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54-603: Dragutin Dimitrijević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драгутин Димитријевић ; 17 August 1876 – 24 June 1917), better known by his nickname Apis (Апис), was a Serbian army officer and chief of the military intelligence section of the Royal Serbian Army general staff in 1913. He is best known as the main leader of the Black Hand , a paramilitary secret society devoted to South Slav irredentism that organised

108-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

162-567: A Central Committee in Belgrade, whose ten-member executive committee was primarily led by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis". To ensure secrecy, members rarely knew much more than the other members of their own cell and one superior above them. New members swore the oath: I (...), by entering into the society, do hereby swear by the Sun which shineth upon me, by the Earth which feedeth me, by God, by

216-584: A bitter power struggle over several issues, such as who would control territories that Serbia had annexed during the Balkan Wars . By then, disagreeing with the Black Hand was dangerous, as political murder was one of its tools. In 1914, Apis allegedly decided that Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir-apparent of Austria, should be assassinated, as he was trying to pacify the Serbians, which would prevent

270-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

324-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

378-551: A group of lower officers headed by captain Dragutin Dimitrijević "Apis" established a conspiracy group (called the Black Hand in literature), against the dynasty. The first meeting was held on 6 September 1901. In attendance were captains Radomir Aranđelović , Milan F. Petrović , and Dragutin Dimitrijević , as well as lieutenants Antonije Antić , Dragutin Dulić , Milan Marinković, and Nikodije Popović . They made

432-678: A plan to kill the royal couple— King Alexander I Obrenović and Queen Draga . On the night of 28/29 May 1903 ( Old Style ), Captain Apis personally led a group of Army officers who murdered the royal couple at the Old Palace in Belgrade . Along with the royal couple, the conspirators killed Prime Minister Dimitrije Cincar-Marković , Minister of the Army Milovan Pavlović , and General-Adjutant Lazar Petrović . This became known as

486-563: A revolution if he was successful. Towards that end, three young Bosnian Serbs were allegedly recruited to kill the Archduke. They were certainly trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship by current and former members of the Serbian military. Gavrilo Princip , Nedeljko Čabrinović , and Trifko Grabež were smuggled across the border back into Bosnia by a chain of contacts similar to the Underground Railroad . The decision to kill

540-652: A serious threat to the secret peace negotiations taking place with Vienna during the Sixtus Affair , filed charges of high treason against the leadership of Unification or Death . Dimitrijević was tried in Thessaloniki before a Serbian Army court martial arraigned by his opponents within the Serbian government. He was found guilty of conspiring to assassinate both the Archduke and Prince Regent Alexander Karađorđević and executed by firing squad, along with two senior associates on 26 June 1917. Dragutin Dimitrijević

594-651: A threat to Serbia's chances of regaining its independence. The Prince Regent and the Prime Minister both set out to get rid of him and the most prominent leaders, even though the Black Hand had officially disbanded. Dimitrijević and several of his military colleagues were arrested in December 1916 and court-martialed for both the murder of the Archduke and the attempted assassination of Prince Regent Alexander I of Yugoslavia in September 1916. On 23 May 1917, during

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648-558: Is as follows: Black Hand (Serbia) Unification or Death ( Serbian : Ujedinjenje ili smrt , Serbian Cyrillic : Уједињење или смрт ), popularly known as the Black Hand (Serbian: Crna ruka , Serbian Cyrillic : Црна рука ), was a secret military society formed in May 1911 by officers in the Army of the Kingdom of Serbia . It gained a reputation for its alleged involvement in

702-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

756-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

810-678: The Salonika Trial , Dimitrijević and three of his fellow defendants, Ljuba Vulović , Rade Malobabić , and Muhamed Mehmedbašić , confessed their roles in the assassination of the Archduke. Col. Dimitrijević was accordingly found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. In justifying the use of the death penalty , Prime Minister Pašić wrote to his envoy in London: "...Dimitrijević (Apis) besides everything else admitted he had ordered Franz Ferdinand to be killed. And now who could reprieve them?" A month later, on 24 June 1917, Dimitrijević

864-572: The 1903 overthrow of the Serbian government and assassination of King Alexander I of Serbia and Queen Draga . Many scholars believe that he also sanctioned and helped organize the conspiracy behind the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28 June 1914. This led directly to the July Crisis and the outbreak of World War I . In 1916, the government in exile of Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić , who considered Dimitrijević's refusal to compromise on South Slave irredentism to represent

