaced by the Third Republic , and ending monarchic rule in France for good. The Bourbon Restoration came to an end with the July Revolution of 1830 which deposed Charles X and replaced him with Louis Philippe I ,

534-455: A distant cousin with more liberal politics. Charles X's son Louis signed a document renouncing his own right to the throne only after a 20-minute argument with his father. Because he was never crowned he is disputed as a genuine king of France. Louis's nephew Henry was likewise considered by some to be Henry V, but the new regime did not recognise his claim and he never ruled. Charles X named Louis Philippe as  Lieutenant général du royaume ,

623-530: A failed coup. According to Holinshed , it was predicted that Henry would die in Jerusalem, and Shakespeare's play repeats this prophecy. Henry took this to mean that he would die on crusade . In reality, he died in the Jerusalem Chamber in the abbot's house of Westminster Abbey, on 20 March 1413 during a convocation of Parliament . His executor , Thomas Langley , was at his side. Despite

712-632: A grave illness in June 1405; April 1406; June 1408; during the winter of 1408–09; December 1412; and finally a fatal bout in March 1413. In 1410, Henry had provided his royal surgeon Thomas Morstede with an annuity of £40 p.a. which was confirmed by Henry V immediately after his succession. This was so that Morstede would "not be retained by anyone else". Medical historians have long debated the nature of this affliction or afflictions. The skin disease might have been leprosy (which did not necessarily mean precisely

801-538: A military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire . Henry initially announced that he intended to reclaim his rights as Duke of Lancaster , though he quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison Richard (who died in prison, most probably forcibly starved to death, ) and bypass Richard's heir-presumptive , Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March . Henry's 13 October 1399 coronation at Westminster Abbey may have been

890-691: A mob. John thus became master of Paris once again, so he entered into negotiations with the English, in which he seemed willing to welcome the king of England's claim on the French throne . It thus became imperative for the Dauphin to negotiate a rapprochement with the Burgundians, again to avoid an Anglo-Burgundian alliance. John, on his part, had become master of a large part of the kingdom after his capture of Paris, but his finances were at rock bottom. John

979-584: A period known as Direct Capetian rule. Afterwards, it passed to the House of Valois , a cadet branch that descended from Philip III . The Valois claim was disputed by Edward III , the Plantagenet king of England who claimed himself as the rightful king of France through his French mother Isabella . The two houses fought the Hundred Years' War over the issue, and with Henry VI of England being for

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1068-546: A pilgrimage to Jerusalem , where he made offerings at the Holy Sepulchre and at the Mount of Olives . Later he vowed to lead a crusade to "free Jerusalem from the infidel", but he died before this could be accomplished. The relationship between Henry and Richard had a second crisis. In 1398, a remark about Richard's rule by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk , was interpreted as treason by Henry, who reported it to

1157-450: A regency council, on which sat the grandees of the kingdom. The uncle of Charles VI, Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy, who acted as regent during the king's minority from 1380 to 1388, was a significant influence on the queen (he had organized the royal marriage during his regency). That influence progressively shifted to Louis I, Duke of Orléans , the king's brother, and it was suspected,

1246-629: A regent to the young Henry V, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the Chamber of Deputies , the lower house of the French Parliament at the time, the French equivalent at the time of the UK House of Commons. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, and because the French parliamentarians were aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity at

1335-622: A time partially recognized as King of France . The Valois line died out in the late 16th century, during the French Wars of Religion , to be replaced by the distantly related House of Bourbon , which descended through the Direct Capetian Louis IX . The Bourbons ruled France until deposed in the French Revolution , though they were restored to the throne after the fall of Napoleon. The last Capetian to rule

1424-523: Is highly likely that Henry deliberately associated himself with the martyr saint for reasons of political expediency, namely, the legitimisation of his dynasty after seizing the throne from Richard II . Significantly, at his coronation, he was anointed with holy oil that had reportedly been given to Becket by the Virgin Mary shortly before his death in 1170; this oil was placed inside a distinct eagle-shaped container of gold. According to one version of

1513-473: Is preserved at the National Archives . The accepted date of the ceremony is 5 February 1381, at Mary's family home of Rochford Hall , Essex. The near-contemporary chronicler Jean Froissart reports a rumour that Mary's sister Eleanor de Bohun kidnapped Mary from Pleshey Castle and held her at Arundel Castle , where she was kept as a novice nun; Eleanor's intention was to control Mary's half of

