93-478: The House of Mniszech (plural: Mniszchowie , historical feminine forms : Mniszchówna (unmarried), Mniszchowa (married or widow)) was a Polish magnate and noble family bearing the Mniszech Coat of Arms . This biography of a Polish noble is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Polish surname#Feminine forms Polish names have two main elements: the given name , and
186-429: A double-barrelled name ( nazwisko złożone ). However, if she already has a double-barrelled name, she must leave one of the parts out—it is illegal to use a triple- or more-barrelled name. An exception is when one of the surnames is composed of a surname proper plus agnomen ( przydomek ), e.g., Maria Gąsienica Daniel-Szatkowska , where " Gąsienica Daniel" is her husband's surname. It is also possible, though rare, for
279-488: A nickname ( pseudonim, ksywa ) or instead of a given name. In 2009, the most popular female names in Poland were Anna, Maria and Katarzyna (Katherine). The most popular male names were Piotr (Peter), Krzysztof (Christopher) and Andrzej (Andrew). Surnames, like those in most of Europe, are hereditary and generally patrilineal , being passed from the father to his children. A Polish marriage certificate lists three fields,
372-465: A profession of faith by an already baptized person. Confirmation is required by Lutherans, Anglicans and other traditional Protestant denominations for full membership in the respective church. In Catholic theology, by contrast, it is the sacrament of baptism that confers membership, while "reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace ". The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation,
465-480: A child reaches the age of reason or early adolescence, or in the case of adult baptism immediately afterwards in the same ceremony. Among those Christians who practise teenage confirmation, the practice may be perceived, secondarily, as a coming of age rite . In many Protestant denominations, such as the Anglican , Lutheran , Methodist and Reformed traditions, confirmation is a rite that often includes
558-544: A few names of Lithuanian origin, such as Olgierd ( Algirdas ), Witold ( Vytautas ) or Danuta , are quite popular in Poland. Traditionally, the names are given at a child's baptism . Non-Christian, but traditional, Slavic names are usually accepted, but the priest may encourage parents to pick at least one Christian name. In the past, two Christian names were given to a child so that they had two patron saints instead of just one. At confirmation , people usually adopt yet another (second or third) Christian name, however, it
651-525: A great number of popular names have been in use since the Middle Ages . Diminutives are popular in everyday usage and are by no means reserved for children. The Polish language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. Most diminutives are formed by adding a suffix. For male names it may be -ek or the more affectionate -uś ; for female names it may be -ka , or -nia / -dzia / -sia / cia respectively. For example, Maria (a name which
744-450: A hyphen: Jan Jelita-Zamoyski . Other examples: Braniecki, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, Zebrzydowski , etc. (prior to the 17th century, was a cognomen ) Gradually the use of family names spread to other social groups: the townsfolk ( burghers ) by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry, and finally the Jews . The process ended only in the mid-19th century. After
837-573: A laying on of hands for the imparting of the Spirit – performed after the water-bath and as a complement to this bath – existed already in the earliest apostolic times. These texts are Acts 8:4–20 and 19:1–7, and Hebrews 6:1–6. In the Acts of the Apostles 8:14–17, different ministers are named for the two actions. It is not deacon Philip , the baptiser, but only the apostles who were able to impart
930-451: A life-threatening emergency) by any baptized member of the church; however, only a priest or bishop may perform the mystery of chrismation. If someone who has been baptized in extremis survives, the priest then performs the chrismation. The Catholic Church does not confirm converts to Catholicism who have been chrismated in a non-Catholic Eastern church, considering that the sacrament has been validly conferred and may not be repeated . In
1023-486: A person's nickname, usually based on his profession, occupation, physical description, character trait, etc. The occupational surnames often would come from the Medieval Polish serf-villages, where a whole village serving the prince, township or lord, or a few streets in a town block would be inhabited by the same kind of specialized workers, often a guild of professionals. These areas would often be separate from
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#17327913053051116-442: A person's place of residence, birth or family origin). This caused a blur between the -ski bearing territorial toponymic surnames once a characteristic only borne by the nobility. As such, and contrary to a popular modern-day misconception, the fact of a person simply bearing the -ski suffix in their family surname or merely sharing the same toponymic surname as members of Poland's nobility, does not in itself denote that person too
