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33-823: Dęblin was first mentioned as a village in historical documents dating from 1397. At that time, it was ruled by Castellans from Sieciechów . It was a private village of Polish nobility , including the Mniszech family , administratively located in the Stężyca County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. It was annexed by Austria in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. Following

66-575: A castle. The problem lay in exerting control and authority in each area when a leader could only be in one place at a time. To overcome this, they appointed castellans as their trusted vassals to manage a castle in exchange for obligations to the landlord, often a noble. In the 9th century, as fortifications improved and kings had difficulty making their subordinates pay their taxes or send the military aid they demanded, castellans grew in power, holding their fiefdoms without much concern for their overlord's demands. This changed as kings grew in power and as

99-668: A district of Dęblin, was a separate settlement in the Second Polish Republic . It is located along rail line from Dęblin to Ryki , among pine forests. Stawy has a population of 500. In January 1921, construction of Ammunition Plant began in local forests. The name of the plan was soon changed into Main Ammunition Depot Nr. 2. At that time, the location of the depot was not named, it was simply called "Forest Barracks". On July 1, 1924, Minister of Military Affairs, General Władysław Sikorski officially changed

132-484: A free noble or a ministerialis , but either way, he administered the castle as a vassal . A ministerialis , was wholly subordinate to a lord and was under his control. Ministeriales replaced free nobles as castellans of Hohensalzburg under Conrad I of Abensberg ’s tenure as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1106 to 1147, beginning with Henry of Seekirchen in the 1130s. In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary

165-625: A prominent role in the suppression of the November Uprising. From then on until the end of Russian rule in this part of Poland (1915) Dęblin was often referred to by its new Russian name of Ivangorod . In the years after the November Uprising the military significance of the Dęblin site, at the confluence of two important rivers (the Vistula and the Wieprz ), was noted. In the years 1838–1845

198-582: The Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw . After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland . The settlement was still owned by Polish nobility until 1836 when it was taken over by the Russian government following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising . In 1840 the village was handed to Russian field marshal Ivan Paskievich , who played

231-569: The French Revolution . During the 19th and 20th centuries, châtelain was used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin to the English squire . In Germany the castellan was known as a Burgmann , or sometimes Hauptmann ("captain"), who reported to the lord of the castle, or Burgherr , also often known as the burgrave ( Burggraf ). The burgmann may have been either

264-471: The Holy Roman Emperors replaced recalcitrant vassals with rival ministerial appointments. Usually the duties of a castellan consisted of military responsibility for the castle's garrison , maintaining defences and protecting the castle's lands, combined with the legal administration of local lands and workers including the castle's domestic staff. The responsibility applied even where there

297-701: The Lodz Voivodeship , and Wojnicz now in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Otmuchów in Silesia . In France, castellans (known in French as châtelains ) who governed castellanies without a resident count , acquired considerable powers such that the position became hereditary. By the tenth century, the fragmentation of power had become so widespread that in Mâcon , for instance, where

330-766: The Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Anselm was the first such castellan, c. 1110. A castellan was established in Valletta on the island of Malta. In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , castellans ( Polish : Kasztelan ) were the lowest rung of the territorial administration of the country and deferred to voivodes (with the exception of the Burgrave of Kraków (Polish Burgrabia krakowski ) who had precedence over

363-616: The Voivode of Kraków ). Castellans were in charge of a subdivision of a voivodeship called the castellany (Polish Kasztelania ) until the 15th-century. From then on castellanies, depending on their size, either became provinces , or in the case of smaller domains were replaced by powiats and the castellan role became honorific and was replaced in situ by a Starosta . Castellans in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senatorial rank and were often appointed from

