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130-468: In 1960 Cúc Phương was made into a forest reserve and in 1962 Cúc Phương National Park was consecrated by President Ho Chi Minh . Human habitation in Cúc Phương dates back long before the park's creation, 7,000-12,000 years ago. Artifacts from that time have been found in numerous caves within the park, including human graves, stone axes, pointed bone spears, oyster shell knives, and tools for grinding. In 1789

260-459: A mutualistic relationship with dwarf mongooses , foraging together and warning each other of nearby birds of prey and other predators. Other relationships are commensal , for example following monkeys or other animals and eating the insects flushed up by them. The family Bucerotidae was introduced (as Buceronia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815; it comes from

390-603: A French magazine criticizing the use of English words by French sportswriters. The article implored Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré to outlaw such Franglais as le manager , le round and le knock-out . His articles and speeches caught the attention of Dmitry Manuilsky , who would soon sponsor his trip to the Soviet Union and under whose tutelage he would become a high-ranking member of the Soviet Comintern. In 1923, Quốc (Hồ) left Paris for Moscow carrying

520-436: A Việt Minh advisor who was killed trying to escape. According to journalist Bernard Fall , Hồ decided to negotiate a truce after fighting the French for several years. When the French negotiators arrived at the meeting site, they found a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs. In one corner of the room, a silver ice bucket contained ice and a bottle of good champagne, indicating that Hồ expected

650-821: A chef or dishwasher (reports vary) at the Drayton Court Hotel in West Ealing. Claims that he was trained as a pastry chef under Auguste Escoffier at the Carlton Hotel in Haymarket, Westminster are not supported by documentary evidence. However, the wall of New Zealand House , home of the New Zealand High Commission which now stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a blue plaque . During 1913, Thành

780-526: A clerk in the French Army ; his brother Nguyễn Sinh Khiêm (Nguyễn Tất Đạt), a geomancer and traditional herbalist ; and another brother (Nguyễn Sinh Nhuận), who died in infancy. As a young child, Cung (Hồ) studied with his father before more formal classes with a scholar named Vương Thúc Quý. He quickly mastered chữ Hán , a prerequisite for any serious study of Confucianism while honing his colloquial Vietnamese writing. In addition to his studies, he

910-622: A concern that he had betrayed the organization. However, according to Ton That Thien's research, he was a member of the inner circle of the Comintern, a protégé of Dmitry Manuilsky and a member in good standing of the Comintern throughout the Great Purge . Hồ was removed from control of the Party he had founded. Those who replaced him charged him with nationalist tendencies. In 1938, Quốc (Hồ) returned to China and served as an advisor to

1040-486: A coup against them. On 1 November 1963, a coup overthrew Diệm, who was killed the next day together with his brother. Diệm had followed a policy of "deconstructing the state" by creating several overlapping agencies and departments that were encouraged to feud with one another to disorganize the South Vietnamese state to such an extent that he hoped that it would make a coup against him impossible. When Diệm

1170-767: A document from the Centre des archives d'Outre-mer in France shows that he was admitted to Collège Quốc học on 8 August 1908, which was several months after the anti- corvée demonstration (9–13 April 1908). In Saigon , he applied to work as a kitchen helper on a French merchant steamer, the Amiral de Latouche-Tréville , using the alias Văn Ba. The ship departed on 5 June 1911 and arrived in Marseille , France on 5 July 1911. The ship then left for Le Havre and Dunkirk , returning to Marseille in mid-September. There, he applied for

1300-944: A fee. Other nearby tourist destinations located in Ninh Binh Province include Phát Diệm Cathedral , Hoa Lư Ancient Capital , Tam Cốc – Bích Động , Tràng An , and Bai Dinh Pagoda . 20°19′00″N 105°36′30″E  /  20.31667°N 105.60833°E  / 20.31667; 105.60833 Ho Chi Minh President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam Struggle for Independence Presidency First Indochina War Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh Thought Legacy Hồ Chí Minh (born Nguyễn Sinh Cung ; 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), colloquially known as Uncle Ho ( Bác Hồ ), and by other aliases and sobriquets ,

1430-631: A given name meaning "Bright spirit" or "Clear will" (from Sino-Vietnamese 志 明 : Chí meaning "will" or "spirit" and Minh meaning "bright"). His new name was a tribute to General Hou Zhiming (侯志明), Chief Commissar of the 4th Military Region of the National Revolutionary Army , who helped release him from a KMT prison in 1943. In April 1945, he met with the OSS agent Archimedes Patti and offered to provide intelligence, asking only for "a line of communication" between his Viet Minh and

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1560-558: A junior synonym of Horizocerus , as that was one of the old names used for the Black dwarf hornbill. This clade also includes one Southeast Asian species, the white-crowned hornbill . As for the other Asian hornbill species, Buceros and Rhinoplax are each other's closest relatives, Anorrhinus is part of a clade that has Ocyceros and Anthracoceros as sister taxa, and Aceros , Rhyticeros , and Penelopides form another clade. However, according to this study, Aceros

1690-411: A mean winter temperature of 9C (48F). High temperatures can reach above 30C (85 F) and lows are just above zero (32 F). At the low elevations in the valley the temperature is hot and humid while at higher elevations the temperature drops and frostbite is a threat. On average it rains more than 200 days a year and the average annual rainfall is 2,100mm (7 feet). The dry season is November to February,

1820-570: A nationwide total of nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions was widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although it was likely greater than 13,500. In early 1956, North Vietnam ended

1950-708: A negotiated peace. During the so-called "Maneli Affair" of 1963, a French diplomatic initiative was launched to achieve a federation of the two Vietnams, which would be neutral in the Cold War. The four principal diplomats involved in the Maneli affair were Ramchundur Goburdhun , the Indian Chief Commissioner of the ICC; Mieczysław Maneli , the Polish Commissioner to the ICC; Roger Lalouette,