1209-556: A procession, circling three times around the Gospel Book , while the choir chants each time: "As many as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. Alleluia" (Galatians 3:27). The reason the Eastern Churches perform chrismation immediately after baptism is so that the newly baptized may receive Holy Communion, which is commonly given to infants as well as adults. An individual may be baptized in extremis (in
1302-425: A trainee - the learning assistant before achieving a full job title or seniority. Examples of cognominal surnames : Toponymic surnames ( nazwisko odmiejscowe ) usually derive from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. These names are almost always of the adjectival form. Originally they referred to the village owner (lord). In the 19th century, however, surnames were often taken from
1395-478: A vessel of oil, bestowing the Holy Spirit upon it, which was then distributed to all of the presbyters (priests) for their use when they baptized. The same chrism is in use to this day, never being completely depleted but newly consecrated chrism only being added to it as needed (this consecration traditionally is performed only by the primates of certain autocephalous churches on Great Thursday ) and it
1488-542: Is a female name that can be used also as a second name for males. Since the High Middle Ages , Polish-sounding surnames ending with the masculine -ski suffix , including -cki and -dzki , and the corresponding feminine suffix -ska/-cka/-dzka were associated with the nobility (Polish szlachta ), which alone, in the early years, had such suffix distinctions. They are widely popular today. Minor regional spelling differences also exist depending on whether
1581-467: Is a member of the nobility, of noble origin, or indeed connected to that particular family. When referring to two or more members of the same family and surname, the suffix -ski (or -cki , -dzki ) is replaced with the plural -skich , -scy , -ccy , or -dzcy (plural masculine or both masculine and feminine) as well as -skie , -ckie or -dzkie (plural feminine). The -ski ending and similar adjectival endings ( -cki , -dzki , -ny , -ty ) are
1674-549: Is an adjective-forming suffix, from the Proto-Slavic " ьskъ ", which defined affiliation to something. It was also used with names of territories and settlements to denote possession or place of origin. The suffix, -ski (feminine: -ska ), has been restricted to the nobility in eastern Europe and some parts of central Europe since the High Middle Ages. It was the equivalent to nobiliary particles appearing in
1767-440: Is believed that chrism in use today contains some small amount of the original chrism made by the apostles. When Catholics and traditional Protestants, such as Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, convert to Orthodoxy, they are often admitted by chrismation, without baptism; but, since this is a matter of local episcopal discretion , a bishop may require all converts to be admitted by baptism if he deems it necessary. Depending upon
1860-454: Is commonly found in the US, Germany and Argentina. However, as an exception, feminine endings like -ska apply even to some women from non-Slavic countries, not just outside Poland or English-speaking ones, who have Polish parentage or are half-Polish, namely Britain's Ella Balinska , whose father has the masculine Balinski(-Jundzill), and Australians Mia Wasikowska and her sister, Jess, who have
1953-429: Is conferred by another bishop. In addition, the law itself confers the same faculty on the following: [W]ithin the confines of their jurisdiction, those who in law are equivalent to a diocesan Bishop (for example, a vicar apostolic ); in respect of the person to be confirmed, the priest who by virtue of his office or by mandate of the diocesan Bishop baptises an adult or admits a baptised adult into full communion with
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#17327913053052046-545: Is never used outside church documents. In Eastern Poland, as in many other Catholic countries, people celebrate name days ( Polish : imieniny ) on the day of their patron saint. On the other hand, in Western Poland, birthdays are more popular. Today, in Eastern Poland, birthdays remain relatively intimate celebrations, as often only relatives and close friends know a person's date of birth. Name days, on
2139-472: Is normally on infants . The sacred tradition of the Orthodox Church teaches that the Apostles themselves established the practice of anointing with chrism (consecrated oil) in place of the laying on of hands when bestowing the sacrament. As the numbers of converts grew, it became physically impossible for the apostles to lay hands upon each of the newly baptized. So the Apostles laid hands upon
2232-410: Is not always successful. Certain types of request are certain to be refused: for example, the surname of a famous historical figure (where the applicant cannot demonstrate a close family connection to the surname), or where there is concern that the applicant is applying with the aim of evading criminal or civil responsibility. Every application must give a motivation for the change of name; for example,
