Railways with a railway track gauge of 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) first appeared in the United Kingdom and the United States. This gauge became commonly known as " Russian gauge ", because the government of the Russian Empire chose it in 1843. Former areas and states of the Empire (such as Finland ) have inherited this standard. However in 1970, Soviet Railways re-defined the gauge as 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ).
106-587: Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin Province in China. Lying in the center of the Songliao Plain , Changchun is administered as a sub-provincial city , comprising 7 districts, 1 county and 3 county-level cities. According to the 2020 census of China, Changchun had a total population of 9,066,906 under its jurisdiction. The city's metro area, comprising 5 districts and 1 development area, had
212-565: A Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula ( t 吉林烏拉 , s 吉林乌拉 ) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin ( Wade-Giles ) and later "Jilin" ( Hanyu Pinyin ). In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by the Xianbei , Sushen ,
318-480: A sub-provincial city ) and one autonomous prefecture : These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts , 20 county-level cities , 16 counties , and three autonomous counties ). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin .) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China . At
424-460: A tabula rasa upon which to construct new and sweeping conceptions of the built environment, the Japanese used the city as a practical laboratory to create two distinct and idealized urban milieus, each appropriate to a particular era. From 1906 to 1931, Changchun served as a key railway town through which the Japanese orchestrated an informal empire. Between 1932 and 1945, the city became home to
530-477: A city proper area of 159 km (61 sq mi). The city is situated at a moderate elevation, ranging from 250 to 350 metres (820 to 1,150 ft) within its administrative region. In the eastern portion of the city, there lies a small area of low mountains, with the Laodaodong Mountain, which has an altitude of 711 meters, being the highest. The city is also situated at the crisscross point of
636-634: A committee to recommend technical standards for the building of Russia's first major railway. The team included devotees of Franz Anton von Gerstner , who pushed to continue the Tsarskoye Selo gauge, and engineer Pavel Melnikov and his consultant George Washington Whistler , a prominent American railway engineer. Whistler recommended 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) on the basis that it was cheaper to construct than 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ) and cheaper to maintain than 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ). His advice won over
742-566: A distinct culture, closely tied to Korea . The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean . Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian. The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin , including Hwando Mountain City , Gungnae City , and the pyramidal Tomb of the General , have been listed as part of
848-800: A few out of more than sixty tram systems in Russia are not broad gauge: 1,000 mm in Kaliningrad and Pyatigorsk , 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) in Rostov-on-Don . There are two tram systems in and around Yevpatoria that use 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) gauge. Finland's Helsinki trams and Latvia's Liepāja trams use 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ). Estonia's Tallinn trams use similar 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ). Warsaw's tramway system, constructed with 1525 mm gauge,
954-960: A good example. Changchun expanded rapidly as the junction between of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway and the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway , remaining the break of gauge point between the Russian and standard gauges into the 1930s, On 10 March 1932 the capital of Manchukuo , a Japan-controlled puppet state in Manchuria , was established in Changchun. The city was then renamed Hsinking ( Chinese : 新京 ; pinyin : Xīnjīng ; Wade–Giles : Hsin-ching ; Japanese : Shinkyō ; literally "New Capital") on 13 March. The Emperor Puyi resided in
1060-414: A grandiose new Asian capital. Yet, while the façades in the city and later the capital contrasted markedly, along with the attitudes of the state they upheld, the shifting styles of planning and architecture consistently attempted to represent Japanese rule as progressive, beneficent, and modern. The development of Changchun, in addition to being driven by the railway system, suggested an important period of
1166-523: A new building for the museum's collections was completed in 2016 on the city's outskirts in Nanguan District near Jingyuetan Park. Badabu is a group of buildings of the former eight Manchukuo ministries which are Ministry of Public Safety, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Education, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Civil Affairs that has recently become