918-626: The Belgrade Military Academy as a cadet in 1892. Dimitrijević finished the academy's lower school as sixth in his class in 1896. Two years later, he enrolled in the higher school. A brilliant student, upon graduation, he was assigned to the General staff of the Serbian Army , an indication that his superiors held him in high regard. In 1901, Dimitrijević participated in the organisation of the first failed attempt to murder

972-744: The May Coup . On 8 October 1908, just two days after Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina , Serbian ministers, officials, and generals held a meeting at the City Hall in Belgrade. They founded a semi-secret society, the Narodna Odbrana ("National Defense") which gave Pan-Serbism a focus and an organization. The purpose of the group was to liberate Serbs under the Austro-Hungarian occupation . They also shared anti-Austrian propaganda and organized spies and saboteurs to operate within

1026-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

1080-489: The Slavophiles " within the last Tsar's government. After various commands and staff positions he taught tactics at the Belgrade Military Academy . Around 1906 Dimitrijević visited Russia and Germany , where he learned the language and studied the latest military programs. In 1911 he helped founding Ujedinjenje ili Smrt ( Unification or Death ), commonly known as the Black Hand, a conspiratorial network supporting

1134-507: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 and for the earlier assassination of the Serbian royal couple in 1903 , under the aegis of Captain Dragutin Dimitrijević ( a.k.a. "Apis"). The society formed to unite all of the territories with a South Slavic majority that were not then ruled by either Serbia or Montenegro . It took inspiration primarily from the unification of Italy in 1859–1870, but also from

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1188-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

1242-545: The unification of Germany in 1871. Through its connections to the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , carried out by the members of the youth movement Young Bosnia , the Black Hand was instrumental in starting World War I (1914–1918) by precipitating the July Crisis of 1914 , which eventually led to Austria-Hungary 's invasion of the Kingdom of Serbia in August 1914. In August 1901,

1296-503: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

1350-523: The Archduke was initiated by Apis and not sanctioned by the full Executive Committee (if Apis was involved at all, a question that remains in dispute ). The Black Hand was outlawed in Serbia in 1917, although its ideas continued to be influential after World War One and Two. An organization known as the White Hand was created and inspired by it. In 1938, Konspiracija , a conspiracy group to overthrow

1404-622: The Colonel's involvement. On 23 July 1914, the Austro-Hungarian government sent its July Ultimatum to the Serbian government with a list of ten demands. In his response on 25 July 1914, Pašić accepted all the points of the ultimatum except the sixth, which demanded that Serbia allow an Austrian delegation to participate in a criminal investigation against those participants in the conspiracy that were in Serbia. Three days later, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. In 1916, Dimitrijević

1458-513: The Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in

1512-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

1566-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

1620-724: The aspirations of Pan-Serbs as a significant threat to the Hapsburg Empire. During the Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913, Dimitrijević took no part in the fighting. Dimitrijević had his men disguise as Albanians and commit political murders. In 1913 Dimitrijević was appointed chief of general staff intelligence in the Serbian army. In 1911, Dimitrijević had organised an attempt to assassinate the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef . In early 1914 after finding out that three young Bosnian Serb students, led by nineteen year old Gavrilo Princip , were plotting to assassinate

1674-454: The blood of my forefathers, by my honour and by my life, that from this moment onward and until my death, I shall faithfully serve the task of this organisation and that I shall at all times be prepared to bear for it any sacrifice. I further swear by God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall unconditionally carry into effect all its orders and commands. I further swear by my God, by my honour and by my life, that I shall keep within myself all

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1728-516: The constitution of the organization, modeled after similar German secret nationalist associations and the Italian Carbonari . The organization was mentioned in the Serbian parliament as the "Black Hand" in late 1911. By 1911–12, Narodna Odbrana had established ties with the Black Hand, and the two became "parallel in action and overlapping in membership". The organization used the magazine Pijemont (the Serbian name for Piedmont ,

1782-555: The country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

1836-615: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

1890-560: The fatherland". In his memoirs, former Imperial Russian Foreign Office official Dmitri Abrikosov traced the inception of the Russo-Serbian military alliance that helped cause the First World War to the immediate aftermath of the 1903 palace coup and regicide. The new anti-Habsburg government of Serbia, as had been desired by Dimitrijević, dispatched a very clever diplomat to St Petersburg , where he successfully "wooed

1944-469: The formation of a Greater Serbia state. Dimitrijević, who used the code name Apis , became the leader of the Black Hand. Dimitrijević's main objective was the liberation and unification of all Serb populated regions under Ottoman or Austro-Hungarian rule, this became more urgent after the monarchy annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 provoking the Bosnian Crisis . Austrian officials regarded