1602-652: The Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The family consolidated its power in the 8th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the real powers behind the Merovingian kings . The dynasty is named after one of these mayors of the palace, Charles Martel , whose son Pepin the Short dethroned the Merovingians in 751 and, with

1691-518: The Hundred Years War to enforce their claims. The Valois were ultimately successful, and French historiography counts their leaders as rightful kings. One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England , enjoyed de jure control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes , which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until

1780-755: The Lords Appellants ' rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford . Henry spent all of 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius (capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ) by Teutonic Knights with 70 to 80 household knights. During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to Königsberg to be converted, even though Lithuanians had already been baptised by Polish priests for

1869-494: The Ottoman Empire . In 1406, English pirates captured the future James I of Scotland , aged eleven, off the coast of Flamborough Head as he was sailing to France. James was delivered to Henry IV and remained a prisoner until after the death of Henry's son, Henry V. The later years of Henry's reign were marked by serious health problems. He had a disfiguring skin disease and, more seriously, suffered acute attacks of

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1958-597: The Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions. Classical French historiography usually regards Clovis I , king of the Franks ( r.  507–511 ), as the first king of France. However, historians today consider that such a kingdom did not begin until the establishment of West Francia , after the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century. The kings used

2047-526: The Armagnacs, who had retrenched at La Chapelle. He had to withdraw in the end, but on the night of 8 to 9 November, he left via the porte Saint-Jacques, marched across Saint-Cloud, and decisively defeated the Écorcheurs . Then John the Fearless pursued the princes of Orléans and their allies to Bourges , which Orléans was besieging, but the royal army appeared before the city on 11 June 1412. Another peace

2136-590: The Bohun inheritance (or to allow her husband, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester , to control it). There Mary was persuaded to marry Henry. They had six children: Henry had four sons from his first marriage, which was undoubtedly a clinching factor in his acceptability for the throne. By contrast, Richard II had no children and Richard's heir-presumptive Edmund Mortimer was only seven years old. The only two of Henry's six children who produced legitimate children to survive to adulthood were Henry V and Blanche, whose son, Rupert,

2225-468: The Bold , the Duke of Burgundy . Both their respective namesake duchies of Orléans and Burgundy were held in the status of appanage , as none of its holders was first in the line of succession to the French throne . The war's causes were rooted in the reign of Charles VI of France (Charles V's eldest son and successor) and a confrontation between two different economic, social, and religious systems. On

2314-486: The Burgundians of not keeping their promise to break off their alliances with the English. They, on high alert because they had heard that John intended to kidnap or attack the Dauphin, reacted swiftly when the Lord of Navailles raised his sword. In the ensuing scuffle, the duke was killed. This act prevented all appeasement, and thereby enabled a continuation of English military successes with the collusion of Burgundy. Philip

2403-651: The Dukedom of Burgundy, the Duke of Orléans acquired Luxembourg in 1402. While Louis of Orléans, getting 90% of his income from the royal treasury, bought lands and strongholds in the eastern marches of the kingdom that the Burgundians considered their private hunting ground, John the Fearless, lacking the fiery prestige of his father, saw royal largess towards him drying up; Philip received 200,000 livres per year, but John had to satisfy himself with 37,000. The Duke of Orléans, son-in-law of Gian Galeazzo Visconti and holding

2492-439: The Fearless adopted the nettle as his emblem, abd Louis of Orléans chose the gnarled stick and the duke of Burgundy the plane or rabot (distributing "rabotures", or badges, to his supporters). The king's brother, Louis of Orléans, "who whinnied like a stallion after almost all the beautiful women", was accused of having wanted to seduce or worse, "esforcier", Margaret of Bavaria , the duchess of Burgundy . Moreover, even if it

2581-424: The Fearless. Taking advantage of rising anger among the taxpayers, constantly under pressure in peacetime and noting that their taxes serve to finance court festivities, John began to campaign for support, financing demagoguery (promising, for example, tax cuts and state reforms, that is, a controlled monarchy). He thus won over the merchants, the small people and the university. John threatened Paris in 1405 with