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#17327648354161272-542: A population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun , which lies 113 km (70 mi) west of Jilin City . Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs. The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum , talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are
1378-535: A population of 5,019,477 in 2020, as the Shuangyang and Jiutai districts are not urbanized yet. It is one of the biggest cities in Northeast China , along with Shenyang , Dalian and Harbin . The name of the city means "long spring" in Chinese . Between 1932 and 1945, Changchun was renamed Xinjing ( Chinese : 新京 ; pinyin : Xīnjīng ; lit. 'new capital') or Hsinking by
1484-530: A short time during the war. This formed a break of gauge between Changchun and Kuancheng , the station just to the north of Changchun, still in Russian hands, until the rest of the former Chinese Eastern Railway was converted to standard gauge, probably in the 1930s. Unlike in South Manchuria , the Soviet Union's reconquest of southern Sakhalin from Japan did not result in regauging of
1590-551: A shortcut for the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok . The railway's southern branch, from Harbin via Changchun to Lüshun , used Russian gauge. As a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, its southernmost section from Changchun to Lüshun was lost to the Japanese, who promptly regauged it to standard gauge , after using the narrow 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) for
1696-662: A sightseeing highlight because of their unique combined Chinese, Japanese and Manchurian architecture. Jingyuetan National Forest Park is located to the southeast of the city, and is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China . The park hosts Vasaloppet China annually. Changchun achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) of RMB332.9 billion in 2010, representing a rise of 15.3 percent year on year. Primary industry output increased by 3.3 percent to RMB25.27 billion. Secondary industry output experienced an increase of 19.0 percent, reaching RMB171.99 billion, while
1802-559: A small group of Falun Gong practitioners. These events were depicted in the documentary Eternal Spring . Changchun hosted the 2007 Winter Asian Games . Changchun lies in the middle portion of the Northeast China Plain . Its municipality area is located at latitude 43° 05′−45° 15′ N and longitude 124° 18′−127° 02' E. The total area of Changchun municipality is 20,571 km (7,943 sq mi), including metro areas of 2,583 square kilometres (997 sq mi), and
1908-462: A substantial portion of the city's southwest end. Specific brands produced in Changchun include the Red Flag luxury brand, as well as joint ventures with Audi , Volkswagen , and Toyota . In 2012, FAW sold 2.65 million units of auto. The sales revenue of FAW amounted to RMB 408.46 billion, representing a rise of 10.8% on year. As cradle of the auto industry, one of Changchun's better known nicknames
2014-586: A two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China. Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc. Jilin
2120-411: Is Changchun Longjia International Airport ; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport , Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport , Baicheng Chang'an Airport , Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport . Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on
2226-514: Is Russia 's Primorsky Krai today. After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong . By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo , a puppet state set up by Japan . Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today,
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#17327648354162332-401: Is "China's Detroit". Manufacturing of transportation facilities and machinery is also among Changchun's main industries. 50 percent of China's passenger trains , and 10 percent of tractors are produced in Changchun. Changchun Railway Vehicles , one of the main branches of China CNR Corporation , has a joint venture established with Bombardier Transportation to build Movia metro cars for
2438-620: Is 112.72 km (43.52 sq mi), of which 30 km (12 sq mi) has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan. Changchun
2544-451: Is also the location of one of the largest factories where CRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda , they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at -40 degrees Celsius , have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during
2650-607: Is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture . The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng . Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China. Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr , wollastonite , floatstone , and molybdenum . Industry in Jilin
2756-409: Is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy. Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production. Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine . The zone was founded in 1992 and
2862-584: Is heavily concentrated from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in July to 69 percent in February, a typical year will see around 2,597 hours of sunshine, and a frost-free period of 140 to 150 days. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −36.5 °C (−34 °F) to 38.0 °C (100 °F). The sub-provincial city of Changchun has direct jurisdiction over 7 districts , 3 county-level cities and 1 County : According to
