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48-560: Gʻallaorol ( Uzbek : Gʻallaorol/Ғаллаорол , Russian : Галляарал ) is a city in Jizzakh Region , Uzbekistan . It is the administrative center of Gʻallaorol District . The town population was 16,623 people in 1989, and 24,700 in 2016. Situated on the Tashkent–Samarkand railway, it became a city in 1973. This Uzbekistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Uzbek language Uzbek

96-461: A 1995 reform, and brought the orthography closer to that of Turkish and also of Turkmen , Karakalpak , Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani . In 2021, it was proposed to change "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" to "ş", "ç", "ō" and "ḡ". These proposals were not implemented. In the western Chinese region of Xinjiang , in northern Afghanistan and in Pakistan , where there is an Uzbek minority,

144-475: A Turkic language, Uzbek is null subject , agglutinative and has no noun classes (gender or otherwise). Although Uzbek has no definite articles , it has indefinite articles bir and bitta . The word order is subject–object–verb (SOV). In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs). Plurals are formed by suffix -lar ـلر. Nouns take

192-577: A highly Oghuz-influenced variety of Karluk. All three dialects continue to exist within modern spoken Uzbek. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the Uzbek government opted to reform Northern Uzbek by changing its alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin in an attempt to stimulate the growth of Uzbek in a new, independent state. However, the reform never went into full application, and As of 2024 both alphabets are widely used, from daily uses to government publications and TV news. Uzbek language hasn't eclipsed Russian in

240-486: A serious obstacle to trade and economic development. Daily flights from Osh Airport link Osh—and hence the southern part of Kyrgyzstan—to the national capital Bishkek and some international destinations, mainly in Russia. Osh has two railway stations and a railway connection to Andijan in neighbouring Uzbekistan, but no passenger traffic and only sporadic freight traffic. Most transport is by road. The recent upgrading of

288-455: Is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks . It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai , an earlier Karluk language also known as Turki , as the literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s. Uzbek is spoken as either a native or second language by around 32 million people around the world, making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish . There are two major variants of

336-686: Is a tributary of the Amu Darya, the course of the Vakhsh lying outside and to the South of the Fergana valley, rising as it does on the west side of the 3,536m Taunmurun pass (east of the village of Sary-Tash ) and flowing southwest to its confluence with the Panj at Takht-i Sangin to form the Amu Darya. Oxus, the ancient name of the Amu Darya, like Osh, is cognate with the river name Vakhsh, revealing that

384-636: Is a well-proportioned mountain called Bara-Koh, where, on its summit, Sultan Mahmud Khan built a pavilion. Farther down, on a spur of the same mountain, I had a porticoed pavilion built in 902 (1496-7)" The city was occupied and annexed by the Russian Empire in 1876 when Russia overwhelmed the Central Asian khanates during the so-called " Great Game ", the contest between Britain and Russia for dominance in Central Asia . This conquest

432-441: Is expressed by adding -ma after the verb root, or with auxiliary verb emas . Examples: Koʻrmay(man) کورمه‌ی(من) "(I) don't see" Koʻrmoqchi emas(man) کورماقچی ایمس(من) "(I) don't want to see" The particle yoʻq ـیوق is used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action. The gerund is formed with the verb root + ish ـیش. Osh Osh has an important outdoor activity bazaar which has been taking place on

480-559: Is home to Osh State University , one of the largest universities in Kyrgyzstan. Osh city (Ош шаар, "Osh shaar") covers 182.5 square kilometres (70.5 square miles) and, like the capital city of Bishkek, is administered separately and not part of any region, although it is the seat of Osh Region . Besides the city proper, 11 villages are administered by the city: Almalyk, Arek, Gulbaar-Tölöykön, Japalak , Kengesh, Kerme-Too, Orke, Pyatiletka, Teeke and parts of Ozgur and Tölöykön . Osh

528-526: Is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts or for the academic studies of Chagatai (Old Uzbek) . In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin alphabet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively. This would've reversed

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576-413: Is taught in more than fifty higher education institutions around the world. Historically, the language under the name Uzbek referred to a totally different language of Kipchak origin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouring Kazakh , more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically. It was dissimilar to the area's indigenous and native language, known as Turki , until it