2670-586: The French army (essentially provided by the Armagnacs), at the battle of Agincourt in October 1415. On 29 May 1418, thanks to the treason of a certain Perrinet Leclerc and the support of the artisans and university, Paris was delivered to Jean de Villiers de L'Isle-Adam , captain of a troop favouring the Duke of Burgundy. On the following 12 June, Bernard VII and other Armagnacs were slaughtered by

2759-476: The French throne. The Valois claimed the right to the succession by male-only primogeniture through the ancient Salic Law , having the closest all-male line of descent from a recent French king. They were descended from the third son of Philip III , Charles, Count of Valois. The Plantagenets based their claim on being closer to a more recent French king, Edward III of England being a grandson of Philip IV through his mother, Isabella . The two houses fought

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2848-542: The Good , the new Duke of Burgundy, then allied with the English, which resulted in the Treaty of Troyes . The treaty disinherited the Dauphin Charles and handed the succession to Henry V through a marriage to Charles VI's daughter, Catherine of Valois . The treaty named Henry "regent and heir of France" (although the English had effective control only over northern France and Guyenne) until Charles's death. The treaty

2937-476: The Hôtel Barbette, Louis was stabbed by fifteen masked criminals led by Raoulet d'Anquetonville, a servant of the Duke of Burgundy. Louis's escort of valets and guards were powerless to protect him. John had the support of the Paris population and university , which he had won over by promising the establishment of an ordinance like that of 1357 . Thus able to take power, he could also publicly acknowledge

3026-581: The Lollards. On this advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning of heretics , an act done mainly to suppress the Lollard movement. In 1404 and 1410, Parliament suggested confiscating church land, in which both attempts failed to gain support. Henry spent much of his reign defending himself against plots, rebellions, and assassination attempts. Henry's first major problem as monarch

3115-577: The Midi that fought with unheard-of ferocity: the Écorcheurs . At their head, he ravaged the vicinity of Paris and advanced into the Saint-Marcel suburb. A new treaty, signed at Bicêtre on 2 November 1410, suspended hostilities, but both sides had taken up arms again as early as spring 1411 In October 1411, with an army 60,000 strong, the Duke of Burgundy entered Paris and attacked the Bretons allied to

3204-542: The assassination. Far from hiding it, he publicized it in an elegy in praise of tyrannicide by the Sorbonne University theologian Jean Petit . Finally, the assassination unleashed a civil war that would last almost 30 years. Intending to avenge his father, Charles of Orléans backed the enemies of the Dukes of Burgundy wherever he could. In 1409, a peace concluded at Chartres seemed to end hostilities. With

3293-598: The body discreetly buried in the Dominican Priory at Kings Langley , Hertfordshire, where he remained until King Henry V brought the body back to London and buried it in the tomb that Richard had commissioned for himself in Westminster Abbey . Rebellions continued throughout the first 10 years of Henry's reign, including the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , who declared himself Prince of Wales in 1400, and

3382-808: The consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy, was crowned King of the Franks . Under Charles the Great (r. 768–814), better known as " Charlemagne ", the Frankish kingdom expanded deep into Central Europe , conquering Italy and most of modern Germany . He was also crowned " Emperor of the Romans " by the Pope, a title that was eventually carried on by the German rulers of the Holy Roman Empire . Charlemagne

3471-434: The death of his first wife, Henry married Joan, the daughter of Charles II of Navarre , at Winchester . She was the widow of John IV, Duke of Brittany (known in traditional English sources as John V), with whom she had 9 children; however, her marriage to King Henry produced no surviving children. In 1403, Joan of Navarre gave birth to stillborn twins fathered by King Henry IV, which was the last pregnancy of her life. Joan

3560-439: The deposed king's body as early as 17 February, there is no reason to believe that he did not die on 14 February, as several chronicles stated. It can be positively said that he did not suffer a violent death, for his skeleton, upon examination, bore no signs of violence; whether he did indeed starve himself or whether that starvation was forced upon him are matters for lively historical speculation. After his death, Richard's body