2968-620: Is in 5 km (1.93 sq mi) area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km (0.94 sq mi). It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone. There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways. The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these,
3074-537: Is in Jilin city, covering 818 km (316 sq mi) of planned area with 242 km (93 sq mi) established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration of photoelectron and mechanism, electronics , medicine and bioengineering . A mere 14 km (8.7 mi) from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within 3 km (1.9 mi). The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone
3180-687: Is inhabited by Han Chinese , Manchus , Hui , Mongols and Xibe . Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language . Koreans comprise about 4% of
3286-640: Is the second-most common gauge in the world, after 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge . In 1748, the Wylam waggonway was built to a 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge for the shipment of coal from Wylam to Lemington down the River Tyne . In 1839, the Eastern Counties Railway was constructed. In 1840, the Northern and Eastern Railway
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3392-504: The Sixth China Census , the total population of the City of Changchun reached 7.677 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 7.59 million. The birth rate was 6.08 per thousand and the death rate was 5.51 per thousand. The urban area had a population of 3.53 million people. In 2010 the sex ratio of the city population was 102.10 males to 100 females. As in most of Northeastern China
3498-766: The Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom , a World Heritage Site . Paektu Mountain , especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea , are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery. Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain , including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo , are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture . National: Provinces: Autonomous Regions: Municipalities: SARs: Russian gauge With about 225,000 km (140,000 mi) of track, 1,520 mm
3604-537: The Chinese Communist Party in 1948 after the five-month Siege of Changchun , and the communist victory was a turning point which allowed an offensive to capture the remainder of Mainland China . Between 10 and 30 percent of the civilian population starved to death under the siege; estimates range from 150,000 to 330,000. As of 2015 the PRC government avoids all mention of the siege. Renamed Changchun by
3710-679: The Guangzhou Metro and Shanghai Metro , and the Tianjin Metro . Foreign direct investment in the city was US$ 3.68 billion in 2012, up 19.6% year on year. In 2004 Coca-Cola set up a bottling plant in the city's ETDZ with an investment of US$ 20 million. Jilin Jilin is one of the three provinces of Northeast China . Its capital and largest city is Changchun . Jilin borders North Korea ( Rasŏn , North Hamgyong , Ryanggang and Chagang ) and Russia ( Primorsky Krai ) to
3816-493: The Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between
3922-569: The Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 100 to develop plague biological weapons , although the declared purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about diseases originating from animals . During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II the headquarters of Unit 100 ("Wakamatsu Unit") was located in downtown Hsinking, under command of veterinarian Yujiro Wakamatsu . This facility
4028-626: The Kwantung Army as it became the capital of the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo , occupying modern Northeast China . After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Changchun was established as the provincial capital of Jilin in 1954. Known locally as China's "City of Automobiles", Changchun is an important industrial base with a particular focus on the automotive sector. Because of its key role in
4134-826: The Mohe , Jurchens , and the Wùjí ( 勿吉 ). The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area. The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu , Xianbei state , Goguryeo , Balhae , Khitan Liao Dynasty , the Jurchen Jin Dynasty , and the Mongol Yuan dynasty . During the Qing Dynasty , much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to encompass much of what
4240-503: The People's Republic of China government , it became the capital of Jilin in 1954. The Changchun Film Studio is also one of the remaining film studios of the era. Changchun Film Festival has become a unique gala for film industries since 1992. From the 1950s, Changchun was designated to become a center for China's automotive industry . Construction of the First Automobile Works (FAW) began in 1953 and production of
4346-519: The Siberian anticyclone , with a January mean temperature of −14.3 °C (6.3 °F). Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall
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4452-543: The "Jilin CCP Party Chief ". In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$ 167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$ 3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures. Jilin's agricultural production