624-461: Is the second-largest city in Kyrgyzstan after the capital city of Bishkek . According to the population estimate of 2021, the city population amounted to 322,164, of which 33,315 resided in the 11 villages that the City of Osh administers. At the 2009 census, 47.9% of the population were Kyrgyz, 44.2% were Uzbeks, 2.5% Russians, 2.2% Turks , 1.1% Tatars and 2.1% other nationalities. The population of

672-493: The -ni ـنی suffix as a definite article; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending -ga ـگه changes to -ka ـکه when the noun ends in -k ـک, -g ـگ, or -qa ـقه when the noun ends in -q ـق, -gʻ ـغ (notice *tog‘qa → toqqa تاغقَّه). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants -k ـک and -q ـق to voiced -g ـگ and -gʻ ـغ, respectively ( yurak → yura g im یورک - یورگیم). Unlike neighbouring Turkmen and Kazakh languages, due to

720-473: The Mughal Empire ). Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords . By the 19th century, it was rarely used for literary composition and disappeared only in the early 20th century. Muhammad Shaybani ( c.  1451 – 2 December 1510), the first Khan of Bukhara , wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of Chagatai poems by Muhammad Shaybani is currently kept in

768-570: The Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan (and mothertongue of the city Osh ), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan ( Jalal-Abad Region ), the ethnic Kyrgyzes are, too, exposed to Uzbek, and some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: the Turkistan region of Kazakhstan , northern Daşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan , Sughd region and other regions of Tajikistan . This puts

816-702: The Topkapı Palace Museum manuscript collection in Istanbul . The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, Bahr al-Khudā , written in 1508, is located in London. Shaybani's nephew Ubaydullah Khan (1486-1540) skillfully recited the Quran and provided it with commentaries in Chagatai. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Chagatai, Classical Persian, and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. For

864-712: The Andijan, Fergana and Namangan regions of Uzbekistan for Uzbek citizens of Kyrgyzstan who cross the border seeking safety. Under the Köppen climate classification , Osh features a continental climate ( Dsa ), with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Osh receives on average roughly 400 millimeters of precipitation annually, the bulk of which typically falls on the city outside the summer months. Summers are hot in Osh, with average high temperatures routinely exceeding 30 °C. Winters are cold with average temperatures below freezing during

912-885: The Arabic-based script is still used. In the early 21st century, in Afghanistan, standardization, publication of dictionaries, and an increase in usage (for example in News agencies' website, such as that of the BBC ) has been taking place. Words are usually oxytones (i.e. the last syllable is stressed), but certain endings and suffixal particles are not stressed. Consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords. Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes. Uzbek language has many dialects: contrary to many Turkic languages, Standard Uzbek no longer has vowel harmony , but other dialects (Kipchak Uzbek and Oghuz Uzbek) retain vowel harmony. As

960-495: The Kazakh scholar Serali Lapin , who lived at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek. Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th century, like L. N. Sobolev, believed that "Sart is not a special tribe, as many tried to prove. Sart is indifferently called both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade. In Khanate of Khiva , Sarts spoke

1008-541: The Russian Federation. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 2.4 million from Tajikistan , and 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan were working in Russia in 2021, with around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks. Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million. Ethnologue estimates put the number of native speakers at 35 million across all

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1056-638: The Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and China ; and Southern Uzbek , spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Both Northern and Southern Uzbek are divided into many dialects. Uzbek and Uyghur are sister languages and they constitute the Karluk or "Southeastern" branch of Turkic. External influences on Uzbek include Arabic , Persian , and Russian . One of

1104-408: The Uzbek political elite of the 16th century, Chagatai was their native language. For example, the leader of the semi-nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan (1451–1510), wrote poems in Chagatai. The poet Turdiy (17th century) in his poems called for the unification of the divided Uzbek tribes: "Although our people are divided, but these are all Uzbeks of ninety-two tribes. We have different names – we all have

1152-474: The bazaar, and the 16th-century Rabat Abdul Khan Mosque can be found here. The only World Heritage Site in Kyrgyzstan, the Sulayman Mountain , offers a splendid view of Osh and its environs. This mountain is thought by some researchers and historians to be the famous landmark of antiquity known as the " Stone Tower ", which Claudius Ptolemy wrote about in his famous work Geography . It marked

