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59-589: The Chosen Government Railway's public identity changed a number of times over the 39 years that it existed. In the first four years of its existence, its name changed three times to reflect the rapid changes in Korea's political environment between 1905 and 1910. Later, for eight years Korea's railways were managed by the South Manchuria Railway - which was almost a state-level actor in the region on its own - before finally regaining its independence for

118-700: A billion yen in 1930. Mantetsu was by far the largest corporation in Japan, and also its most profitable, averaging rates of return from 25 to 45 percent per year. During the 1920s, Mantetsu provided for over a quarter of the Japanese government's tax revenues . Over 75% of Mantetsu's income was generated by its freight business, with the key to profitability coming from soybean exports, both to Japan proper and to Europe. Soybean production increased exponentially with increasing demand for soy oil, and for soy meal for use in fertilizer and animal feed . By 1927, half of

177-470: A myriad (万), numbers begin with 一 ( ichi ) if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just 百 hyaku , and 1000 is just 千 sen , but 10000 is 一万 ichiman , not just * man . (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with 一 if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if 千 sen directly precedes the name of powers of myriad , 一 ichi is normally attached before 千 sen , which yields 一千 issen . That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000)

236-523: A number of established words and phrases, shi and shichi are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "ichi, ni, san, shi,..."), shi and shichi may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced ku , it is a homophone for suffering ( 苦 ) . The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from Western tradition . In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese. In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given

295-440: A rate or discount. The bu fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example 九度二分 ( kudonibu ) for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: This is the system used with the traditional Japanese units of measurement . Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a sun . The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses

354-537: A separate set of kanji for numerals called daiji (大字) used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the Chinese formal numbers except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to

413-566: A system "shifted down" with a bu becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming wari : This is often used with prices. For example: With the exception of wari , these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either

472-553: A unique food culture in Manchukuo. They offered a variety of special cuisine such as Yamato beef steak, Mongolian barbeque , and sorghum vulgare (kaoliang) confectionery in dining cars along the line and in the railway-operated Yamato Hotel . There was little uptake in the cuisine however after the fall of Manchukuo. Japanese numbers The Japanese numerals are numerals that are used in Japanese . In writing, they are

531-697: Is 四千二 (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of 零 wherever a zero appears, e.g. 四千零二 for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by tobi ( 飛び ) or tonde ( 飛んで ): e.g. yon-sen tobi ni or yon-sen tonde ni instead of the normal yon-sen ni . Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ( gobugobu no shōbu , 'fifty-fifty chance') , and when representing

590-526: Is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the famous 109 store in Shibuya, Tokyo which is read as ichi-maru-kyū (Kanji: 一〇九 ). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced tō-kyū —which is a pun on the name of the Tokyu department store which owns the building.) This usage of maru for numerical 0

649-848: Is from Sanskrit नयुत/नयुतः nayuta(ḥ) . After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: 不可思議 fukashigi 'unimaginable' and 無量大数 muryōtaisū 'immeasurably large number'. Examples: (spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation) However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. 2,500万 for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002

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708-589: Is in Chinese today), and after 10 they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10 or switch to 10 . (If by a factor of 10 , the intervening factors of 10 are produced with 万 man . The current edition of the Jinkōki , the 11th, follows a factor of 10 throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. 恒河沙 gōgasha

767-875: Is normally read as 一千万 issenman . But if 千 sen does not directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching 一 ichi is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as 千五百万 sengohyakuman or 一千五百万 issengohyakuman , just as 1500 is read as 千五百 sengohyaku or 一千五百 issengohyaku . There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving voicing or gemination of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. rendaku ): e.g. roku "six" and hyaku "hundred" yield roppyaku "six hundred". * This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending -jū to -jutchō or -jukkei . ** This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending -ku to -kkei . In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write

826-596: Is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as oh . However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or rei ( 零 ) . Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. にい nī and ごお gō). As noted above, yon (4) and nana (7) are preferred to shi and shichi . It is purported that this is because shi is also the reading of the word death ( 死 ) , which makes it an unlucky reading (see tetraphobia ); while shichi may sound too similar to ichi (1), shi or hachi (8). However, in quite