2080-959: A passport with the name Chen Vang, a Chinese merchant, where he was employed by the Comintern , studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924 before arriving in Canton (present-day Guangzhou ), China in November 1924 using the name Ly Thuy. In 1925–1926, he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave socialist lectures to Vietnamese revolutionary young people living in Canton at

2210-926: A politician, Hồ was a writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote several books, articles, and poems in Chinese, Vietnamese, and French. Hồ Chí Minh (胡志明) was born as Nguyễn Sinh Cung (阮生恭) in 1890 in the village of Làng Chùa or Hoàng Trù in Kim Liên commune, Nam Đàn district, Nghệ An province, in Central Vietnam which was then a French protectorate . Although 1890 is generally accepted as his birth year, at various times he used four other birth years: 1891, 1892, 1894 and 1895. He lived in his father Nguyễn Sinh Sắc 's village of Làng Sen in Kim Liên until 1895 when his father sent him to Huế for study. He had three siblings: his sister Bạch Liên (Nguyễn Thị Thanh),

2340-512: A relationship with a dressmaker named Marie Brière. As a French police document discovered in 2018, Quốc also had relations with the members of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea like Kim Kyu-sik , Jo So-ang while in Paris. During this period, he began to write journal articles and short stories as well as run his Vietnamese nationalist group. In May 1922, he wrote an article for

2470-457: A scholar named Phan Châu Trinh as well as his friend Phan Văn Trường . In Paris he joined the Groupe des Patriotes Annamites (The Group of Vietnamese Patriots) that included Phan Chu Trinh, Phan Văn Trường, Nguyễn Thế Truyền  [ vi ] and Nguyễn An Ninh . They had been publishing newspaper articles advocating for Vietnamese independence under the pseudonym Nguyễn Ái Quốc ("Nguyễn

2600-646: A senior agent undertaking Comintern activities in Southeast Asia. Quốc (Hồ) remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of Nachok until late 1929, when he moved on to India and then Shanghai . In Hong Kong in early 1930, he chaired a meeting with representatives from two Vietnamese communist parties to merge them into a unified organization, the Communist Party of Vietnam. He also founded

2730-539: A separate genus, Lophoceros . Bycanistes belongs to a clade of mostly African species that also includes Ceratogymna and Tropicranus . Another member of this clade is the Black dwarf hornbill . The Black dwarf hornbill is typically classified in the genus Tockus but in this study, is a sister species to the White-crested hornbill. If these two species are classified in congeneric, Tropicranus becomes

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2860-514: A sequential moult. When the chicks and the female are too big to fit in the nest, the mother breaks out the nest and both parents feed the chicks. In some species the mother rebuilds the wall, whereas in others the chicks rebuild the wall unaided. The ground hornbills do not adopt this behaviour, but are conventional cavity-nesters. A number of hornbills have associations with other animal species. For example, some species of hornbills in Africa have

2990-661: A sunshade. The Bucerotidae include about 55 living species , though a number of cryptic species may yet be split, as has been suggested for the red-billed hornbill . Their distribution includes Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent to the Philippines and the Solomon Islands , but no genus is found in both Africa and Asia. Most are arboreal birds, but the large ground hornbills ( Bucorvus ), as their name implies, are terrestrial birds of open savanna . Of

3120-540: A thousand," noting that Stanley Karnow provided no source for the extended quote attributed to him in his 1983 Vietnam: A History and that the original quote was most likely forged by the Frenchman Paul Mus in his 1952 book Vietnam: Sociologie d'une Guerre . Mus was a supporter of French colonialism in Vietnam and Hồ Chí Minh believed there was no danger of Chinese troops staying in Vietnam. The Vietnamese at

3250-629: A time when the Buddhist crisis had seriously strained relations between Saigon and Washington. Supporting the latter theory is the fact that Nhu promptly leaked his meeting with Maneli to the American columnist Joseph Alsop , who publicized it in a column entitled "Very Ugly Stuff". The possibility that the Ngo brothers might accept the peace plan contributed to the Kennedy administration's plan to support

3380-633: A woman to teach me the language and keep house". She was 21 and he was 36. They married in the same place where Zhou Enlai had married earlier and then lived in the residence of a Comintern agent, Mikhail Borodin . Hoàng Văn Chí argued that in June 1925 he betrayed Phan Bội Châu , the famous leader of a rival revolutionary faction and his father's old friend, to French Secret Service agents in Shanghai for 100,000 piastres . A source states that he later claimed he did it because he expected Châu's trial to stir up anti-French sentiment and because he needed

3510-430: Is 1–17%, but the variation is 8–30% for bill length and 1–21% in wing length. The most distinctive feature of the hornbills is the heavy bill, supported by powerful neck muscles as well as by the fused vertebrae. The large bill assists in fighting, preening, constructing the nest, and catching prey. A feature unique to the hornbills is the casque , a hollow structure that runs along the upper mandible. In some species it

3640-433: Is barely perceptible and appears to serve no function beyond reinforcing the bill. In other species it is quite large, is reinforced with bone, and has openings between the hollow centre, allowing it to serve as a resonator for calls . In the helmeted hornbill the casque is not hollow but is filled with hornbill ivory and is used as a battering ram in dramatic aerial jousts. Aerial casque-butting has also been reported in

3770-799: Is believed that while in the US he made contact with Korean nationalists , an experience that developed his political outlook. Sophie Quinn-Judge states that this is "in the realm of conjecture". He was also influenced by Pan-Africanist and black nationalist Marcus Garvey during his stay, and said he attended meetings of the Universal Negro Improvement Association . At various points from 1913 to 1919, Thành (Hồ) claimed to have lived in West Ealing and later in Crouch End , Hornsey . He reportedly worked as either

3900-420: Is dedicated to the conservation of small carnivores ( civets , linsangs , small cats, weasels , otters and badgers ) and pangolins in Vietnam. The program was established in 1995 as a species specific program for the endangered Owston's civet and has since expanded to include all species of small carnivore. In 2006 the program also began focused conservation activities for Vietnam's two species of pangolin,