3649-437: The difference changed to a label of five points per pale ermine and France . Dukes (except Aquitaine ) and Princes of Wales are noted, as are the monarchs' reigns.   † =Killed in action;   [REDACTED] =Executed See also Family tree of English monarchs Henry married Mary de Bohun (died 1394) at an unknown date, but her marriage licence, purchased by Henry's father John of Gaunt in June 1380,

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3738-487: The eastern and western parts of the land had already developed different languages and cultures. The Capetian dynasty is named for Hugh Capet, a Robertian who served as Duke of the Franks and was elected King in 987. Except for the Bonaparte-led Empires, every monarch of France was a male-line descendant of Hugh Capet. The kingship passed through patrilineally from father to son until the 14th century,

3827-597: The example set by most of his recent predecessors, Henry and his second wife, Joan , were not buried at Westminster Abbey but at Canterbury Cathedral , on the north side of Trinity Chapel and directly adjacent to the shrine of St Thomas Becket . Becket's cult was then still thriving, as evidenced in the monastic accounts and in literary works such as The Canterbury Tales , and Henry seemed particularly devoted to it, or at least keen to be associated with it. The reasons for his interment in Canterbury are debatable, but it

3916-602: The first time since the Norman Conquest that the monarch made an address in English. In January 1400, Henry quashed the Epiphany Rising , a rebellion by Richard's supporters who plotted to assassinate him. Henry was forewarned and raised an army in London, at which the conspirators fled. They were apprehended and executed without trial. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with

4005-481: The insurrection. Ultimately, the rebellion came to nought. Lyvet was released and Clark thrown into the Tower of London . Early in his reign, Henry hosted the visit of Manuel II Palaiologos , the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, from December 1400 to February 1401 at Eltham Palace , with a joust being given in his honour. Henry also sent monetary support with Manuel upon his departure to aid him against

4094-589: The king. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour (called by Richard) at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle , Mowbray's home in Coventry . Yet before the duel could take place, Richard decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt), although it is unknown where he spent his exile, to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray was exiled for life. John of Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled

4183-404: The last monarch to rule France. Various pretenders descended from the preceding monarchs have claimed to be the legitimate monarch of France, rejecting the claims of the president of France and of one another. These groups are: Henry IV of England Henry IV ( c.  April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry Bolingbroke , was King of England from 1399 to 1413. Henry

4272-584: The legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask Richard for the lands. After some hesitation, Henry met the exiled Thomas Arundel , former archbishop of Canterbury , who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant . Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began

4361-509: The line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion . As Navarre did not have a tradition of male-only primogeniture, the Navarrese monarchy became distinct from the French with Joan II , a daughter of Louis X. The Valois line looked strong on the death of Henry II , who left four male heirs. His first son, Francis II , died in his minority. His second son, Charles IX , had no legitimate sons to inherit. Following

4450-629: The marriage of Charles and Bonne d'Armagnac at Gien in 1410, the Duke of Orléans, his new father-in-law and the grandees of France formed a league against John and his supporters. The marriage gave the Orléans faction a new head to replace the murdered Louis, Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac . Other members of the league included the Dukes of Berry , Bourbon and Brittany , as well as the Counts of Clermont and Alençon . Bernard VII recruited warbands in

4539-499: The members, especially over ecclesiastical matters. In January 1401, Arundel convened a convocation at St. Paul's cathedral to address Lollardy . Henry dispatched a group to implore the clergy to address the heresies that were causing turmoil in England and confusion among Christians, and to impose penalties on those responsible. A short time later the convocation along with the House of Commons petitioned Henry to take action against

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4628-457: The one hand was France , which was very strong in agriculture , with a strong feudal and religious system, and on the other was England , a country whose rainy climate favoured pasture and sheep farming . The nearby Duchy of Burgundy was dominated by trade, artisans crafting products, the middle classes , and emerging cities . Burgundy's constituent County of Flanders , with its clothing producers and merchants, significantly depended on

4717-469: The possession of the territory of France. With the House of Bonaparte , the title " Emperor of the French " ( Empereur des Français ) was used in 19th-century France , during the first and second French Empires, between 1804 and 1814, again in 1815, and between 1852 and 1870. From the 14th century down to 1801, the English (and later British) monarch claimed the throne of France , though such claim