2325-631: Is often changed to v and sz to sh . Similar changes occur in French . Changes in Spanish can be even more extreme; a Spiczyński may become simply Spika , for example, where a more rigorous transcription would produce de Spichiñsqui . Another typical change is the loss of the gender distinction in adjectival surnames, especially visible for those ending in -ski (fem.: -ska ), -cki (fem.: -cka ) and -dzki (fem.: -dzka ). Western languages do not distinguish between male and female surnames, even if
2418-468: Is one of the seven sacraments instituted by Christ for the conferral of sanctifying grace and the strengthening of the union between the individual and God. The Catechism of the Catholic Church in paragraphs 1302–1303, states: It is evident from its celebration that the effect of the sacrament of Confirmation is the special outpouring of the Holy Spirit as once granted to the apostles on
2511-402: Is received into the church, whether by baptism or chrismation, they will often take the name of a saint, who will become their patron saint . Thenceforward, the feast day of that saint will be celebrated as the convert's name day , which in traditional Orthodox cultures is celebrated in lieu of one's birthday. The Orthodox rite of chrismation takes place immediately after baptism and clothing
2604-534: Is sacramental. Church ordinances are understood as administering grace and must be conducted by properly ordained clergy members through apostolic succession reaching back through Peter to Christ, although the line of authority differs from Catholics and Eastern Orthodox. Baptism by water is understood as representing the death of the old person and their resurrection from that death into a new life in Christ. Through baptism by water, sin, and guilt are washed away as
2697-579: Is seen as the sealing of the covenant created in baptism. Those being confirmed are known as confirmands . For adults, it is an affirmation of belief . The ceremony typically involves laying on of hands . Catholicism views confirmation as a sacrament . The sacrament is called chrismation in Eastern Christianity . In the East it takes place immediately after baptism ; in the West , when
2790-500: Is taken is henceforth considered to be a patron saint . The Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches refer to this sacrament (or, more properly, Sacred Mystery ) as chrismation, a term which western rite Catholics also use; for instance, in Italian the term is cresima . Eastern Christians link chrismation closely with the sacred mystery of baptism, conferring it immediately after baptism, which
2883-565: The surname . The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed by civil law , church law, personal taste and family custom. The law requires a given name to indicate the person's gender. Almost all Polish female names end in the vowel -a , and most male names end in a consonant or a vowel other than a . There are, however, a few male names that end in a , which are very old and uncommon, such as Barnaba, Bonawentura, Boryna, Jarema, Kosma, Kuba (a diminutive of Jakub) and Saba. Maria
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2976-604: The Catechism of the Catholic Church also mentions, as an effect of confirmation, that "it renders our bond with the Church more perfect". This mention stresses the importance of participation in the Christian community. The "soldier of Christ" imagery was used, as far back as 350, by St Cyril of Jerusalem. In this connection, the touch on the cheek that the bishop gave while saying " Pax tecum " ( ' Peace be with you ' ) to
3069-485: The Eastern Orthodox Church the sacrament may be conferred more than once and it is customary to receive returning or repentant apostates by repeating chrismation. When discussing confirmation, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) uses the term ordinance owing to their origins in a Protestant environment, but the actual doctrine describing their ordinances and their effects
3162-554: The Fourth Lateran Council , Communion, which continued to be given only after confirmation, was to be administered only on reaching the age of reason. Some time after the 13th century, the age of confirmation and Communion began to be delayed further, from seven, to twelve and to fifteen. In the 18th century, in France the sequence of sacraments of initiation was changed. Bishops started to impart confirmation only after
3255-634: The Gift of the Holy Ghost , granting the individual the permanent companionship of the Holy Ghost as long as the person does not wilfully drive him away through sin. The ceremony is significantly simpler than in Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches and is performed by an ordained clergyman as follows: Other actions typically associated with confirmation in Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy, such as