4030-477: Is just one single entity". At a meeting in Hanoi held in French, Hồ told Goburdhun that Diệm was "in his way a patriot", noting that Diệm had opposed French rule over Vietnam, and ended the meeting saying that the next time Goburdhun met Diệm "shake hands with him for me". The North Vietnamese Premier Phạm Văn Đồng, speaking on behalf of Hồ, told Maneli he was interested in the peace plan, saying that just as long as

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4160-460: Is polyphyletic; the rufous-headed hornbill , writhed hornbill , and wrinkled hornbill form a clade with the Sulawesi hornbill , and are in turn more closely related to Penelopides . These four species have been classified in a separate genus, Rhabdotorrhinus . Similarly, the knobbed hornbill is more closely related to Rhyticeros , leaving the rufous-necked hornbill the only member of

4290-427: Is related to diet; fruit sources are often patchily distributed and require long-distance travel to find. Thus, species that specialise in fruit are less territorial. Hornbills generally form monogamous pairs, although some species engage in cooperative breeding . The female lays up to six white eggs in existing holes or crevices, either in trees or rocks. The cavities are usually natural, but some species may nest in

4420-403: Is sealed, the hornbill takes another five days to lay the first egg. Clutch size varies from one or two eggs in the larger species to up to eight eggs for the smaller species. During the incubation period the female undergoes a complete and simultaneous moult . It has been suggested that the darkness of the cavity triggers a hormone involved in moulting. Non-breeding females and males go through

4550-736: Is that placing the hornbills outside the Coraciiformes and the trogons inside would be incorrect. Genetic data suggests that ground hornbills and Bycanistes form a clade outside the rest of the hornbill lineage. They are thought to represent an early African lineage, while the rest of Bucerotiformes evolved in Asia. However, another study claims that the ground hornbills diverged first, followed by Tockus . Within Tockus , two clades have been identified based on genetics and vocal types—'whistlers' and 'cluckers'. The 'cluckers' have been placed in

4680-722: The August Revolution against the Japanese, resulting in the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the French returned to power the following month, Hồ's government retreated to the countryside and began guerrilla warfare . The Việt Minh defeated the French Union in 1954 at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ , ending the First Indochina War and resulting in the division of Vietnam , with

4810-560: The Battle of Route Coloniale 4 successfully broke the French border blockade, he met with Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong in Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible for backing the Việt Minh. Mao Zedong's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60,000–70,000 Viet Minh shortly. The road to the outside world

4940-586: The Chinese Communist armed forces. He was also the senior Comintern agent in charge of Asian affairs. He worked extensively in Chongqing and traveled to Guiyang , Kunming , and Guilin . He was using the name Hồ Quang during this period. When France was defeated by Germany in 1940 , Hồ and his lieutenants, Võ Nguyên Giáp and Phạm Văn Đồng , saw this as an opportunity to advance their own cause. In 1941, Hồ Chí Minh returned to Vietnam to lead

5070-520: The Chinese pangolin and the Sunda pangolin . All of these species are threatened by the illegal wildlife trade which is having a devastating impact on the wild populations of these species throughout South East Asia. The CPCP aims to conserve these threatened species of mammal through the rescue and rehabilitation of trade confiscated wildlife, education and awareness and field research. The CPCP also runs

5200-775: The French protectorate of Annam . From 1911, he left French Indochina to work, and in 1920 was a founding member of the French Communist Party . After studying in Moscow , Hồ founded the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League in 1925, which five years later became the Indochinese Communist Party . On his return to Vietnam in 1941, he founded the communist-led Việt Minh independence movement, and in 1945 led

5330-569: The Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests and Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregions. Primates in the park include macaques , gibbon , François's leaf monkey and slow loris . Other mammals include bats , porcupine , flying squirrel , small striped squirrel, belly-banded squirrel , and the rare black giant squirrel . In the past the park was home to Asiatic black bears , wild dogs , elephants , rhinos , and tigers , but over hunting and lack of prey have most led to

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5460-685: The Pathet Lao , and used 30,000 men to build a network of supply and reinforcement routes running through Laos and Cambodia that became known as the Hồ Chí Minh trail . It allowed the North to send manpower and material to the Việt Cộng with much less exposure to South Vietnamese forces, achieving a considerable advantage. To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord,

5590-464: The Quen Voi section of the park was the site of a major battle in the civil war between Nguyễn Huệ and Thăng Long . More recently, conflicts have emerged between the government and 2,500 Muong ethnic minority tribesmen who live, farm, and hunt in the park. In 1987, 500 Muong were relocated outside of the park because of issues over poaching and land use. Cúc Phương is situated in the foothills of

5720-563: The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy , however, hornbills are separated from the Coraciiformes into an order of their own, Bucerotiformes , with the subfamilies elevated to family level. Given that they are almost as distant from the rollers, kingfishers and allies as are the trogons , the arrangement chosen is more a matter of personal taste than any well-established taxonomic practice. All that can be said with reasonable certainty

5850-708: The Sri Lanka grey hornbill is restricted to the island. The most common widespread species in the Indian subcontinent is the Indian grey hornbill. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Indonesia has 13 hornbill species: 9 of them exist in Sumatra , and the rest exist in Sumba , Sulawesi , Papua and Kalimantan . Kalimantan has the same hornbill species as Sumatra, except that

5980-492: The Vietnamese pond turtle which is nearly extinct in the wild. Cúc Phương National Park is one of the most popular nature tourist destinations in Vietnam. Tens of thousands of Vietnamese and a steady stream of foreign tourists visit the park each year. Lodging and restaurant facilities are available at the park's entrance and within the park. A paved road cuts into the park and a number of paths for hiking are maintained. Park rangers patrol Cuc Phuong and provide guided tours for

6110-474: The Việt Minh independence movement. The Japanese occupation of Indochina that year, the first step toward an invasion of the rest of Southeast Asia, created an opportunity for patriotic Vietnamese. The so-called "men in black" were a 10,000-member guerrilla force that operated with the Việt Minh. He oversaw many successful military actions against the Vichy France and the Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II , supported closely yet clandestinely by