4558-554: The "Russian" Kuancheng Station to the "Japanese" Changchun Station, and vice versa, tracks on the "gauge adapted by the South Manchuria Railway" (i.e. the standard gauge) would continue from Changchun Station to Kuancheng Station. An epidemic of pneumonic plague occurred in surrounding Manchuria from 1910 to 1911, known as the Manchurian plague . It was the worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague which
4664-567: The 19th century, the garden city movement , and theories of American cities' planning and design in the 1920s. The city development plan included extensive tree planting. By 1934 Hsinking was known as the Forest Capital with Jingyuetan Park built, which is now China's largest Plantation and a AAAA-rated recreational area. In accordance with the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking, the area of publicly shared land (including
4770-762: The Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products. In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ
4876-664: The Imperial Palace (Chinese: 帝宮 ; pinyin: Dì gōng ) which is now the Museum of the Manchu State Imperial Palace . During the Manchukuo period, the region experienced harsh suppression, brutal warfare on the civilian population, forced conscription and labor and other Japanese sponsored government brutalities; at the same time a rapid industrialisation and militarisation took place. Hsinking
4982-542: The Imperial Palace, government offices, roads, parks and athletic grounds) in Hsinking was 47 km (18 sq mi), whilst the area of residential, commercial and industrial developments was planned to be 53 km (20 sq mi). However, Hsinking's population exceeded the prediction of 500,000 by 1940. In 1941, the Capital Construction Bureau modified the original plan, which expanded
5088-587: The Jiaqing Emperor selected a small village on the east bank of the Yitong River and named it "Changchun Ting". At the end of the 18th century peasants from overpopulated provinces such as Shandong and Hebei began to settle in the region. In 1889, the village was promoted into a city known as "Changchun Fu". In May 1898, Changchun got its first railway station, located in Kuancheng , part of
5194-527: The Jiefang CA-10 truck, based on the Soviet ZIS-150 started in 1956. Soviet Union lent assistance during these early years, providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery. In 1958, FAW introduced the famous Hongqi (Red Flag) limousines This series of cars are billed as "the official car for minister-level officials". In 2002, the local television broadcast was hijacked by
5300-820: The Nature Index 2024 Science Cities. The city is home to several major universities , notably Jilin University and Northeast Normal University , members of China's prestigious universities in the Double First-Class Construction . Changchun was initially established on imperial decree as a small trading post and frontier village during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor in the Qing dynasty . Trading activities mainly involved furs and other natural products during this period. In 1800,
5406-471: The Northeast modern architectural culture, reflecting Japanese urban design endeavours and revealing that county's ambition to invade and occupy China. Japanese architecture and culture had been widely applied to Manchukuo to highlight the special status of the Japanese puppet. Urban planning clearly stems from a culture, be it aggressive or creative. Changchun's planning and construction process serves as
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#17327648354165512-459: The SMRAA, which embodied distinctive colonial characteristics. The guiding ideology of the overall design was to build a high standard colonial city with sophisticated facilities, multiple functions and a large scale. Accordingly, nearly ¥7 million on average was allocated on a year-by-year basis for urban planning and construction during the period 1907 to 1931. The comprehensive plan was to ensure
5618-557: The Sakhalin port of Kholmsk . In 2004 and 2008 plans were put forward to convert it to the Russian gauge. The conversion was completed in 2019. There were proposals in 2013 for north-south and east-west lines in Afghanistan, with construction to start in 2013. The Panama Canal Railway , first constructed in ca. 1850, was built in 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge. During canal construction (1904–1914), this same gauge
5724-408: The South Manchuria Railway Affiliated Areas (SMRAA). In order to turn Changchun into the centre for extracting the agricultural and mineral resources of Manchuria, Japan developed a blueprint for Changchun and invested heavily in the construction of the city. At the beginning of 1907, as the prelude to, and preparation for, the invasion and occupation of China, Japan initiated the planning programme of
5830-489: The Soviet Union in 1991, Estonia redefined its track gauge to 1,524 mm , to match Finland's gauge. The redefinition did not mean that all the railways in Estonia were changed immediately. It was more a rule change, so that all renovated old tracks and new railways would be constructed in 1,524 mm gauge from then on. (See Track gauge in Estonia .) Finland allows its gauge to be 1,520–1,529 mm on first class lines (classes 1AA and 1A, speed 220–160 km/h). If