1200-631: The built-up (or metro) area in the surrounding Kara-Suu District and in neighbouring Uzbekistan is estimated at 400,000 inhabitants. The name of the city of Osh derives from the river Vakhsh , anthropomorphised there as a water goddess of the same name, who was worshipped (in tandem with Atar , sacred fire) in a Zoroastrian shrine or fire temple situated in the Eagle Cave in the ancient sacred mountain Sulaiman-Too . The river Vakhsh itself, known also as Surkhob or Kyzyl-Suu ( Turkic: “red water”)

1248-452: The divide between the country's ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks." Local media reported that gangs of young men armed with sticks and stones smashed shop windows and set cars aflame in the city center. Several buildings and homes across the city were also set on fire. The city's police force proved incapable of restoring order resulting in a state of emergency being declared and the army being mobilised. The Kyrgyz intelligence agency claimed that

1296-540: The division of land resources in and around the city. In 2010, after riots in Bishkek and other major Kyrgyz cities, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev took refuge in the city to hide from protesters denouncing his government and its response to the nation's struggling economy. On May 13, 2010, Bakiyev supporters took over government buildings in Osh and seized the airport, preventing interim government officials from landing. The protesters demanded Bakiev's return, and forced

1344-561: The eastern variant is Uyghur. Karluk is classified as a dialect continuum . Northern Uzbek was determined to be the most suitable variety to be understood by the most number of speakers of all Turkic languages despite it being heavily Persianized , excluding the Siberian Turkic languages . A high degree of mutual intelligibility found between certain specific Turkic languages has allowed Uzbek speakers to more easily comprehend various other distantly related languages. Uzbek, being

1392-598: The ethnic "Kyrgyz were encouraged to move from the Kyrgyz populated countryside to the cities to work in industrial jobs and public administration." This contributed to the rise of social tension between the two groups. In 1990, shortly before the end of Soviet power in Central Asia, Osh and its environs experienced bloody ethnic clashes between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks. There were about 1,200 casualties, including over 300 dead and 462 seriously injured. The riots broke out over

1440-620: The government sector since Russian is used widely in sciences, politics, and by the upper class of the country. However, the Uzbek internet, including Uzbek Misplaced Pages , is growing rapidly. Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history: Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic. The Arabic script

1488-524: The impression of being a mixed language. In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin -based alphabet by 1 January 2023. Similar deadlines had been extended several times. As of 2024, most institutions still use both alphabets. Uzbek is the western member of the Karluk languages, a subgroup of Turkic;

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1536-543: The just-deposed president initiated the 2010 violence, Kurmanbek Bakiyev, who is said to have made a deal with foreign narco-jihadist gangs to take over southern Kyrgyzstan and initiate a shariah state in exchange for the Bakiyev family's being returned to controlling Bishkek. However, to the day no serious proof has been presented to the public and media. According to various sources, up to 100,000 ethnic Uzbek refugees fled to Uzbekistan. Many refugee camps have been organized in

1584-505: The long and arduous road through the mountains to Bishkek has greatly improved communications. The city has several monuments, including one to the southern Kyrgyz leader ( Kyrgyz : датка , romanized :  datqa ) Kurmanjan and one of the few remaining statues of Lenin . A Russian Orthodox church, reopened after the demise of the Soviet Union, the second-largest mosque in the country, built in 2012 and situated beside

1632-958: The loss of "pronominal -n- " there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases ( uyida "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen öýü n de , though saying uyi n da اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts). Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has more periphrases . Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses: -(a)ylik (biz) ـه‌یلیک (بیز) -∅ (sen) ـ (سین) -(i)ng (siz) ـینگ (سیز) -(i)nglar (sizlar) ـینگلر (سیزلر) -sin (u) ـسین (او) -sinlar (ular) ـسینلر (اولر) koʻr aylik ! کوره‌یلیک (1st person plural) koʻr ! کور (2nd person informal singular) koʻr ing ! کورینگ (2nd person formal singular/plural) koʻr inglar ! کورینگلر (2nd person formal plural) koʻr sin ! کورسین (3rd person singular) koʻr sinlar ! کورسینلر (3rd person plural) Vowels marked with parentheses in

1680-460: The midpoint on the ancient Silk Road , the overland trade route taken by caravans between Europe and Asia. The National Historical and Archaeological Museum Complex Sulayman is carved in the mountain, containing a collection of archaeological, geological, and historical finds and information about local flora and fauna. Its first Western-style supermarket, Narodnyj , opened in March 2007. Osh