1998-506: The heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire , during his upcoming visit to Sarajevo, the Black Hand provided the conspirators with weapons and training in Belgrade . The support came from railways employee Milan Ciganović, a member of the Black Hand, with the presumed approval of Dimitrijević. According to historian Christopher Clark , it is possible that Ciganović had been informing Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić about

2052-546: The kingdom that led the unification of Italy under the House of Savoy ) for the dissemination of their ideas. The magazine was founded by Ljuba Čupa in August 1911. By 1914, the group had hundreds of members, many of them Serbian Army officers. The goal of uniting Serb-inhabited territories was implemented by training guerilla fighters and saboteurs. The Black Hand was organized at the grassroots level in cells of three to five members, supervised by district committees and by

2106-492: The occupied provinces. Satellite groups were formed in Slovenia , Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Istria . The Bosnian group became deeply associated with local groups of pan-Serb activists such as Mlada Bosna (" Young Bosnia "). Unification or Death was established at the beginning of May 1911, and the original constitution of the organization was signed on 9 May. Ljuba Čupa , Bogdan Radenković , and Vojislav Tankosić wrote

2160-509: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

2214-544: The pistols and bombs used in the assassination were supplied to fellow Black Hand member Gavrilo Princip by Dimitrijević in Belgrade and then smuggled across the border, along with cyanide capsules for the conspirators to use to commit suicide in the event of capture. The failure of these cyanide capsules to work properly allowed the conspirators, who had received absolutely no training in how to withstand interrogation, to be easily tricked by Austrian police detectives and investigative magistrates into confessing and revealing

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2268-736: The plot, but this speculation rests on indirect evidence. It is however believed that, after being warned of the presence of Bosnian terrorists, Pašić gave instructions for the arrest of young Bosnians who attempted to cross back into Bosnia. However, his orders were not implemented, and the three men arrived in what was then known as the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , where they joined forces with fellow conspirators recruited by Princip's former roommate Danilo Ilić , Veljko and Vaso Čubrilović , Muhamed Mehmedbašić , Cvjetko Popović and Miško Jovanović . On 28 June 1914 Princip mortally wounded Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg . Surviving conspirator Vaso Čubrilović stated that

2322-408: The previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted

2376-486: The secrets of this organisation and carry them with me into my grave. May God and my brothers in this organisation be my judges if at any time I should wittingly fail or break this oath. The Black Hand took over the terrorist actions of Narodna Odbrana and deliberately worked to obscure any distinctions between the two groups, trading on the prestige and network of the older organization. Black Hand members held important army and government positions. Crown Prince Alexander

2430-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

2484-545: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

2538-516: The unpopular and pro- detente with Austria-Hungary King Alexander . On 11 June 1903 the plotters succeeded when Dimitrijević and a group of junior officers stormed the royal palace and killed King Alexander, his wife, Queen Draga and three others. During the attack, Dimitrijević was shot three times, and the bullets were never removed from his body. Following the regicide, the Serbian Parliament described Dimitrijević as "the saviour of

2592-459: Was an enthusiastic financial supporter. The group held influence over government appointments and policies. The Serbian government was fairly well-informed of Black Hand activities. Friendly relations had fairly well cooled by 1914. The Black Hand was displeased with Prime Minister Nikola Pašić and thought that he did not act aggressively enough for the Pan-Serb cause. The Black Hand engaged in

2646-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

2700-586: Was born in Belgrade , Principality of Serbia , on 19 August 1876 to an Aromanian family. His father and two brothers were often away working as tinsmiths and he grew up with his two older sisters in Niš . At the age of nine, his father died. After Dimitrijević's oldest sister married, the family moved back to Belgrade where, at the age of 16, Dimitrijević attended the Lyceum of the Principality of Serbia followed

2754-565: Was executed by Royal Serbian Army firing squad . His last words were, "Long live Yugoslavia!" In 1953, Dimitrijević and his codefendants were all posthumously retried by the Supreme Court of Serbia and found not guilty because there was no proof of their alleged participation in an assassination plot against the Prince Regent. Notes Bibliography Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on

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2808-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

2862-414: Was promoted to colonel shortly before his arrest on charge of high treason. While engaged in secret peace negotiations with Emperor Charles I of Austria-Hungary during the Sixtus Affair that hinged upon showing that he was committed to preventing post-war outbreaks of state terrorism in the name of Yugoslavism or creating a Greater Serbia , Pašić decided that Col. Apis represented far too serious of

2916-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

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