5936-518: The Tsar. At the time, questions of continuity with the European network did not arise. By the time difficulties arose in connecting the Prussian railroads to the Russian ones in Warsaw in the 1850s, it was too late to change. A persistent myth holds that Imperial Russia chose a gauge broader than standard gauge for military reasons, namely to prevent potential invaders from using the rail system. The Russian military recognized as early as 1841 that operations to disrupt railway track did not depend on
6042-420: The bridge over the River Neva was built in 1913. Russian trains could not have run on Finnish tracks, because the Finnish loading gauge was narrower, until the connection was made and the Finnish structure gauge was widened. In the late 1960s the gauge was redefined to 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) in the Soviet Union. At the same time the tolerances were tightened. As
6148-408: The capital of Manchukuo. According to the census in 1934 taken by the police agency, the city's municipal area had 141,712 inhabitants. By 1944 the city's population had risen to 863,607, with 153,614 Japanese settlers . This population made Hsinking the third largest metropolitan city in Manchukuo after Mukden and Harbin, as the metropolitan mainly focused on military and political function. In 1936,
6254-508: The cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi). The main commercial airport
6360-404: The city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and renamed Changchun. The Russians maintained a presence in the city during the Soviet occupation of Manchuria until 1946. National Revolutionary Army forces under Zheng Dongguo occupied the city in 1946, but were unable to hold the countryside against Lin Biao 's People's Liberation Army forces during the Chinese Civil War . The city fell to
6466-468: The comfort required by Japanese employees on Manchurian Railways, build up Changchun into a base for Japanese control of the whole Manchuria in order to provide an effective counterweight to Russia in this area of China. The city's role as a rail hub was underlined in its planning and construction, the main design concepts of which read as follows: under conventional grid pattern terms, two geoplagiotropic boulevards were newly carved eastward and westward from
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#17327648354166572-419: The control of State Council of Manchukuo was established to take complete responsibility of the formulation and the implementation of the plan. Kuniaki Koiso , the Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army , and Yasuji Okamura , the Vice Chief-of-Staff, finalized the plan of a 200 km (77 sq mi) construction area. The Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking was influenced by the renovation plan of Paris in
6678-419: The day. Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%. Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone
6784-418: The domestic automobile industry, Changchun was sometimes referred to as the " Detroit of China." Apart from this industrial aspect, Changchun is also one of four "National Garden Cities" awarded by the Ministry of Construction of P.R. China in 2001 due to its high urban greening rate. Changchun is also one of the top 30 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to
6890-514: The east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China , Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry , has been facing economic difficulties with privatization . This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called " Revitalize the Northeast ". The region contains large deposits of oil shale . The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula ,
6996-481: The end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million. [1] The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed
7102-402: The energy industry. Changchun is the largest automobile manufacturing, research and development centre in China, producing 9 percent of the country's automobiles in 2009. Changchun is home to China's biggest vehicle producer FAW ( First Automotive Works ) Group, which manufactured the first Chinese truck in 1956 and car in 1958. The automaker's factories and associated housing and services occupy
7208-426: The environs of Changchun and Jilin City , and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution , Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia , giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia , though this was later reversed. In recent times Jilin has, with
7314-449: The ethnic makeup of Changchun is predominantly Han nationality (96.57 percent), with several other minority nationalities . The most commonly spoken dialect in Changchun is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is originated from the mix of several languages spoken by immigrants from Hebei and Shandong . Then, after the PRC was established, the rapid economic growth in Changchun attracted a huge number of immigrants from various places, so
7420-767: The extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea ), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur . Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in). Major cities in this province include Changchun , Jilin City , Baishan , Baicheng , Siping , Yanji , Songyuan , Tonghua and Liaoyuan . Jilin consists of nine prefecture-level divisions : eight prefecture-level cities (including