6240-400: The Whampoa Military Academy . These young people would become the seeds of a new revolutionary, pro-communist movement in Vietnam several years later. According to William Duiker , he lived with a Chinese woman, Zeng Xueming (Tăng Tuyết Minh), whom he married on 18 October 1926. When his comrades objected to the match, he told them: "I will get married despite your disapproval because I need

6370-462: The cane as punishment for an infraction. His father was eligible to serve in the imperial bureaucracy, but he refused because it meant serving the French. This exposed Thành (Hồ) to rebellion at a young age and seemed to be the norm for the province. Nevertheless, he received a French education, attending Collège Quốc học ( lycée or secondary education) in Huế in Central Vietnam. His disciples, Phạm Văn Đồng and Võ Nguyên Giáp , also attended

6500-399: The family Bucerotidae . They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a horny casque on the upper mandible. Hornbills have a two-lobed kidney . They are the only birds in which the first and second neck vertebrae (the atlas and axis respectively) are fused together; this probably provides a more stable platform for carrying

6630-606: The great hornbill . The plumage of hornbills is typically black, grey, white, or brown, and is frequently offset by bright colours on the bill, or by patches of bare coloured skin on the face or wattles. Some species exhibit sexual dichromatism , where the colouration of soft parts varies by sex. Hornbills possess binocular vision , although unlike most birds with this type of vision, the bill intrudes on their visual field. This allows them to see their own bill tip and aids in precision handling of food objects with their bill. The eyes are also protected by large eyelashes which act as

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6760-399: The plain-pouched hornbill and rufous-necked hornbill are found on the Asian mainland; all others are insular in their distribution. In the Philippines alone, the Palawan hornbill is vulnerable , and the Mindoro is endangered. The Visayan hornbill is classified as endangered by the IUCN , but considered critically endangered by the National List of Threatened Terrestrial Fauna of

6890-439: The southern ground hornbill which has an average weight of 3.77 kg (8.3 lb), and can weigh up to 6.3 kg (14 lb) and span about 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) across the wings. Other species rival the southern ground species in length, at up to about 130 cm (4 ft 3 in), including the Abyssinian ground hornbill ( Bucorvus abyssinicus ), the great hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) and, probably

7020-409: The "North First" faction which favored focusing on the economic development of North Vietnam, and the "South First" faction, which favored a guerrilla war in South Vietnam to reunite the country within the short term. Between 1961 and 1963, 40,000 Communist soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam from the North. In 1963, Hồ purportedly corresponded with South Vietnamese President Diệm in hopes of achieving

7150-426: The "greatest devastation" from American bombing, saying that Johnson was seriously considering a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Little came of the backchannel of the "Seaborn Mission" as the North Vietnamese distrusted Seaborn, who pointedly was never allowed to meet Hồ. Hornbill 14, see text Hornbills are birds found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia of

7280-440: The 1964 election, he decided to make his intentions clear to Hanoi. In June 1964, the "Seaborn Mission" began as J. Blair Seaborn , the Canadian commissioner to the ICC, arrived in Hanoi with a message from Johnson offering billions of American economic aid and diplomatic recognition in exchange for which North Vietnam would cease trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. Seaborn also warned that North Vietnam would suffer

7410-410: The 24 species found in Africa, 13 are birds of the more open woodlands and savanna, and some occur even in highly arid environments; the remaining species are found in dense forests. This contrasts with Asia, where a single species occurs in open savanna and the remainder are forest species. The Indian subcontinent has 10 species of hornbills, of which 9 are found in India and adjoining countries, while

7540-425: The 300 days, Ngô Đình Diệm and CIA adviser Colonel Edward Lansdale staged a campaign to convince Northerners to move to South Vietnam. The campaign was particularly focused on Vietnam's Catholics, who were to provide Diệm's power base in his later years, with the use of the slogan "God has gone south". Between 800,000 and 1 million people migrated to the South, mostly Catholics. At the start of 1955, French Indochina

7670-497: The Allies. The OSS agreed to this and later sent a military team of OSS members to train his men and Hồ Chí Minh himself was treated for malaria and dysentery by an OSS doctor. Following the August Revolution organized by the Việt Minh, Hồ Chí Minh became Chairman of the Provisional Government (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Although he convinced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate, his government

7800-400: The American advisers left South Vietnam "we can agree with any Vietnamese". On 2 September 1963, Maneli met with Ngô Đình Nhu , the younger brother and right-hand man to Diệm to discuss the French peace plan. It remains unclear if the Ngo brothers were serious about the French peace plan or were merely using the possibility of accepting it to blackmail the United States into supporting them at

7930-452: The Cúc Phương National park: The primate center houses specimens of langurs, loris , and gibbon species, include the critically endangered Delacour's langur , golden-headed langur , and black crested gibbon . The primate center was established in 1993 with the help of the Frankfurt Zoological Society and has grown to 180 animals in 50 cages, 4 houses, and two semi-wild enclosures. The Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Program (CPCP)

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8060-485: The Declaration of Independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945 under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Saigon , with violence between rival Vietnamese factions and French forces increasing, the British commander, General Sir Douglas Gracey , declared martial law. On 24 September, the Việt Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike. In the same month, a force of 200,000 Chinese National Revolutionary Army troops arrived in Hanoi to accept

8190-442: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam government found that war was inevitable. The bombardment of Haiphong by the French Navy only strengthened the belief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. The attack reportedly killed more than 6,000 Vietnamese civilians in Haiphong. French forces marched into Hanoi, now the capital city of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. On 19 December 1946, after

8320-440: The French Colonial School but did not succeed. He instead decided to begin traveling the world by working on ships and visiting many countries from 1911 to 1917. While working as the cook's helper on a ship in 1912, Thành (Hồ) traveled to the United States. From 1912 to 1913, he may have lived in New York City ( Harlem ) and Boston , where he claimed to have worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel . The only evidence that he