4806-457: The premature death of his fourth son Hercule François and the assassination of his third son, the childless Henry III , France was plunged into a succession crisis over which distant cousin of the king would inherit the throne. The best claimant, King Henry III of Navarre , was a Protestant, and thus unacceptable to much of the French nobility. Ultimately, after winning numerous battles in defence of his claim, Henry converted to Catholicism and

4895-456: The queen's lover. On the death of Philip the Bold, his son John the Fearless , who was less linked to Isabeau, lost influence at court. The other uncle of Charles VI, John, Duke of Berry , served as a mediator between the Orléans party (which would become the Armagnacs) and the Burgundy party, whose rivalry increased and eventually resulted in civil war. To oppose the territorial expansion of

4984-632: The raw material import of English wool . As a result, the Duke of Burgundy tended to favour the English, and the Armagnacs defended the French model. In the same way, the Western Schism induced the election of an Armagnac-backed antipope based at Avignon , Pope Clement VII , who was opposed by the English-backed pope of Rome , Pope Urban VI . With Charles VI mentally ill from 1393, his wife, Isabeau of Bavaria , presided over

5073-460: The rebellions led by Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , from 1403. The first Percy rebellion ended in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 with the death of the earl's son Henry , a renowned military figure known as "Hotspur" for his speed in advance and readiness to attack. Also in this battle, Henry IV's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , later King Henry V, was wounded by an arrow in his face. He

5162-422: The same thing in the 15th century as it does to modern medicine), perhaps psoriasis , or a different disease. The acute attacks have been given a wide range of explanations, from epilepsy to a form of cardiovascular disease. Some medieval writers felt that he was struck with leprosy as a punishment for his treatment of Richard le Scrope , Archbishop of York , who was executed in June 1405 on Henry's orders after

5251-527: The same, John the Fearless managed the English well since an English wool embargo could ruin the cloth merchants of Flanders . In 1413, John the Fearless supported the Cabochien Revolt that brought about a slaughter in Paris. The Parisian population, terrified, called on the Armagnacs for aid. Their troops retook the city in 1414. When Henry V of England renewed hostilities in 1415, the duke of Burgundy remained neutral, leaving Henry able to defeat

5340-450: The tale, the oil had then passed to Henry's maternal grandfather, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster. Proof of Henry's deliberate connection to Becket lies partially in the structure of the tomb itself. The wooden panel at the western end of his tomb bears a painting of the martyrdom of Becket, and the tester, or wooden canopy, above the tomb is painted with Henry's personal motto, 'Soverayne', alternated by crowned golden eagles. Likewise,

5429-401: The three large coats of arms that dominate the tester painting are surrounded by collars of SS, a golden eagle enclosed in each tiret. The presence of such eagle motifs points directly to Henry's coronation oil and his ideological association with Becket. Sometime after Henry's death, an imposing tomb was built for him and his queen, probably commissioned and paid for by Queen Joan herself. Atop

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5518-526: The throne; these actions later contributed to dynastic disputes in the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487). Henry was the first English ruler whose mother tongue was English (rather than French) since the Norman Conquest , over three hundred years before. As king, he faced a number of rebellions, most seriously those of Owain Glyndŵr , the last Welsh Prince of Wales, and the English knight Henry Percy (Hotspur) , who

5607-498: The time with the French population, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the House of Bourbon. The French Second Republic lasted from 1848 to 1852, when its president, Charles-Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte , was declared Emperor of the French under the regnal name of Napoleon III . He would later be overthrown during the events of the Franco-Prussian War , becoming

5696-453: The title "King of the Franks" ( Latin : Rex Francorum ) until the late twelfth century; the first to adopt the title of "King of France" ( Latin : Rex Franciae ; French : roi de France ) was Philip II in 1190 (r. 1180–1223), after which the title "King of the Franks" gradually lost ground. However, Francorum Rex continued to be sometimes used, for example by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II in about 1550; it

5785-627: The title for more or less hypothetical fiefdoms in the Italian Peninsula , wanted to let Charles VI intervene militarily in his favour. In addition, he seemed to want to let the Anglo-French truce break down, even so far as provoking Henry IV of England to a duel, which John the Fearless could not allow since Flemish industry depended totally on imported English wool and would have been ruined by an embargo on English goods. The quarrel at first respected all forms of courtesy : John