3348-482: The canonical age for confirmation in the Latin Church Catholic Church, the present 1983 Code of Canon Law , which maintains unaltered the rule in the 1917 Code, lays down that the sacrament is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of discretion (generally taken to be about 7), unless the episcopal conference has decided on a different age, or there is a danger of death or, in
3441-543: The pneuma through the laying on of hands: Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had accepted the word of God, they sent them Peter and John , who went down and prayed for them, that they might receive the holy Spirit, for it had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they laid hands on them and they received the holy Spirit. Further on in
3534-512: The "newly illumined" (i.e., newly baptized) in their baptismal robe . The priest makes the sign of the cross with the chrism (also referred to as myrrh ) on the brow, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands and feet of the newly illumined, saying with each anointing : "The seal of the gift of the Holy Spirit . Amen." Then the priest will place his epitrachelion (stole) over the newly illumined and leads them and their sponsors in
3627-475: The 13th century and were only used by the upper social classes of society. Over time the Polish nobility became grouped into heraldic clans (Polish ród herbowy ) whose names survived in their shared coats of arms . Members of one clan could split into separate families with different surnames, usually derived from the name of their holdings or estates. Sometimes the family name and the clan name (associated with
3720-520: The 16th-century Thirty-nine Articles lists confirmation among those rites "commonly called Sacraments" which are "not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel" (a term referring to the dominical sacraments, i.e. baptism and the Holy Eucharist ), because they were not directly instituted by Christ with a specific matter and form, and they are not generally necessary to salvation. The language of
3813-509: The Catholic Church. One of the effects of the sacrament is that "it gives us a special strength of the Holy Spirit to spread and defend the faith by word and action as true witnesses of Christ, to confess the name of Christ boldly, and never to be ashamed of the Cross". This effect was described by the Council of Trent as making the confirmed person "a soldier of Christ". The same passage of
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3906-451: The Catholic Church; in respect of those in danger of death, the parish priest or indeed any priest. "According to the ancient practice maintained in the Roman liturgy, an adult is not to be baptized unless he receives Confirmation immediately afterward, provided no serious obstacles exist." Administration of the two sacraments, one immediately after the other, to adults is normally done by
3999-516: The Church of the New Testament . In the Gospel of John chapter 14, Christ speaks of the coming of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles (John 14:15–26). Later, after his Resurrection , Jesus breathed upon them and they received the Holy Spirit (John 20:22), a process completed on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:1–4). In Christianity, this Pentecostal outpouring of the Spirit was held as the sign of
4092-472: The First and Second World Wars some resistance fighters added their wartime noms de guerre to their original family names. This was yet another reason for creating double-barrelled names. Examples include Edward Rydz-Śmigły , Jan Nowak-Jeziorański , and Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski . Some artists, such as Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński , also added their noms de plume to their surnames. A Polish citizen may apply to
4185-625: The Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey. Confirmation is not practised in Baptist , Anabaptist and other groups that teach believer's baptism . Thus, the sacrament or rite of confirmation is administered to those being received from those aforementioned groups, in addition to those converts from non-Christian religions. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) does not practise infant baptism, but individuals can be baptized after they reach 8 years old (the age of accountability ). Confirmation in
4278-575: The LDS Church occurs shortly following baptism, which is not considered complete or fully efficacious until confirmation is received. There is an analogous ceremony also called confirmation in Reform Judaism . Various secular organizations also offer secular coming-of-age ceremonies as an alternative to Christian confirmation, while Unitarian Universalists have a similar Coming of Age ceremony . The roots of confirmation are found in
4371-563: The Lord has confirmed you and has placed his pledge, the Spirit, in your hearts. In the Roman Catholic Church, the sacrament is customarily conferred only on persons old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister of confirmation is a bishop . "If necessity so requires", the diocesan bishop may grant specified priests the faculty to administer the sacrament, although normally he is to administer it himself or ensure that it