8450-475: The French ambassador to South Vietnam; and Giovanni d'Orlandi, the Italian ambassador to South Vietnam. Maneli reported that Hồ was very interested in the signs of a split between President Diệm and President Kennedy and that his attitude was: "Our real enemies are the Americans. Get rid of them, and we can cope with Diệm and Nhu afterward". Hồ and Maneli also discussed the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which passed through officially neutral Cambodia and Laos, saying "Indochina

8580-425: The Haiphong incident, Hồ Chí Minh declared war against the French Union, marking the beginning of the Indochina War . The Vietnam National Army, mostly armed with machetes and muskets immediately attacked. They assaulted the French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armored vehicles with "lunge mines" (a hollow-charge warhead on the end of a pole, detonated by thrusting

8710-472: The ICC's "competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties". Of the nine nations represented, only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration. Undersecretary of state Walter Bedell Smith delivered a "unilateral declaration" of the United States position, reiterating: "We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by

8840-451: The Indochinese Communist Party. In June 1931, Hồ was arrested by the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) as part of a joint operation between the French authorities in Indochina and the HKPF; scheduled to be extradited from Hong Kong to French Indochina, Hồ was successfully defended by British solicitor Frank Loseby. Eventually, after appeals to the British Privy Council , Hồ was reported as dead in 1932 to avoid being extradited to Indochina; it

8970-514: The Indochinese Federation and the French Union . The agreement soon broke down. The purpose of the agreement, for both the French and Vietminh, was for Chiang's army to leave North Vietnam. Fighting broke out in the North soon after the Chinese left. Historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai's Asian History Blog challenged the authenticity of the alleged quote where Hồ Chí Minh said he "would rather smell French shit for five years than eat Chinese shit for

9100-447: The Patriot") prior to Thành's arrival in Paris. The group petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in French Indochina to the Western powers at the Versailles peace talks , but they were ignored. Citing the principle of self-determination outlined before the peace accords, they requested the allied powers to end French colonial rule of Vietnam and ensure the formation of an independent government. Before

9230-434: The Philippines . A subspecies of the Visayan hornbill, the Ticao hornbill, was declared extinct in 2013. Two of the three critically endangered hornbills, the rufous-headed hornbill and the Sulu hornbill , are also restricted to the Philippines. The latter species is one of the world's rarest birds, with only 20 breeding pairs or 40 mature individuals, and faces imminent extinction. The other critically endangered species,

9360-680: The Politburo passing a resolution calling for North Vietnam to complete the overthrow of the regime in Saigon as soon as possible; while the members of the "North first" faction were dismissed. As the South descended into chaos, whatever interest Hồ might have had in the French peace plan faded, as it became clear the Việt Cộng could overthrow the Saigon government. A CIA report from 1964 stated that factionalism in South Vietnam had reached "almost

9490-683: The Rhinoceros hornbill (known as Kenyalang) as the king of the worldly birds, who acts as the intermediary between the man and the God. The Wreathed hornbill (Undan) is believed by the Iban people to be the guide of dead souls to the lower world. None of the African species of hornbills are seriously threatened , but many Asian hornbills are threatened by hunting and habitat loss , as they tend to require primary forest . Among these threatened species, only

9620-576: The United Nations to ensure that they are conducted fairly". Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and " land reform ", which were accompanied with executions of "reactionary and evil landlords." During the land reform, testimonies by North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution per 160 village residents, which if extrapolated would indicate

9750-551: The United States Office of Strategic Services and later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (1946–1954). He was jailed in China by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities before being rescued by Chinese Communists. Following his release in 1943, he returned to Vietnam. It was during this time that he began regularly using the name Hồ Chí Minh, a Vietnamese name combining a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡 ) with

9880-518: The Viet Minh. The subsequent Geneva Accords peace process partitioned North Vietnam at the 17th parallel. Arthur Dommen estimates that the Việt Minh killed between 100,000 and 150,000 civilians during the war. Benjamin Valentino estimates that the French were responsible for 60,000–250,000 civilian deaths. The 1954 Geneva Conference concluded the war between France and the Việt Minh, allowing

10010-478: The Việt Minh in control of North Vietnam, and anti-communists in control of South Vietnam . Hồ remained as president and leader of the party during the Vietnam War , which lasted from 1955 to 1975. Hồ officially stepped down from power in 1965 due to health problems and died in 1969. North Vietnam was ultimately victorious against South Vietnam and its allies . Vietnam was officially unified in 1976. Saigon,

10140-482: The Western allies sought to have no deadline. Molotov proposed June 1955, then later softened this to any time in 1955 and finally July 1956. The Diệm government supported reunification elections, but only with effective international supervision, arguing that genuinely free elections were otherwise impossible in the totalitarian North. By the afternoon of 20 July 1954, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as

10270-399: The abandoned nests of woodpeckers and barbets . Nesting sites may be used in consecutive breeding seasons by the same pair. Before incubation, the females of all Bucerotinae—sometimes assisted by the male—begin to close the entrance to the nest cavity with a wall made of mud, droppings and fruit pulp. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, the entrance is just large enough for her to enter

10400-503: The bill. The family is omnivorous, feeding on fruit and small animals. They are monogamous breeders nesting in natural cavities in trees and sometimes cliffs. A number of mainly insular species of hornbill with small ranges are threatened with extinction , mainly in Southeast Asia. In the Neotropical realm , toucans occupy the hornbills' ecological niche , an example of convergent evolution . Despite their close appearances,

10530-521: The breeding season. The largest assemblies of hornbills form at some roosting sites, where as many as 2400 individual birds may be found. Hornbills are omnivorous birds, eating fruit, insects and small animals. They cannot swallow food caught at the tip of the beak as their tongues are too short to manipulate it, so they toss it back to the throat with a jerk of the head. While both open country and forest species are omnivorous, species that specialise in feeding on fruit are generally found in forests, while