5874-451: The tomb chest lie detailed alabaster effigies of Henry and Joan, crowned and dressed in their ceremonial robes. Henry's body was evidently well embalmed, as an exhumation in 1832 established, allowing historians to state with reasonable certainty that the effigies do represent accurate portraiture. Before his father's death in 1399, Henry bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points ermine . After his father's death,

5963-483: The villages of England, in the last year of Henry's reign, declaring that Richard was residing at the Scottish Court, awaiting only a signal from his friends to repair to London and recover his throne." A suitable-looking impostor was found and King Richard's old groom circulated word in the city that his master was alive in Scotland. "Southwark was incited to insurrection" by Sir Elias Lyvet ( Levett ) and his associate Thomas Clark, who promised Scottish aid in carrying out

6052-406: The war and allowed Charles VII to recapture practically all the English continental possessions, leaving them in 1453 with Calais alone. Philip the Good later secured the release of Charles, Duke of Orléans, ending the feud between the two houses. List of French monarchs France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of

6141-405: Was Louis Philippe I , king of the July Monarchy (1830–1848), a member of the cadet House of Bourbon-Orléans . The House of Capet are also commonly known as the "Direct Capetians". The death of Charles IV started the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet , whose claim was taken up by the cadet branch known as the House of Lancaster , over control of

6230-469: Was Gaunt's daughter with his second wife, Constance of Castile . Henry also had four half-siblings born of Katherine Swynford , originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress and later third wife. These illegitimate (although later legitimized) children were given the surname Beaufort from their birthplace at the Château de Beaufort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , France. Henry's relationship with his stepmother Katherine Swynford

6319-453: Was a tumultuous time in French politics. The period is generally considered to have begun with the French Revolution , which deposed and then executed Louis XVI . Royalists continued to recognize his son, the putative king Louis XVII , as ruler of France. Louis was under arrest by the government of the Revolution and died in captivity having never ruled. The republican government went through several changes in form and constitution until France

6408-499: Was also used on coins up to the eighteenth century. During the brief period when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791–1792) and after the July Revolution in 1830, the style " King of the French " ( roi des Français ) was used instead of " King of France (and Navarre )". It was a constitutional innovation known as popular monarchy which linked the monarch's title to the French people rather than to

6497-491: Was amicable, but his relationship with the Beauforts varied. In his youth, he seems to have been close to all of them, but rivalries with Henry and Thomas Beaufort caused trouble after 1406. Ralph Neville, 4th Baron Neville , married Henry's half-sister Joan Beaufort . Neville remained one of his strongest supporters, and so did his eldest half-brother John Beaufort , even though Henry revoked Richard II's grant to John of

6586-475: Was cared for by royal physician John Bradmore . Despite this, the Battle of Shrewsbury was a royalist victory. Monmouth's military ability contributed to the king's victory (though Monmouth seized much effective power from his father in 1410). In the last year of Henry's reign, the rebellions picked up speed. "The old fable of a living Richard was revived", notes one account, "and emissaries from Scotland traversed

6675-448: Was crowned as King of France on 16 December 1431 at Notre-Dame de Paris . Engaged in a patient reconquest of French territory, Charles VII wished to isolate the English from the Burgundians. In 1435, he concluded the treaty of Arras with Philip the Good , ending the civil war. Philip the Good was personally exempted from rendering homage to Charles VII (for having been complicit in his father's murder). The agreement officially ended

6764-494: Was crowned as King Henry IV, founding the House of Bourbon. This marked the second time the thrones of Navarre and France were united under one monarch, as different inheritance laws had caused them to become separated during the events of the Hundred Years Wars. The House of Bourbon was overthrown during the French Revolution and replaced by a short-lived republic . The period known as the "long nineteenth century"

6853-762: Was declared an empire, following the ascension of the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor Napoleon I. Napoleon was overthrown twice following military defeats during the Napoleonic Wars . After the Napoleonic period followed two different royal governments, the Bourbon Restoration , which was ruled successively by two younger brothers of Louis XVI, and the July Monarchy , ruled by Louis Philippe I ,