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396-1178: The German invasion of Poland that began World War II. Following the Battle of France , French , Dutch, Belgian and Senegalese POWs were brought to the camp. It was located in the Dęblin Fortress . In April 1941, the Stalag 307 camp was established in Moosburg , then relocated to Kaliłów in May 1941, and finally to Dęblin in October 1941. While still in Kaliłów, abysmal living conditions and feeding rations caused widespread malnutrition and diseases, and there were also mass executions of POWs, including those attempting to escape. Some 13,000 POWs died there. In Dęblin, Stalag 307 housed French, Soviet and Italian prisoners. Overcrowding, poor food rations and sanitary conditions caused starvation and epidemics, resulting in

429-522: The Holocaust . Dęblin was a location of a German prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, French , Dutch, Belgian, Senegalese , Soviet and Italian POWs, designated at various times as Stalag 307 and Oflag 77. Dęblin was seized by the Red Army on July 25–26, 1944, and was eventually restored to Poland. In the postwar years Dęblin was rebuilt and expanded. It received its town charter in 1954. Stawy, now

462-614: The Ivangorod fortress was constructed, sited to protect a crossing across the Vistula. After 1859 the fortress was further expanded. In the early 1880s a railway line connecting Lublin with Silesia was built, with a bridge over the Vistula passing near the fortress, further enhancing its importance. In 1854 the core of the present-day town, at its founding named the Irena Colony , was established. It kept its name until 1953 when it

495-497: The castellan of Uxelles annexed first Briançon , then Sennecey-le-Grand and finally l'Épervière. In other areas, castellans did not manage to rise to noble status and remained the local officer of a noble. During the Ancien Régime , castellans were heads of local royal administration, and their power was further delegated to their lieutenants. All remaining lordships and local royal administrators were suppressed during

528-522: The castellan was called "várnagy", and in the Latin chronicles he appeared as "castellanus". The lord of the castle had very similar functions to those in German lands. In Hungary the King initially designated castellans from among his court for the administration of castles and estates. Later designation of castellans devolved to the most powerful noblemen. At one time there was a castellan nominated from among

561-567: The castellanies of Ivry-la-Bataille , Nonancourt , Pacy-sur-Eure , Vernon and Gaillon , all in Normandy, which under in the treaty of Issoudun of 1195, after a war with King Richard I of England , were acquired for the French crown by Philip Augustus . Examples of castellanies in Poland include: Łęczyca and Sieradz (both duchies at one time), Spycimierz , Rozprza , Wolbórz now in

594-478: The castellany was the basic unit of governance, there was no effective administrative level above it, so that the counts of Mâcon were largely ignored by their subordinate castellans from about 980 to 1030. In the 12th century châtelains had become "lords" in their own right and were able to expand their territories to include weaker castellanies. Thus the castellan of Beaujeu was able to take over lands in Lyons , or

627-658: The death of her husband John de Bonvillars in 1287. The title of "governor" is retained in the English prison system , as a remnant of the medieval idea of the castellan as head of the local prison. During the Migration Period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (third to sixth century), foreign tribes entered Western Europe, causing strife. The answer to recurrent invasion was to create fortified areas which evolved into castles . Some military leaders gained control of several areas, each with

660-530: The death penalty, as when, in 1111, the Salzburg castellan caught the minister fomenting armed rebellion and had the offender blinded, "as one would a serf". Later the castellan came to serve as the representative of the people of his castellany. So happened in the case of the castellan of Bruges , when the burghers stood up for more privileges and liberties from the counts of Flanders . A particular responsibility in western Europe concerned jurisdiction over

693-652: The delegate became known as the alcaide pequeno (little alcaide ) or the alcaide-menor (minor alcaide). Stalag 307 Stalag 307 and Oflag 77 was a German prisoner-of-war camp operated during World War II in Dęblin in German-occupied Poland . The first POW camp was established in Dęblin by the German occupiers in 1939 for Polish troops of the Independent Operational Group Polesie taken prisoner during

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726-536: The depot was blown up by order of General Stefan Dąb-Biernacki , commander of the Polish Northern Front (1939) . The operation was carried out by soldiers of the 39th Infantry Division (General Bruno Olbrycht ). Nevertheless, Kleeberg and his soldiers failed to capture Stawy, as they capitulated in early October 1939, after the Battle of Kock (1939) . The flag of Dęblin consists of three stripes: upper silver (white), middle gold, and lower blue, with