885-659: Is the direct descendant of Sentetsu's football club, which won the All-Korea football championship in 1939; Sentetsu's ice hockey club was the first to ever play a game of that sport in Korea, playing a game against the team of the Tokyo Imperial University in 1928, and later played the first game between two Korean clubs, against a team from the Gyeongseong Imperial University . Sentetsu, or more accurately its predecessor,

944-780: The 1896 secret treaty and the 1898 lease convention between Qing China and Imperial Russia in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War . Following the Japanese victory over Imperial Russia in 1905 after the Russo-Japanese War and the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth , most of the southern branch ( Harbin — Port Arthur ) of the China Eastern Railway was transferred to Japanese control. The last station remaining in Russian hands

1003-772: The American Locomotive Company at Dunkirk, NY . A visiting executive from the Erie Railroad was quite impressed with the arrangement, and described South Manchurian Railway ca. 1913 as "the only railroad in the whole world that is like our American railroads (and they are, fairly speaking, the best)". Mantetsu quickly expanded the system inherited from Russia to staggering proportions, building coal mines at Fushun and Yantai , and harbor facilities at Andong , Yingkou , and Dalian . At each station, Mantetsu built hotels for travelers and warehouses for goods. Japanese settlers were encouraged through

1062-638: The Chosen Government Railway in Japanese-occupied Korea . However, it was also involved in nearly every aspect of the economic, cultural and political life of Manchuria , from power generation to agricultural research, for which reason it was often referred to as "Japan's East India Company in China". Nisshō Inoue , the founder of the interwar Japanese far-right militant organization Ketsumeidan (血盟団, League of Blood),

1121-576: The North China Transportation Company , and its de facto subsidiary, the Manchukuo National Railway . At the same time Sentetsu - though it had regained its independence in 1925 - introduced its own variant of the new Mantetsu system, which included the locomotives owned by private railways in Korea. The new system consisted of a class designation and a running number counting sequentially from 1;

1180-468: The on readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called shi -gatsu (4th month), shichi -gatsu (7th month), and ku -gatsu (9th month) respectively (for further detail see Japanese counter word#Exceptions ). The on readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. ichi-ni-san-shi). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: Starting at

1239-637: The "gauge adapted by the South Manchuria Railway" (i.e., the standard gauge ) would continue from the Changchun Station to the Kuancheng Station. By the end of 1907, the company employed 9,000 Japanese and 4,000 Chinese. By 1910, those numbers had increased to 35,000 and 25,000 respectively. The railway used a significant amount of U.S.-made rails and signaling equipment, as well as some steam locomotives built by

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1298-651: The 1930s, until the Chinese Eastern railway itself was bought by Manchukuo and converted to the standard gauge in the mid-1930s. In 1936, the company owned 466 locomotives, 554 coaches and 8134 goods wagons. In 1945, the Soviet Union invaded and overran Manchukuo . Rolling stock and movable equipment was looted and taken back to the Soviet Union ; some was returned when the Chinese Communist government came into power. Mantetsu itself

1357-449: The Chinese numerals are more common in vertical writing . Most numbers have two readings , one derived from Chinese used for cardinal numbers ( On reading ) and a native Japanese reading ( Kun reading ) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. * The special reading 〇 maru (which means "round" or "circle")

1416-732: The National Railway, was created through the merger of the Temporary Military Railway and the Gyeongbu Railway , which had previously absorbed the Gyeongin Railway , on 1 September 1906. At the time of the merger, the Korean locomotive fleet was as follows: When the National Railway became Sentetsu in 1910, the locomotive fleet had increased by only 21 engines; by the time Mantetsu took over