4464-509: The Radwan coat of arms". But with the later addition of his cognomen or nickname, Żądło , he would become known as, Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło, herbu Radwan - or he could be called just plain, Jakub Żądło . The most striking concept of the Polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family, but come to be carried by several non-related families of the Polish szlachta (nobility). Unrelated families who have joined
4557-475: The action of baptising to others. However, Acts 19:6 then expressly states that it was Apostle Paul who laid his hands upon the newly baptised. Hebrews 6:1–6 distinguishes "the teaching about baptisms" from the teaching about "the laying on of hands". The difference may be understood in the light of the two passages in Acts 8 and 19. In the teaching of the Catholic Church, confirmation, known also as chrismation ,
4650-521: The arms) would be used together and form a double-barrelled name. The opposite process happened as well: different families may have joined a heraldic clans by the means of heraldic adoption . To explain the formation of a particular Polish nobleman's name, e.g. Jakub Dąbrowski, Radwan coat of arms , the process might be the following. In Polish dąb means "oak", dąbrowa means "oak forest" and dąbrówka means "oak grove". Then, by analogy with German surnames associated with noble provenance using von ,
4743-517: The bishop of the diocese (generally at the Easter Vigil ) since "the baptism of adults, at least of those who have completed their fourteenth year, is to be referred to the Bishop, so that he himself may confer it if he judges this appropriate" However, if the bishop does not confer the baptism, then it devolves on the priest whose office it then is to confer both sacraments, since, "in addition to
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#17327913053054836-435: The bishop, the law gives the faculty to confirm to the following, ... priests who, in virtue of an office which they lawfully hold, baptize an adult or a child old enough for catechesis or receive a validly baptized adult into full communion with the Church." In Eastern Catholic Churches , the usual minister of this sacrament is the parish priest, using olive oil consecrated by a bishop (i.e. chrism ) and administering
4929-552: The clan Jelita . From the 15th to the 17th century, the formula seems to copy the ancient Roman naming convention with the classic tria nomina used by the Patricians : praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or gens /Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. Thus, Jan Jelita Zamoyski , forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone). Later, the double-barrelled name would be joined with
5022-512: The day of Pentecost . From this fact, Confirmation brings an increase and deepening of baptismal grace: Recall then that you have received the spiritual seal, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of right judgment and courage, the spirit of knowledge and reverence, the spirit of holy fear in God's presence. Guard what you have received. God the Father has marked you with his sign; Christ
5115-580: The easy access to the Eucharist for children, in his Letter Quam Singulari lowered the age of first communion to seven. That was the origin of the widespread custom in parishes to organise the First Communion for children at 2nd grade and confirmation in middle or high school . The 1917 Code of Canon Law, while recommending that confirmation be delayed until about seven years of age, allowed it be given at an earlier age. Only on 30 June 1932
5208-424: The equivalent Polish preposition is z , which means "from", followed by the name of the patrimony or estate . In Polish the expressions, z Dąbrówki and Dąbrowski mean the same thing: hailing "from Dąbrówka". More precisely, z Dąbrówki actually means owner of the estate, Dąbrówka , but not necessarily originating from there. Thus Jakub z Dąbrówki herbu Radwan translates as "Jacob from Dąbrówka, with
5301-604: The existing name being offensive or funny, the desire to revert to a previous name, a close attachment to family members (e.g. parent, step-parent) bearing a different surname, or being commonly known in unofficial contexts by a different name. The Polish names, of course, are unpronounceable When Polish individuals emigrate to countries with different languages and cultures, the often-difficult spelling and pronunciation of Polish names commonly cause them to be misspelled, changed, shortened, or calqued . For example, in English , w
5394-462: The faith on the part of someone approaching adulthood. However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1308) warns: "Although Confirmation is sometimes called the 'sacrament of Christian maturity,' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth, nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free, unmerited election and does not need 'ratification' to become effective." On