759-529: The fortress were further improved, and it became even more important as an anchor of the Russian position on the Vistula. However, reverses elsewhere along the front forced the Russians to abandon Ivangorod in August 1915. In 1920, the Dęblin area was the starting point for a Polish offensive that decided the fate of the Battle of Warsaw and the entire Polish–Soviet War . Polish leader Józef Piłsudski stayed in

792-481: The name Forest Barracks into Stawy. The depot at Stawy was one of the largest such facilities in the interbellum Poland. During the Invasion of Poland , it provided ammunition to the fighting troops. In late September 1939, General Franciszek Kleeberg , commander of Independent Operational Group Polesie ordered his soldiers to march to Stawy, and capture the depot. Kleeberg however did not know that in mid-September

825-500: The nobility, but not exclusively so. In Portugal, a castellan was known as an Alcaide . Later, the role of the alcaide became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles. As the honorary holder of the office of alcaide did not often live near the castle, a delegate started to be appointed to effectively govern it in his place. An honorary holder of the office became known as alcaide-mor (major alcaide ) and

858-599: The resident Jewish communities bordering the English Channel . The Constable of the Tower of London and those castellans subordinate to the dukes of Normandy were responsible for their administration. Vivian Lipman posits four reasons for this: the castles provided defence, they were centres of administration, their dungeons were used as prisons, and castellans could turn to the Jewish community to borrow money as usury

891-541: The silver and blue zones occupying two fifths each and gold one-fifth of the flag height. Dęblin is home to a football club Czarni Dęblin  [ pl ] . It competes in the lower leagues. In the Chicago suburb of Oak Lawn, Illinois , which has a high concentration of Polish Americans , one of the streets bears the name of Dęblin Lane. Castellan Philosophers Works A castellan , or constable ,

924-574: The town on August 12–13, 1920, shortly before the Battle of Warsaw. In the years 1918–1939, as part of independent Poland, Dęblin continued to have large military significance. The Dęblin fortress was garrisoned by the 15th Wolves Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army , and in the nearby village of Stawy one of the largest ammunition depots of the Polish Army ( Główna Składnica Uzbrojenia nr. 2 )

957-550: Was forbidden to Catholics. A castellany , or castellania, is a term denoting a district administered by a castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of county subdivision. The word is derived from castle and literally means the extent of land and jurisdiction attached to a given castle. There are equivalent, often cognate, terms in other languages. Examples of French châtelainies include

990-529: Was incorporated into the town of Dęblin. During the January Uprising , on September 26, 1863, it was the site of a skirmish between Polish insurgents and Russian troops. The fortress played a role in World War I . In October, 1914 a significant battle was fought in its vicinity, in which the Russian armies repelled a combined German and Austro-Hungarian offensive. After that battle the defences of

1023-577: Was located. In 1927 the famous Polish Air Force academy was officially moved to Dęblin, after its founding in Grudziądz in 1925 (some pilot training has been conducted here since 1920). It continues to function today. During the invasion of Poland , which started World War II , Dęblin was captured by the Wehrmacht on September 15, 1939. Under the German occupation , its Jewish population perished during

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1056-425: Was no resident castellan at the castle, or if he was frequently absent. A castellan could exercise the power of the "ban" – that is, to hear court cases and collect fines, taxes from residents, and muster local men for the defence of the area or the realm. There are similarities with a lord of the manor . Castellans had the power to administer all local justice, including sentencing and punishments up to and including

1089-415: Was the governor of a castle in medieval Europe . Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. The word stems from castellanus . A castellan was almost always male, but could occasionally be female, as when, in 1194, Beatrice of Bourbourg inherited her father's castellany of Bourbourg upon the death of her brother, Roger. Similarly, Agnes became the castellan of Harlech Castle upon

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