6942-452: Was denounced by the Armagnacs, who reasoned "that the king belongs to the crown and not vice versa". Despite his expectations, Henry V predeceased his sickly father-in-law by a few months in 1422. In 1429, the intervention of Joan of Arc culminated in a successful coronation campaign that allowed Charles VII to be crowned at Reims Cathedral , the traditional coronation site of French kings, on 17 July 1429. The ten-year-old Henry VI of England

7031-439: Was derived from his birthplace. Gaunt was the third son of King Edward III . Blanche was the daughter of the wealthy royal politician and nobleman Henry, Duke of Lancaster . Gaunt enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of his own nephew, King Richard II . Henry's elder sisters were Philippa, Queen of Portugal , and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter . His younger half-sister Katherine, Queen of Castile ,

7120-577: Was killed in the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403. Henry IV had six children from his first marriage to Mary de Bohun , while his second marriage to Joan of Navarre produced no surviving children. Henry and Mary's eldest son, Henry of Monmouth , assumed the reins of government in 1410 as the king's health worsened. Henry IV died in 1413, and his son succeeded him as Henry V . Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle , in Lincolnshire , to John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster . His epithet "Bolingbroke"

7209-408: Was only a rumor, that seducer was, as Burgundian propaganda ran, the queen's lover and the birth father of Charles, the future Charles VII . Louis was undoubtedly close to the queen and benefited from the benevolence of his brother, the king, whenever he was out of crisis; he thus succeeded in ousting the Burgundians on the counsel. Ousted from power and toyed with by Louis, that was too much for John

7298-440: Was purely nominal excepting a short period during the Hundred Years' War when Henry VI of England had control over most of Northern France, including Paris. By 1453, the English had been mostly expelled from France and Henry's claim has since been considered illegitimate; French historiography commonly does not recognize Henry VI of England among the kings of France. The Carolingians were a Frankish noble family with origins in

7387-477: Was put on public display in the Old St Paul's Cathedral , both to prove to his supporters that he was truly dead and also to prove that he had not suffered a violent death. This did not stop rumours from circulating for years after that he was still alive and waiting to take back his throne, and that the body displayed was that of Richard's chaplain, a priest named Maudelain, who greatly resembled him. Henry had

7476-409: Was signed at Bourges on 15 July and confirmed at Auxerre on 22 August. The English took advantage of the situation by punctually supporting the two parties or buying their neutrality. The Armagnacs concluded a treaty with Henry IV of England in 1412 to prevent an Anglo-Burgundian alliance. So they yielded Guyenne to him and recognised his suzerainty over Poitou , Angoulême and Périgord . All

7565-491: Was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), who eventually divided the kingdom between his sons. His death, however, was followed by a three-year-long civil war that ended with the Treaty of Verdun , which divided Francia into three kingdoms, one of which ( Middle Francia ) was short-lived. Modern France developed from West Francia , while East Francia became the Holy Roman Empire and later Germany . By this time,

7654-726: Was the heir to the Electorate of the Palatinate until his death at 20. All three of his other sons produced illegitimate children. Henry IV's male Lancaster line ended in 1471 during the War of the Roses , between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, with the deaths of his grandson Henry VI and Henry VI's son Edward, Prince of Wales . Mary de Bohun died giving birth to her daughter Philippa in 1394. On 7 February 1403, nine years after

7743-470: Was the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (a son of King Edward III ), and Blanche of Lancaster . Henry was involved in the 1388 revolt of Lords Appellant against Richard II , his first cousin, but he was not punished. However, he was exiled from court in 1398. After Henry's father died in 1399, Richard blocked Henry's inheritance of his father's lands. That year, Henry rallied a group of supporters, overthrew and imprisoned Richard II, and usurped

7832-418: Was thus in favor of meeting the Dauphin (who was later Charles VII of France ) to sign up for an advantageous peace, so several meetings were organized. However, having set a precedent for assassinations, on 10 September 1419, John himself was murdered on the bridge at Montereau-Fault-Yonne while he was in the town for an interview with Charles. Both sides agreed to meet on the bridge. Charles's men accused

7921-475: Was what to do with the deposed Richard. After the early assassination plot was foiled in January 1400, Richard died in prison aged 33, probably of starvation on Henry's order. Some chroniclers claimed that the despondent Richard had starved himself, which would not have been out of place with what is known of Richard's character. Though council records indicate that provisions were made for the transportation of

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