5487-653: The faith which "marks the completion of the congregation's program of confirmation ministry". The German language also uses for Lutheran confirmation a different word ( Konfirmation ) from the word used for the sacramental rite of the Catholic Church ( Firmung ). Lutheran churches do not treat confirmation as a dominical sacrament of the Gospel, considering that only Baptism , Eucharist and Confession and Absolution can be regarded as such. Some popular Sundays for this to occur are Palm Sunday , Pentecost and Reformation Sunday (last Sunday in October). Article 25 of
5580-400: The first Eucharistic communion. The reason was no longer the busy calendar of the bishop, but the bishop's will to give adequate instruction to the youth. The practice lasted until Pope Leo XIII in 1897 asked to restore the primary order and to celebrate confirmation back at the age of reason, a change that lasted less than two decades. In 1910, his successor, Pope Pius X , showing concern for
5673-459: The form of the original baptism, some Protestants must be baptized upon conversion to Orthodoxy. A common practice is that those persons who have been previously baptized by triple immersion in the name of the Trinity do not need to be baptized. However, requirements will differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and some traditional Orthodox jurisdictions prefer to baptize all converts. When a person
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#17327913053055766-625: The husband to adopt his wife's surname or to add his wife's surname to his family name (an example is businessman Zygmunt Solorz-Żak , who did both, taking his wife's name on his first marriage, and later appending his second wife's name to it). Polish triple-barreled surnames are known to exist; an example is the one borne by Ludwik Kos-Rabcewicz-Zubkowski [ pl ] , a university professor and writer, living in Canada. The most widespread Polish surnames are Nowak , Kowalski , Wiśniewski and Wójcik . -ski (also -sky in other regions)
5859-629: The judgement of the minister , a grave reason suggests otherwise (canon 891 of the Code of Canon Law). The Code prescribes the age of discretion also for the sacraments of Reconciliation and first Holy Communion. In some places the setting of a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, 11 or 12 in Ireland and early teens in Britain, has been abandoned in recent decades in favor of restoring
5952-528: The language has gender-specific adjectives (like German, French or Spanish). As the surname is, in most cases, inherited from the father (or accepted from the husband), the Western registries of birth and marriage ascribe the masculine form (the one ending in -i ) to the female members of the family. Slavic countries, in contrast, would use the feminine form of the surname (the one ending in -a ). The form Anna Kowalski would never be met within Poland, whereas it
6045-529: The languages involved are Slavic and less difficult for the natives, and feminine forms are preserved although the -ski/-ska ending is altered slightly to the corresponding ending in Russian (-ский/-ская) or Ukrainian (-ський/-ська). Similar alterations occur to Polish names in Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia. Based on grammatical features, Polish surnames may be divided into: Adjectival names very often end in
6138-471: The messianic age foretold by the prophets (cf. Ezekiel 36:25–27; Joel 3:1–2). Its arrival was proclaimed by the Apostle Peter . Filled with the Holy Spirit, the apostles began to proclaim "the mighty works of God" (Acts 2:11; Cf. 2:17–18). After this point, the New Testament records the apostles bestowing the Holy Spirit upon others through the laying on of hands. Three texts make it certain that
6231-530: The name of a person's town. Examples of toponymic surnames : A patronymic surname ( nazwisko odimienne ) derives from the given name of a person, and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. Examples of patronymic surnames: Adjectival surnames, like all Polish adjectives, have masculine and feminine forms. If a masculine surname ends in -i or -y ; its feminine equivalent ends in -a . Confirmation (sacrament) In Christian denominations that practice infant baptism , confirmation
6324-511: The names of nobility, such as in the Germanic von or zu . Almost all surnames borne by the nobility with the -ski (or -sky ) suffix are preceded by a place name (toponymic) or other territorial designation derived from their main court, holdings, castle, manor or estate. For example, the Polish nobleman Jan of Tarnów whose name in Polish is "Jan z Tarnowa" was equally known by the name "Jan Tarnowski"; this highlighted his nobility unlike
6417-477: The nobility by heraldic adoption can share the same coat of arms, even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it. Thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low — about 200 in the late Middle Ages. One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms/clan name. For example: Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of
6510-399: The old sinner dies and the new child of Christ emerges. Confirmation is understood as being the baptism by fire wherein the Holy Spirit enters into the individual, purges them of the effects of the sin from their previous life (the guilt and culpability of which were already washed away), and introduces them into the church as a new person in Christ. Through confirmation, the individual receives