1728-593: The most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel / ɑ / to / ɒ / under the influence of Persian . Unlike other Turkic languages, vowel harmony is almost completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek, though it is still observed to some degree in its dialects, as well as in Uyghur. Different dialects of Uzbek show varying degrees of influence from other languages such as Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic (for example, in grammar) as well as Persian (in phonology), which gives literary Uzbek

1776-479: The most widely spoken indigenous language in Central Asia , is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries. The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media , including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the Post-soviet states , particularly in Central Asia in recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in

1824-505: The number of L2 speakers of Uzbek at a varying 1–5 million speakers. The Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are common destination for immigration for Uzbekistani citizens. Other than Uzbekistan and other Central Asian Republics , the ethnic Uzbeks most commonly choose the Russian Federation in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within

1872-486: The present day Vakhsh/Kyzyl-Suu was conceived to form the upper reaches of the river now known as the Amu Darya. The city is among the oldest settlements in Central Asia . Osh was known as early as the 8th century as a center for silk production along the Silk Road . The famous trading route crossed Alay Mountains to reach Kashgar to the east. Babur , founder of the Mughal Empire and descendant of Tamerlane ,

1920-797: The recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia, Nationalencyklopedin , estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million, and the CIA World Factbook estimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan, 4.5 million in Afghanistan, 1,630,000 in Pakistan, 1,500,000 in Tajikistan, about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan, 600,000 in Kazakhstan, 600,000 in Turkmenistan, and 300,000 in Russia. The Uzbek language

1968-535: The region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate from the 9th–12th centuries, a confederation of Karluks , Chigils , Yagma , and other tribes. Uzbek (along with Uyghur) can be considered the direct descendant of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan , Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty (including the early Mughal rulers of

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2016-411: The regional governor to flee. The former Osh regional governor Mamasadyk Bakirov was reinstated. On June 10, 2010, riots erupted in Osh, killing at least 81 and injuring hundreds of others. "An explosion of violence, destruction and looting in southern Kyrgyzstan on 11–14 June 2010 killed many dozens of Kyrgyz and Uzbek people. The total of over 2000 buildings were destroyed, mostly homes, and deepened

2064-639: The same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Floors, sleeves and collars – it's all – one robe, So the Uzbek people are united, may they be in peace." Sufi Allayar (1633–1721) was an outstanding theologian and one of the Sufi leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara. He showed his level of knowledge by writing a book called Sebâtü'l-Âcizîn . Sufi Allayar was often read and highly appreciated in Central Asia. The term Uzbek as applied to language has meant different things at different times. According to

2112-476: The same spot for the past 2,000 years and was a major market along the Silk Road . The city's industrial base, established during the Soviet period, largely collapsed after the break-up of the Soviet Union and has only recently started to revive. The proximity of the Uzbekistan border, which cuts through historically linked territories and settlements, deprives Osh of much of its former hinterland and presents

2160-422: The suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends on a vowel. (e.g. Qara قره + (i)ng ـینگ = Qarang! قره‌نگ; "Look!" ) Third person plural is commonly replaced by third person singular. In the simple past and conditional tenses, the possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked. Negative

2208-624: Was achieved and the inclusion to the Russian Empire made by the mid-1880s, with main credit to General von Kaufman and General Mikhail Skobelev . In the 1960s Osh and other towns in the south of the Kyrgyz SSR began to be industrialized. The population of Osh and other towns in the Fergana Valley that falls within Kyrgyzstan has traditionally consisted of a significant number of ethnic Uzbeks. When Osh started to industrialize

2256-472: Was born in nearby Andijan , in the Fergana Valley , pondered his future on Sulayman Mountain and even constructed a mosque atop of the mountain. Babur somehow concludes that the confines of the Fergana would cramp his aspirations as a descendant of famous conquering warrior princes. He wrote of the city: "There are many sayings about the excellence of Osh. On the southeastern side of the Osh fortress

2304-705: Was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to its origins from the Chagatai Khanate . The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by the Uzbeks ." Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya , Syr Darya and Zarafshon river basins from at least 600–650 AD, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of the Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia , Bactria and Khwarazm . The first Turkic dynasty in

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