1475-1200: The Railway Bureau. Most were freight (served industrial plants, ports, natural resource transport sectors, as well as military transport) and a few for passenger service in Japanese-occupied Korea. After the end of the Second World War , these were all nationalised, both in North and South Korea . This is a (nearly) exhaustive list of private railways in Korea. South Manchuria Railway The South Manchuria Railway ( Japanese : 南満州鉄道 , romanized :  Minamimanshū Tetsudō ; simplified Chinese : 南满洲铁道 ; traditional Chinese : 南滿洲鐵道 ; pinyin : Nánmǎnzhōu Tiědào ), officially The South Manchuria Railway Company, Ltd. ( 南満州鉄道株式会社, kyujitai : 南滿洲鐵道株式會社 , Minamimanshū Tetsudō Kabushikigaisha ) , Mantetsu ( Japanese : 満鉄 , romanized :  Mantetsu ) or Mantie ( simplified Chinese : 满铁 ; traditional Chinese : 滿鐵 ; pinyin : Mǎntiě ) for short,

1534-467: The Western thousands (1,000): Variation is due to the Jinkōki ( 塵劫記 ), Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10 (of which 秭

1593-772: The basis of the systems used by both the Korean National Railroad in South Korea and the Korean State Railway in North Korea . The following is a list of the rail lines of the Chosen Government Railway in 1945. The name in brackets is the Japanese form of the name, which was the officially used form. A number of private railways existed during the period of the Japanese occupation of Korea; these were overseen by

1652-399: The class designation had three katakana characters. The first two, indicating wheel arrangement, remained as they were in the previous system, with the addition of one: マテ ( Mate ), from "Mountain", for 4-8-2 locomotives introduced in 1939. The third katakana in the class name was the class number, derived from the first syllable of the corresponding Japanese numbers from one to ten: Thus,

1711-460: The common American name for the given wheel arrangement. Thus, from the 1920s until 1938, Sentetsu's locomotive had both a katakana -based class designation as well as a running number; however, unlike Mantetsu's engines, those of Sentetsu didn't have the class designation marked on the locomotive itself. In 1938, Mantetsu introduced a unified classification and numbering system for its own locomotives, as well as for those of its de jure subsidiary,

1770-810: The common ones, cf. table below). These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like 壱百壱拾 for 110, as opposed to 百十 in common writing. Formal numbers: The four current banknotes of the Japanese yen , 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers 千, 弐千, 五千, and 壱万, respectively. Old Japanese shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific lexemes . Notes: Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with

1829-575: The construction of schools, libraries, hospitals and public utilities . The Mantetsu Research Wing was the centerpiece of Japan's colonial program, and instigated agricultural research into development of soybean farming. Land under cultivation expanded 70% in 20 years. From 1916, Mantestu began to spin off a number of subsidiary companies, including Showa Steel Works , Dalian Ceramics, Dalian Oil & Fat, South Manchurian Glass, as well as flour mills , sugar mills , electrical power plants, shale oil plants and chemical plants. On 31 July 1917,

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1888-517: The gauge of 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ), during the war it had been converted by the advancing Japanese troops to the Japanese 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge, in order to facilitate the use of rolling stock brought from Japan. But once the new Japanese South Manchuria Railway Company took possession of the line, it had the tracks re-gauged again, now to the gauge of 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge , presumably with an eye to connecting

1947-480: The last twenty years of its life. After the end of the World War II , all railways in Korea were nationalised, with the lines in South Korea becoming part of the Korean National Railroad , and those in North Korea becoming part of the Korean State Railway . The organisation of the Railway Bureau as of 1 September 1941: The Railway Bureau also operated a system of sports clubs. Today's Daejeon Korail FC

2006-687: The line from there to Dalian is today part of the Shenda Railway from Changchun to Dalian, whilst the Shenyang–Changchun section is now part of the Jingha Railway ; the branch lines have also been part of China Railway since then. The main line from Changchun to Port Arthur, as Luishun was called under Russian rule, was built between 1898 and 1903 by the Russians as the southern branch of their Chinese Eastern Railway according to

2065-459: The majority in many of the towns and cities served by Mantetsu . Mantetsu prided itself on state-of-the-art urban planning , with modern sewer systems , public parks , and creative modern architecture far in advance of what could be found in Japan itself. These things were possible due to Mantetsu's tremendous profitability, and its political power to seize property and silence opposition and dissent at will through its political connections to