6603-500: The only ones in Polish that have feminine forms, where women have the feminine version ending in -ska ( -cka , -dzka , -na , -ta ) instead. Historically, female versions of surnames were more complex, often formed by adding the suffix -owa for married women and -ówna or -wianka for unmarried women. In most cases, this practice is now considered archaic or rustic. Other common surname suffixes are -czyk, -czek, -czak, -czuk, and -wicz. Family names first appeared in Poland around
6696-460: The other hand, are often celebrated together with co-workers and other less-intimate friends. Information about whose name is associated with a given day can be found in most Polish calendars and on the Internet. The choice of a given name is largely influenced by fashion. Many parents name their child after a national hero or heroine, or a character from a book, film, or TV show. In spite of this,
6789-605: The person he had just confirmed was interpreted in the Roman Pontifical as a slap, a reminder to be brave in spreading and defending the faith: " Deinde leviter eum in maxilla caedit, dicens: Pax tecum " ( ' Then he strikes him lightly on the cheek, saying: Peace be with you ' ). When, in application of the Second Vatican Council 's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, the confirmation rite
6882-433: The pre-Christian rite of the "first haircut" ( Polish : postrzyżyny ), which also involved giving the child a new name. ) In the past, there was no restrictions on the number of the given names. In formal situations, multiple given names were presented in the following style: "Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm 3-ga imion Kaczkowski, urodził sie dnia 2 maja 1825 roku..." (Zygmunt, Józef, Erazm of three names Kaczkowski,
6975-490: The preposition of "z" alone which could be construed as a regular prepositional particle . In the 19th century, a wave of seemingly noble sounding surnames began to appear among the common population , where a significant number of the bourgeoisie class, and even the peasantry , began to adopt or bear the noble -ski suffix. The -ski suffix was thus attached to surnames derived from a person's occupation, characteristics, patronymic surnames, or toponymic surnames (from
7068-415: The priests and deacons and, where they existed, by deaconesses for women's baptism. The post-baptismal chrismation in particular was reserved to the bishop. When adults no longer formed the majority of those being baptized, this chrismation was delayed until the bishop could confer it. Until the 12th century, priests often continued to confer confirmation before giving Communion to very young children. After
7161-463: The reception of a Christian name, anointing of body parts with chrism, and the clothing of the confirmant in a white garment or chiton are conducted separately as part of a ceremony called the Initiatory . Lutheran confirmation is a public profession of faith prepared for by long and careful instruction. In English, it is called "affirmation of baptism", and is a mature and public profession of
7254-434: The recipient permanently , making it impossible to receive the sacrament twice. It accepts as valid a confirmation conferred within churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church , whose Holy Orders it sees as valid through the apostolic succession of their bishops. But it considers it necessary to administer the sacrament of confirmation, in its view for the only time, to Protestants who are admitted to full communion with
7347-400: The registry office ( Urząd Stanu Cywilnego ) with a request for a change of name or surname alongside the payment of a small administrative fee. If the change of surname is not linked to marriage, the family surname is also changed in the successful applicant's documents. A note is added to the applicant's birth certificate in the system, informing of the subsequent change of name. The request
7440-416: The rest of the town due to the danger of fire (bell-makers and smiths), area ownership by the guild, or due to unpleasant pollution (tanners, wool-workers). Such serf areas would bear the plural form of the profession name, such as Piekary (bakers), Garbary (tanners), Winiary (winemakers). Furthermore, the suffix -czyk, -yk, -ek was used to describe a profession as a diminutive, often, but not always, indicating
7533-412: The rite of confirmation, 17, which indicates that the episcopal conference may decide "to introduce a different manner for the minister to give the sign of peace after the anointing, either to each individual or to all the newly confirmed together". In some regions it is customary for the person being confirmed to choose the name of a saint, which they adopt as their confirmation name. The saint whose name
7626-575: The sacrament immediately after baptism. This corresponds exactly to the practice of the early Church, when at first those receiving baptism were mainly adults, and of the non-Latin Catholic Eastern Churches. The practice of the Eastern Churches gives greater emphasis to the unity of Christian initiation. That of the Latin Church more clearly expresses the communion of the new Christian with the bishop as guarantor and servant of