7526-432: The gauge of 5 ft or 1,520 mm, include: Short sections of Russian or 5 ft gauge extend into Poland , eastern Slovakia , Sweden (at the Finnish border at Haparanda ), and northern Afghanistan . There is an approximately 150 km long section in Hungary in the Záhony logistics area close to the Ukrainian border. Following renovations in 2014, a 32 km section of dual Standard /Russian gauge
7632-638: The gauge, and should instead focus on destroying bridges and tunnels . However, in both World Wars the break of gauge did pose some amount of obstacle to the invading Germans. The 5-foot gauge became the standard in the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union. Russian engineers used it on the Chinese Eastern Railway , built in the closing years of the 19th century across the Northeastern China entry to provide
7738-419: The grand square of the new railway station. The two helped form two intersections with the gridded prototypes, which led to two circles of South and West. The two sub-civic centres served as axes on which eight radial roads were blazed that took the shape of a sectoral structure. At that time, the radial circles and the design concept of urban roads were quite advanced and scientific. It activated to great extent
7844-550: The largest in the country. Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains. Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in
7950-599: The locks ( mules ) still use the 5 ft gauge that was laid during canal construction. The first rail line in Finland was opened in January 1862. As Finland was then the Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous state ruled in personal union by Imperial Russia where railways were also built to the (5 ft) broad track gauge of 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ). However the railway systems were not connected until
8056-1336: The maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads, is larger for Russian gauge. This means that if a standard gauge railway, in Europe, is adapted for dual gauge , bridges must be rebuilt, double tracks must be placed further apart and the overhead wire must be raised. Or there must be restrictions on permitted rolling stock, which would restrict the benefit of such a railway. Dual gauge needs more width than single gauge. For double stacking on Russian gauge tracks, maximum height shall be 6.15 or 6.4 m (20 ft 2 in or 21 ft 0 in) above rails. For standard gauge railways, double stacking maximum height shall be 6.15 m (20 ft 2 in). For Indian gauge railways, double stacking maximum height shall be 7.1 m (23 ft 4 in), and minimum overhead wiring height shall be 6.5 or 6.75 m (21 ft 4 in or 22 ft 2 in) above rails. Minimum overhead wiring height for double stacking, standard gauge railways shall be 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in), and Indian gauge railways shall be 7.45 m (24 ft 5 in) above rails, respectively. This would apply to Russia and Europe (or North America), rather than to Russia and China (or Iran). The primary countries currently using
8162-400: The meantime, a comprehensive system of judiciary and military police was established which was totally independent of China. That accounted for the widespread nature of military facilities within the urban construction area of 3.967 km (1.532 sq mi), such as the railway garrison, the gendarmerie and the police department, with its 18 local police stations. Perceiving Changchun as
8268-846: The northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas of Changchun is closer to the Mandarin Chinese than the in rural areas because the immigrants had a great impact on the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas. Changchun has four major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam. There are 396 government-approved places for religious activities and worship services. The temples in Changchun include Changchun Wanshou Temple, Baoguo Prajna Temple, Baiguo Xinglong Temple, Pumen Temple, Big Buddha Temple, Changchun Temple, Changchun Catholic Church , Changchun West Wuma Road Christian Church , and Changchun City Mosque. Shamanism had been circulated in Northeast China during ancient times and
8374-615: The population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula . The majority of the province speaks Mandarin . Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge . Among its music , Jiju, or Jilin Opera , is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history. The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have
8480-459: The railway from Harbin to Lüshun (the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway ), constructed by the Russian Empire . After Russia's loss of the southernmost section of this branch as a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Kuancheng station (Kuanchengtze, in contemporary spelling) became the last Russian station on this branch. The next station just a short distance to
8586-533: The railway system. Southern Sakhalin has continued with the original Japanese 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) gauge simultaneously with the Russian gauge railway, constructed in the northern part of the island in 1930-1932 (Moskalvo-Okha). The railway has no fixed connection with the mainland. Before 2019, rail cars coming from the mainland port of Vanino on the Vanino-Kholmsk train ferry , operating since 1973, had to have their bogies changed in