2124-529: The management of Korea's railways in 1917, the Sentetsu motive power fleet had grown from 115 in 1910 to 175. Mantetsu management lasted just under a decade, and by the time Sentetsu regained its independence in 1925 the locomotive park stood at 247 engines. The 1930s, however, saw enormous growth in Sentetsu's fleet. From 302 locomotives in 1930, by the end of the decade the number had more than doubled to 740 engines in 1940, and reached 1,000 in 1944. When Sentetsu

2183-578: The management of the Chosen Government Railway ( Sentetsu ) in Japanese-occupied Korea was transferred from the Railway Bureau of the Government-General of Korea to Mantetsu, which established the Mantetsu Keijō/Gyeongseong Railway Administration ( Japanese : 満鉄京城管理局 , Mantetsu Keijō Kanrikyoku ; Korean : 만철 경성 관리국 , Mancheol Gyeongseong Gwalliguk ), and under Mantetsu control Korea's railway network

2242-458: The military and totalitarian national leadership. In 1934, Mantetsu inaugurated the " Asia Express ", a high speed train from Dalian to the Manchukuo capital of Xinjing (Changchun). Reaching a top speed of 134 km/h (83 mph), the "Asia Express" was the fastest scheduled train in Asia at the time. Changchun remained the break of gauge point between the Russian and standard gauges in

2301-500: The number 20 you get the character for two (二) and then the character for ten (十) to get two tens or twenty (二十). For ordinal numbers , see Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers . Distributive numbers are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix -zutsu ( ずつ ) , as in hitori-zutsu ( 一人ずつ , one person at a time, one person each) . Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into myriads (every 10,000) rather than

2360-669: The other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth. To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. Since the adoption of Arabic numerals , numbers have become written in Arabic numerals more and more often. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as 3人 ( san-nin , three people) , 7月 ( shichigatsu , July, "seventh-month") , 20歳 ( hatachi , age 20) , etc., although 三人 , 七月 and 二十歳 are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example,

2419-437: The palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with

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2478-485: The palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from

2537-639: The same as the Chinese numerals , and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) readings of the Chinese characters and the Japanese yamato kotoba (native words, kun'yomi readings). There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) or in Chinese numerals ( 一 , 二 , 三 ). The Arabic numerals are more often used in horizontal writing , and

2596-520: The system to other railways of China. In 1907, an agreement was reached between the Japanese and Russian authorities about connecting the Japanese South Manchuria Railway with the line to the north, which remained in the hands of Russian China Far East Railway. According to the agreement, Russian gauge tracks would continue from the "Russian" Kuanchengzi Station to the "Japanese" Changchun station , and vice versa, tracks on

2655-458: The third class of locomotives with a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement would be called パシサ - Pashisa . Narrow-gauge steam locomotives did not use the designation forms based on wheel arrangement; instead, they all used ナキ ("Naki", from English "Narrow Gauge") plus a class number. Petrol-powered narrow gauge railcars were classified ナケハ. Classification of electric locomotives was slightly different from that used for steam locomotives. Although this also used

2714-434: The traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: 四十二・一九五 キロメートル), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: 五〇・〇四 パーセント.) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ( yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru for 42.195 kilometers; go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento for 50.04 percent.) As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese

2773-413: The two character + class number arrangement, the first character was デ ("de", from 電気, denki , "electric"), while the second character indicated the number of powered axles (using the same number abbreviations as used for the class number). In practice, Sentetsu had only two types of electric locomotive, both with six powered axles - デロイ ( DeRoI ) and デロニ ( DeRoNi ). This classification system later formed

2832-472: The world's supply of soybean was from Manchuria and the efforts by Mantetsu to expand production and to ship to export ports was a classic example of an extractive colonial economy dependent on a single product. In 1931, the Mukden Incident occurred, where the Japanese military faked an attack on the railway by Chinese partisans as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria . Mantetsu