7719-566: The same ending as their mother's. Another modification is changing the final vowel -i of the endings -ski , -cki and -dzki into -y . Those endings are common in Czech, Slovak and Ukrainian, as well as in English, but they never occur in Polish. When transliterated into languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet, such as Russian or Ukrainian, alterations are usually much less drastic, as
7812-483: The suffixes, -ski , -cki and -dzki (feminine -ska , -cka and -dzka ), and are considered to be either typically Polish or typical for the Polish nobility. In the case of '-ski', it holds true if the surname contains the name of a city, town, village or other geographical location. Based on origin, Polish family names may be generally divided into three groups: cognominal, toponymic and patronymic. A Polish cognominal surname ( nazwisko przezwiskowe ) derives from
7905-462: The surname originated in Polish , Czech or Slovak ( -sky/-ský ). A child in Poland is usually given one or two names; Polish registry offices do not register more than two. Among Catholics, who form the vast majority of the population, it is customary to adopt the name of a saint as an informal, third given name at confirmation , however, this does not have any legal effect. (This is reminiscent of
7998-489: The surnames for the husband, wife, and children. The partners may choose to retain their surnames, or both adopt the surname of either partner, or a combination of both; the children must receive either the joint surname or the surname of one of the partners. However, a married woman usually adopts her husband's name, and the children usually bear the surname of the father. The wife may keep her maiden name ( nazwisko panieńskie ) or add her husband's surname to hers, thus creating
8091-529: The text, connection between the gift of the Holy Spirit and the gesture of laying on of hands appears even more clearly. Acts 8:18–19 introduces the request of Simon the Magician in the following way: "When Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands". In Acts 19, baptism of the disciples is mentioned in quite general terms, without the minister being identified. Referring to 1 Corinthians 1:17, it can be presumed that Paul left
8184-426: The traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation. Even where a later age has been set, a bishop may not refuse to confer the sacrament on younger children who request it, provided they are baptized, have the use of reason, are suitably instructed and are properly disposed and able to renew the baptismal promises. The Catholic Church Anglo-Catholics teach that, like baptism, confirmation marks
8277-549: The unity, catholicity and apostolicity of his Church, and hence the connection with the apostolic origins of Christ's Church. The main reason why the West separated the sacrament of confirmation from that of baptism was to re-establish direct contact between the person being initiated with the bishops. In the Early Church, the bishop administered all three sacraments of initiation (baptism, confirmation and Eucharist), assisted by
8370-570: Was born on the day of the 2nd of May, in the year of 1825...) In the case of two first names the qualifier "of two names" (dwojga imion) was used; four names: "of 4 names" (4-ga imion), etc. Parents normally choose from a long list of traditional names, which includes: The names of Slavic saints, such as Wojciech ( St Adalbert ), Stanisław ( St Stanislaus ), or Kazimierz ( St Casimir ), belong to both of these groups. Slavic names used by historical Polish monarchs , e.g. Bolesław , Lech , Mieszko , Władysław , are common as well. Additionally,
8463-586: Was official permission given to change the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation: the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments then allowed, where necessary, that confirmation be administered after first Holy Communion . This novelty, originally seen as exceptional, became more and more the accepted practice. Thus, in the mid-20th century, confirmation began to be seen as an occasion for professing personal commitment to
8556-475: Was once reserved to refer to the Virgin Mary ; now the archaic form "Maryja" is used for this), has diminutives Marysia, Maryśka, Marysieńka, Mania, Mańka, Maniusia, etc. Alternatively, augmentative forms (Polish: zgrubienie ) may be colloquially used, often with scornful or disdainful intention. For example, Maria may be called Marycha or Marychna. As in many other cultures, a person may informally use
8649-516: Was revised in 1971, mention of this gesture was omitted. However, the French and Italian translations, indicating that the bishop should accompany the words "Peace be with you" with "a friendly gesture" (French text) or "the sign of peace" (Italian text), explicitly allow a gesture such as the touch on the cheek, to which they restore its original meaning. This is in accord with the Introduction to
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