8692-407: The rest of heavy industry -based Northeast China , been facing economic difficulties with privatization . This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called " Revitalize the Northeast ". Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km (73,000 sq mi) and
8798-462: The rolling stock's tolerance is kept within certain limits, through running between 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) railways and Finnish 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ) railways is allowed. Since both 1,520 and 1,524 mm tolerances overlap, the difference is negligible. The international high-speed Allegro 's gauge between Helsinki and St. Petersburg was specified as 1,522 mm. The loading gauge , which defines
8904-498: The running gear ( wheelsets ) of the rolling stock remained unaltered, the result was an increased speed and stability. The conversion took place between 1970 and the beginning of the 1990s. In Finland, the Finnish State Railways kept the original definition of 1,524 mm ( 5 ft ), even though they also have tightened the tolerances in a similar way, but to a higher level. After its independence from
9010-645: The second railway in the Russian Empire , the Warsaw–Vienna railway in Congress Poland . It was a 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge , with the express intention of allowing through-freight trains into Austria-Hungary . The modern Russian railway network solidified around the Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway , built in 1842. There, the Tsar established
9116-488: The serious urban landscapes as well as clearly identifying the traditional gridded pattern. With the new Changchun railway station as its centre, the urban plan divided the SMRAA into various specified areas: residential quarters 15%, commerce 33%, grain depot 19%, factories 12%, public entertainment 9%, and administrative organs (including a Japanese garrison) 12%. Each block provided the railway station with supporting and systematic services dependent on its own functions. In
9222-515: The south—the new "Japanese" Changchun station—became the first station of the South Manchuria Railway , which now owned all the tracks running farther south, to Lüshun , which they re-gauged to the standard gauge (after a short period of using the narrow Japanese 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge during the war). A special Russo-Japanese agreement of 1907 provided that Russian gauge tracks would continue from
9328-619: The strategic importance of Changchun's location with respect to Japan, China and Russia, the Japanese Government sent a group of planners and engineers to Changchun to determine the best site for a new railway station. Without the consent of the Chinese Government, Japan purchased or seized from local farmers the land on which the Changchun Railway Station was to be constructed as the centre of
9434-664: The tertiary industry output increased 12.6 percent to RMB135.64 billion. The GDP per capita of Changchun was ¥ 58,691 in 2012, which equates to $ 9338. The GDP of Changchun in 2012 was RMB445.66 billion and increased 12.0 percent compared with 2011. The primary industry grew 4.3 percent to RMB31.71 billion. Secondary industry increased by RMB229.19 billion, which is a rise of 13.1 percent year on year. Tertiary industry of Changchun in 2012 grew 11.8 percent and increased by RMB184.76 billion. The city's leading industries are production of automobiles, agricultural product processing, biopharmaceuticals, photo electronics, construction materials, and
9540-401: The third east–westward "Europe-Asia Continental Bridge". Changchun prefecture is dotted with 222 rivers and lakes. The Yitong River, a small tributary of the Songhua River, runs through the city proper. Changchun has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of
9646-487: The urban area to 160 km (62 sq mi). The new plan also focused on the construction of satellite towns around the city with a planning of 200 m (2,200 sq ft) land per capita. Because the effects of war, the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking remained unfinished. By 1944, the built up urban area of Hsinking reached 80 km (31 sq mi), while the area used for greening reached 70.7 km (27.3 sq mi). As Hsinking's city orientation
9752-504: Was a 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ) gauge, 17 km long experimental line connecting Saint Petersburg with Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovsk . The choice of gauge was influenced by Brunel 's Great Western Railway which used 7 ft ( 2,134 mm ). The Tsarskoye Selo railway's success proved that a larger gauge could be viable for railways isolated from the extant 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge Western European network. In 1840, work started on
9858-684: Was a major disadvantage to the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War . In 1886, when around 11,500 miles (18,500 km) of 5 ft gauge track existed in the United States, almost all of the railroads using that gauge were converted to 4 ft 9 in ( 1,448 mm ), the gauge then used by the Pennsylvania Railroad . In 1837, the first railway built in Russia