10660-475: The charge against the side of a tank; typically a suicide weapon ) and Molotov cocktails , holding off attackers by using roadblocks , landmines and gravel. After two months of fighting, the exhausted Việt Minh forces withdrew after systematically destroying any valuable infrastructure . Hồ was mistakenly reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers, led by Jean Étienne Valluy at Việt Bắc, during Operation Léa . The person in question turned out to be

10790-402: The conference, the group sent their letter to allied leaders, including French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and United States President Woodrow Wilson . They were unable to obtain consideration at Versailles , but the episode would later help establish the future Hồ Chí Minh as the symbolic leader of the anti-colonial movement at home in Vietnam. Since Thành was the public face behind

10920-661: The country, his subordinates imprisoned 2,500 non-Communist nationalists and forced 6,000 others to flee. Hundreds of political opponents were jailed or exiled in July 1946, notably, members of the Nationalist Party of Vietnam and the Dai Viet National Party after a failed attempt to raise a coup against the Viet Minh government. All rival political parties were hereafter banned and local governments were purged to minimize opposition later on. However, it

11050-481: The driest months being December and January. Cúc Phương is home to an amazing diversity of flora and fauna. Inhabitants of the park include 97 species of mammals, most notable endangered langurs ; 300 species of birds; 36 reptilian species; 17 species of amphibians; 11 species of fish; 2,000 species of vascular plants , and thousands of species of insects. A number of species in the park are listed on Vietnam Red Book of endangered species. The park covers portions of

11180-770: The forest. An endemic subspecies of sub-terranean cave fish is also found in the park. It is also the type locality of many invertebrate species including: Zaxiphidiopsis bazyluki . Flora in the park includes multi-layered canopy, with a diversity of trees (some showing cauliflory ) and large specimens growing up to 70m in height (illustrated), with labelled Tetrameles nudiflora and Carya sinensis . The flora consists of some 2000 recorded species with lianas and epiphytes including orchids and ferns such as Asplenium , with amazingly long leaves. The park also contains plants used for such practicalities as spices and medicines as well as edible fruits, nuts and shoots. There are three conservation programs located in

11310-479: The former capital of South Vietnam, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City in his honor. The details of Hồ Chí Minh 's life before he came to power in Vietnam are uncertain. He is known to have used between 50 and 200 pseudonyms. Information on his birth and early life is ambiguous and subject to academic debate. At least four existing official biographies vary on names, dates, places, and other hard facts while unofficial biographies vary even more widely. Aside from being

11440-985: The genus Aceros . The following cladogram showing the relationships between the genera is based on a molecular phylogenetic study by Juan-Carlos Gonzalez and collaborators that was published in 2013. The number of species in each genus is taken from the list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill , Pamela C. Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union . Lophoceros – 8 species Tockus – 10 species Berenicornis – white-crowned hornbill Horizocerus – 4 species Ceratogymna – 2 species Bycanistes – 6 species Rhinoplax – helmeted hornbill Buceros – 3 species Anorrhinus – 3 species Ocyceros – 3 species Anthracoceros – 5 species Aceros – rufous-necked hornbill Rhyticeros – 6 species Rhabdotorrhinus – 4 species Penelopides – 5 species Some scientist believe

11570-585: The genus name Buceros given by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 from the Greek word βούκερως bōukeros which means "cow horn". There are two subfamilies : the Bucorvinae contain the two ground hornbills in a single genus , and the Bucerotinae contain all other taxa . Traditionally they are included in the order Coraciiformes (which includes also kingfishers , rollers , hoopoes and bee-eaters ). In

11700-623: The great hornbill is not found there. In the Neogene (at least in the late Miocene ), hornbills inhabited North Africa and South Europe. Their remains have been found in Morocco and Bulgaria . The oldest known hornbill is from the Early Miocene of Uganda, around 19 million years ago, which is similar to modern Tockus . Hornbills are diurnal , generally travelling in pairs or small family groups. Larger flocks sometimes form outside

11830-590: The helmeted hornbill, is threatened by uncontrolled hunting and the trade in hornbill ivory . A hornbill named Zazu is the king 's adviser and one of the characters in The Lion King franchise, voiced by Rowan Atkinson in the original 1994 version and John Oliver in the remade 2019 version . Hornbill was used as the official mascot of one of Malaysia's political parties, the Democratic Action Party . The Rhinoceros hornbill

11960-490: The hornbill evolutionary tree spread from the Indian microcontinent after Gondwana , before India merged with Asia . Most species' casques are very light, containing much airspace. However, the helmeted hornbill has a solid casque made of a material called hornbill ivory , which is greatly valued as a carving material in China and Japan. It was used as a medium for the art of netsuke . Also used for hunting purposes in places like India. The Iban people of Borneo regards

12090-648: The independence of the Việt Cộng was stressed in communist propaganda. North Vietnam created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 as a " united front ", or political branch of the Việt Cộng, intended to encourage the participation of non-Communists. At the end of 1959, aware that the planned national elections would never be held and that Diệm intended to purge opposing forces (mostly ex-Việt Minh) from South Vietnamese society, Hồ Chí Minh informally chose Lê Duẩn to become

12220-420: The land reform and initiated a "correction of errors" to rectify the mistakes and damage done. That year, Hồ Chí Minh apologised and acknowledged the serious errors the government had made in the land reform. As part of the campaign, as many as 23,748 political prisoners were released by North Vietnam by September 1957. By 1958, the correction campaign had resulted in the return of land to many of those harmed by

12350-580: The land reform. As early as June 1956, the idea of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government was presented at a Politburo meeting. In 1959, Hồ Chí Minh began urging the Politburo to send aid to the Việt Cộng in South Vietnam; a " people's war " on the South was approved at a session in January 1959, and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. North Vietnam invaded Laos in July 1959, aided by

12480-482: The latter's forces to regroup in the North whilst anti-Communist groups settled in the South. Hồ's Democratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became the government of North Vietnam, a Communist -led one-party state . Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period in which people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam, later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. During