2891-445: The year after Mantetsu took over management of Korea's railways, with some of the numbers being redefined, and after Mantetsu introduced a new classification system for its own locomotives in 1920, the system for Korean locomotives was once again adjusted, retaining the number series as they were in 1918, but adding new class designations - likewise reflecting wheel arrangement - akin to those used for Mantetsu's own locomotives, based on

2950-622: Was a large National Policy Company  [ ja ] of the Empire of Japan whose primary function was the operation of railways on the Dalian – Fengtian (Mukden) – Changchun (called Xinjing from 1931 to 1945) corridor in northeastern China , as well as on several branch lines. In 1905, after Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War , this area was taken over by Japan as the South Manchuria Railway Zone . Mantetsu

3009-511: Was abolished after the end of the Pacific War there were 1,302 locomotives on the roster. Sentetsu's first classification system was a simple, number-based system, in which, loosely, the hundreds digit of the running number indicated the locomotive's wheel arrangement - numbers in the 100s were 2-6-0 or 2-8-0 , those in the 200s and 300s were 4-6-0 , the 400s were 4-4-0 , the 500s were 4-6-4 , and so on. This slightly modified in 1918,

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3068-447: Was also charged with a government-like role in managing the rail transportation system after the formation of Manchukuo in 1932, including management of the (theoretically independent) Manchukuo National Railway . By 1938, Mantetsu had 72 subsidiary companies, development projects in 25 urban areas and carried 17,515,000 passengers per year. Between 1930 and 1940, the Japanese population of Manchukuo rose by 800,000 making ethnic Japanese

3127-602: Was at Kuanchengzi ( 寬城子 ) in modern-day Changchun . The northernmost Japanese-controlled station was the Changchun railway station . Under the authorization of Emperor Meiji , Japan then established a new semi-privately held company, the South Manchurian Railway Company (a.k.a. Mantetsu ), with a capitalization of 200 million yen to operate the railroad and to develop settlements and industries along its route. The organizing committee

3186-507: Was dissolved by order of the American occupation authorities in occupied Japan . The People's Republic of China government later merged the northern half of the South Manchuria Railway's mainline (the Renkyō Line ) with other railway lines to form the present Beijing–Harbin railway . In conjunction with magazine advertising by Japan Tourist Bureau (JTB), the railway attempted to create

3245-573: Was employed by Mantetsu from 1909 to 1920. In 1945, the Soviet Union invaded and overran Manchukuo , and following Japan's defeat in the Pacific War , Mantetsu itself was dissolved by order of the American occupation authorities in occupied Japan . The railway was operated by the Soviets for a time, and handed over to China Railway after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Fengtian has been called Shenyang since 1945, and

3304-407: Was established in 1906 to operate the railways taken over from the Russians. Subsequently, Mantetsu expanded by building new lines for itself and for Chinese-owned undertakings, and after the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932, it was also entrusted with the management of the Manchukuo National Railway . Between 1917 and 1925, Mantetsu was also responsible for the management of

3363-607: Was expanded rapidly. On 1 April 1925, management of Sentetsu was returned to the Railway Bureau, though Mantetsu retained control of the line along the Korea–Manchuria border from the port of Najin in Korea to Tumen in Manchuria and to Sangsambong in Korea. Mantetsu called this line the North Chosen Line , and it remained under Mantetsu control until 1945. Company assets rose from 163 million yen in 1908 to over

3422-473: Was headed by General Kodama Gentarō , and after his death, by General Terauchi Masatake . Count Gotō Shimpei , formerly the Japanese governor of Taiwan , was appointed the first president of the company, and the headquarters was established in Tokyo before relocated to Dalian in 1907. One of the first tasks of the new company was to change the railway gauge. The rail line was originally built according to

3481-591: Was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the Sanskrit गङ्गा gangā ' Ganges ' (which conveniently includes the character 河 ka 'river') and 沙 sha 'sand', referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. 阿僧祇 asōgi , from Sanskrit असंख्येय asaṃkhyeya 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix 阿 a , and 那由他 nayuta

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