9964-684: Was a well-planned city with broad avenues and modern public works. The city underwent rapid expansion in both its economy and infrastructure. Many of buildings built during the Japanese colonial era still stand today, including those of the Eight Major Bureaus of Manchukuo (Chinese: 八大部 ; pinyin: Bādà bù ) as well as the Headquarters of the Japanese Kwantung Army . Hsinking was the only Direct-controlled municipality ( 特别市 ) in Manchukuo after Harbin
10070-597: Was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, the Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries. The Hunchun Export Processing Zone
10176-482: Was believed by many Manchus. Now the shamanism and the study of it have become an important cultural heritage of the region. Jilin Provincial Museum , a national first-grade museum , is located in Changchun. The museum was moved to Changchun from Jilin City after the transfer of the provincial government seat. It was originally located in the centre of the old town, but, after nine years of construction,
10282-696: Was built. In 1844, both lines were converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge . In 1903, the East Hill Cliff Railway , a funicular , was opened. In 1827, Horatio Allen , the chief engineer of the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company , prescribed the usage of 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge. Many other railroads in the Southern United States adopted this gauge. The presence of several distinct gauges
10388-467: Was chosen for both construction traffic, canal operating services along the quays, and the newly routed commercial cross-isthmus railway. In 2000 the gauge for the commercial parallel railway was changed to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) to use standard gauge equipment. The original gauge was chosen under the influence of the pre-conversion southern United States railway companies. The electric manoeuvering locomotives along
10494-594: Was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of 28 km (11 sq mi). It is 90 km (56 mi) from Changchun, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Jilin Airport, and 8 km (5.0 mi)from Jilin Railway Station. Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts:
10600-473: Was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Binjiang Province . In March 1932, the Inspection Division of South Manchuria Railway started to draw up the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking (simplified Chinese: 大新京都市计画 ; traditional Chinese: 大新京都市計畫 ; pinyin: Dà xīn jīngdū shì jìhuà ). The Bureau of capital construction ( 国都建设局 ; 國都建設局 ; Guódū jiànshè jú ) which was directly under
10706-1101: Was installed between Tumangang and Rajin stations in North Korea. The most western 1,520 mm gauge railway is the Polish LHS ( Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa ) from the Ukrainian border to the eastern end of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region . Although broad gauge is quite rare on lighter railways and street tramways worldwide, almost all tramways in the former USSR are broad gauge (according to terminology in use in these countries, gauges narrower than 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) are considered to be narrow). Many tramway networks initially built to narrow gauges ( 750 mm or 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in or 1,000 mm or 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in metre gauge ) were converted to broad gauge. As of 2015, only
10812-444: Was involved in research of animal vaccines to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against Soviet and Chinese horses and other livestock . In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction. On 20 August 1945
10918-659: Was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm . The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union . Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War . In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only
11024-548: Was regauged to 1435 mm during post-WWII reconstruction. Tampere tramway , built in 2021, uses 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ). Underground urban rapid transit systems in the former USSR, like the Moscow Metro , Saint Petersburg Metro , Kyiv Metro and Yerevan Metro use Russian gauge ( 1,520 mm ). Outside the former USSR, the Helsinki Metro in Finland that utilizes
11130-654: Was spread through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of Manzhouli . This turned out to be the beginning of the large pneumonic plague pandemic of Manchuria and Mongolia which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and saw the transfer and assignment to the Empire of Japan in 1906 the railway between Changchun and Port Arthur, and all its branches. Having realized
11236-506: Was the administrative center and military commanding center, land for military use exceeded the originally planned figure of 9 percent, while only light manufacturing including packing industry, cigarette industry and paper-making had been developed during this period. Japanese force also controlled Hsinking's police system, instead of Manchukuo government. Major officers of Hsinking police were all ethnic Japanese. The population of Hsinking also experienced rapid growth after being established as
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