12610-407: The longest of all (perhaps exceeding 150 cm (4 ft 11 in)) thanks in part to its extended tail feathers, the helmeted hornbill ( Rhinoplax vigil ). Males are always bigger than the females, though the extent to which this is true varies according to species. The extent of sexual dimorphism also varies with body parts. For example, the difference in body mass between males and females

12740-582: The loss of these species. Leopards , clouded leopards , and jungle cats may still be present in the park. Bird species include bar-backed partridge , scaly-breasted partridge , silver pheasant , red junglefowl , grey peacock-pheasant , laughingthrushes , red-vented barbet , green-eared barbet , scimitar-billed babblers , brown boobook , scarlet minivet , racket-tailed drongos , racket-tailed treepie , white-winged blue magpie . Migrant species include thrushes , flycatchers , tits , finches , pipits amongst others. Hornbills can also be spotted in

12870-595: The major cities, but particularly in the South, in Saigon-Cochinchina, they had been a challenge. From the outset, they had called for armed resistance to a French restoration and an immediate transfer of industry to workers and land to peasants. The French Socialist leader Daniel Guérin recalls that when in Paris in 1946 he asked Hồ Chí Minh about the fate of the Trotskyist leader Tạ Thu Thâu , Hồ Chí Minh had replied, "with unfeigned emotion," that "'Thâu

13000-485: The money to establish a communist organization. In Ho Chi Minh: A Life , William Duiker considered this hypothesis, but ultimately rejected it. Other sources claim that Nguyễn Thượng Huyện was responsible for Chau's capture. Chau, sentenced to lifetime house arrest , never denounced Quốc. After Chiang Kai-shek 's 1927 anti-communist coup, Quốc (Hồ) left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending part of

13130-399: The more carnivorous species are found in open country. Forest-dwelling species of hornbills are considered to be important seed dispersers. Some hornbill species (e.g., Malabar pied-hornbill ) even have a great preference for the fruits of the strychnine tree ( Strychnos nux-vomica ), which contain the potent poison strychnine . Some hornbills defend a fixed territory . Territoriality

13260-479: The negotiations to succeed. One demand by the French was the return to French custody of several Japanese military officers (who had been helping the Vietnamese armed forces by training them in the use of weapons of Japanese origin) for them to stand trial for war crimes committed during World War II. Hồ Chí Minh replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he could not betray, therefore he walked out to seven more years of war. In February 1950, after

13390-400: The nest, and after she has done so, the remaining opening is also all but sealed shut. There is only one narrow aperture, big enough for the male to transfer food to the mother and eventually the chicks. The function of this behaviour is apparently related to protecting the nesting site from rival hornbills. The sealing can be done in just a few hours; at most it takes a few days. After the nest

13520-533: The next party leader. This was interpreted by Western analysts as a loss of influence for Hồ, who was said to have preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp for the position. From 1959 onward, the elderly Hồ became increasingly worried about the prospect of his death, and that year he wrote down his will. Hồ stepped down as General Secretary of the Vietnam Communist party in September 1960 and Lê Duẩn

13650-399: The northern Annamite Range . The park consists of verdant karst mountains and lush valleys. Elevation varies from 150 meters (500 feet) to 656 m (2,152 feet) at the summit of May Bac Mountain , or Silver Cloud Mountain. The limestone mountains house numerous caves, many of which are accessible for exploration. The average temperature in Cúc Phương is 21 Celsius (70 Fahrenheit), with

13780-628: The parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and the elections for a reunified government should be held in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire. The Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam was only signed by the French and Việt Minh military commands, with no participation or consultation of the State of Vietnam. Based on a proposal by Chinese delegation head Zhou Enlai, an International Control Commission (ICC) chaired by India, with Canada and Poland as members,

13910-563: The point of anarchy" as various South Vietnamese leaders fought one another, making any sort of concerted effort against the Việt Cộng impossible; leading to much of the South Vietnamese countryside being rapidly taken over by communist guerilla forces. As South Vietnam collapsed into factionalism and in-fighting while the Việt Cộng continued to win the war, it became increasingly apparent to President Lyndon Johnson that only American military intervention could save South Vietnam. Though Johnson did not wish to commit American forces until he had won

14040-426: The publication of the document (although it was written by Phan Văn Trường), he soon became known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc, and first used the name in September during an interview with a Chinese newspaper correspondent. Many authors have stated that 1919 was a lost "Wilsonian moment", where the future Hồ Chí Minh could have adopted a pro-American and less radical position if only President Wilson had received him. However, at

14170-618: The region's only conservation breeding program for the Owston's civet, a species that is endemic to Indochina, and whose main range is within Vietnam. The CPCP's main centre is within Cúc Phương National Park, but operates a nationwide rescue program and has active field sites in Central and Southern Vietnam. The turtle conservation center was established in 1998 and is home to some of the most endangered turtles in Vietnam, including

14300-590: The school, as did Ngô Đình Diệm , the future President of South Vietnam and political rival. His early life is uncertain but there are some documents indicating activities regarding an early revolutionary spirit during French-occupied Vietnam, but conflicting sources remain. Previously, it was believed that Thành (Hồ) was involved in an anti-slavery (anti- corvée ) demonstration of poor peasants in Huế in May 1908, which endangered his student status at Collège Quốc học . However,

14430-498: The summer of 1927 recuperating from tuberculosis in Crimea before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of Brussels , Berlin, Switzerland, and Italy, where he sailed to Bangkok , Thailand, arriving in July 1928. "Although we have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said to be felt", he reassured Zeng in an intercepted letter. In this period, he served as

14560-494: The surrender of the Japanese occupiers in northern Indochina. Hồ Chí Minh made a compromise with their general, Lu Han , to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election that would yield a coalition government. When Chiang forced the French to give the French concessions in Shanghai back to China in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina, he had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on 6 March 1946 in which Vietnam would be recognized as an autonomous state in

14690-616: The time of the Versailles Conference, Hồ Chí Minh was committed to a socialist program. While the conference was ongoing, Nguyễn Ái Quốc was already delivering speeches on the prospects of Bolshevism in Asia and was attempting to persuade French socialists to join Lenin 's Communist International . Upon hearing of the October 1920 death of Irish republican hunger striker (and Lord Mayor of Cork) Terence MacSwiney , Quốc (Hồ)

14820-468: The time were busy spreading anti-French propaganda as evidence of French atrocities in Vietnam emerged, while Hồ Chí Minh showed no qualms about accepting Chinese aid after 1949. The Việt Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of rival Vietnamese nationalist movements in 1945–1946, and of the Trotskyists. Trotskyism in Vietnam did not rival the Party outside of

14950-525: The two groups are not very closely related, with toucans being allied with the woodpeckers , honeyguides and several families of barbet , while hornbills (and their close relatives the ground hornbills ) are allied with the hoopoes and wood-hoopoes . Hornbills show considerable variation in size and colors. The smallest species is the black dwarf hornbill ( Tockus hartlaubi ), at 99.1 g (3.50 oz) and 32 cm (1 ft 1 in) in length. The largest and most massive species appears to be

15080-635: Was a Vietnamese communist revolutionary and politician. He served as prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1955, and as president from 1945 until his death in 1969. Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist , he was the Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam , the predecessor of the current Communist Party of Vietnam . Hồ Chí Minh was born in Nghệ An province in

15210-486: Was a great patriot and we mourn him', but then a moment later added in a steady voice 'All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken.'" The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties, but they failed to secure a peace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions in agreements, such as the Dalat and Fontainebleau conferences ,

15340-493: Was also employed as a pastry chef on the Newhaven – Dieppe ferry route. From 1919 to 1923, Thành (Hồ) began to show an interest in politics while living in France, being influenced by his friend and French Section of the Workers' International comrade Marcel Cachin . Thành claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917, but the French police had only documents recording his arrival in June 1919. When he arrived, he met

15470-524: Was dissolved, leaving Diệm in temporary control of the South. All the parties at Geneva called for reunification elections, but they could not agree on the details. Recently appointed Việt Minh acting foreign minister Phạm Văn Đồng proposed elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The United States, with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, suggested United Nations supervision. This plan

15600-424: Was fond of adventure and loved to fly kites and go fishing. Following Confucian tradition, his father gave him a new name at the age of 10: Nguyễn Tất Thành. His father was a Confucian scholar and teacher and later an imperial magistrate in the small remote district of Binh Khe ( Qui Nhơn ). He was demoted for abuse of power after an influential local figure died several days after having received 102 strokes of

15730-677: Was in the United States is a single letter to French colonial administrators dated 15 December 1912 and postmarked New York City (he gave his address as the poste restante in Le Havre and his occupation as a sailor) and a postcard to Phan Chu Trinh in Paris where he mentioned working at the Omni Parker House Hotel. Inquiries to the Parker House management revealed no records of his ever having worked there. It

15860-521: Was not recognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned President Harry S. Truman for support for Vietnamese independence, citing the Atlantic Charter , but Truman never responded. In 1946, future Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion and Hồ Chí Minh became acquainted when they stayed at the same hotel in Paris. He offered Ben-Gurion a Jewish home-in-exile in Vietnam, which Ben-Gurion declined. In 1946, when he traveled outside of

15990-530: Was noted that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam 's first Congress had over two-thirds of its members come from non-Việt Minh political factions, some without an election. Nationalist Party of Vietnam leader Nguyễn Hải Thần was named vice president. They also held four out of ten ministerial positions ( Government of the Union of Resistance of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam  [ vi ] ). Following Emperor Bảo Đại's abdication in August, Hồ Chí Minh read

16120-546: Was officially named party leader, leaving Hồ to function in a secondary role as head of state and member of the Politburo . He nevertheless maintained considerable influence in the government. Lê Duẩn, Tố Hữu , Trường Chinh and Phạm Văn Đồng often shared dinner with Hồ, and all of them remained key figures throughout and after the war. In the early 1960s, the North Vietnamese Politburo was divided into

16250-555: Was open for Việt Minh forces to receive additional supplies which would allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. At the outset of the conflict, Hồ reportedly told a French visitor: "You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours. But even at those odds, you will lose and I will win". In 1954, the First Indochina War came to an end after the decisive Battle of Dien Bien Phu , where more than 10,000 French soldiers surrendered to

16380-452: Was overthrown and killed, without any kind of arbiter between the rival arms of the South Vietnamese state, regime authority in South Vietnam promptly disintegrated. The American Defense Secretary Robert McNamara reported after visiting South Vietnam in December 1963 that "there is no organized government worthy of the name" in Saigon. At a meeting of the plenum of the Politburo in December 1963, Lê Duẩn's "South first" faction triumphed, with

16510-579: Was placed in charge of supervising the ceasefire. Because issues were to be decided unanimously, Poland's presence in the ICC provided the Communists with effective veto power over supervision of the treaty. The unsigned Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference called for reunification elections, which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC. The Việt Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections, insisting that

16640-406: Was rejected by Soviet representative Vyacheslav Molotov , who argued for a commission composed of an equal number of communist and non-communist members, which could determine "important" issues only by unanimous agreement. The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification. North Vietnam argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire while

16770-532: Was ruled that, though he would be deported from Hong Kong as an undesirable, it would not be to a destination controlled by France. Hồ was eventually released and, disguised as a Chinese scholar, boarded a ship to Shanghai. He subsequently returned to the Soviet Union and studied and taught at the Lenin Institute in Moscow. In this period Hồ reportedly lost his positions in the Comintern because of

16900-899: Was said to have burst into tears and said “a country with a citizen like this will never surrender”. In December 1920, Quốc (Hồ) became a representative to the Congress of Tours of the French Section of the Workers' International, voted for the Third International , and was a founding member of the French Communist Party. Taking a position in the Colonial Committee of the party, he tried to draw his comrades' attention towards people in French colonies including Indochina, but his efforts were often unsuccessful. While living in Paris, he reportedly had

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