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77-670: Kołobrzeg ( Polish: [kɔˈwɔbʐɛk] ; Kashubian : Kòlbrzég ; German : Kolberg [ˈkɔlbɛʁk] ) is a port and spa city in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in north-western Poland with about 47,000 inhabitants (as of 2014). Kołobrzeg is located on the Parsęta River on the south coast of the Baltic Sea (in the middle of the section divided by the Oder and Vistula Rivers). It

154-582: A Polish-French siege in 1807. In the late 19th century it became a popular spa town at the Baltic Sea. In 1945, Polish and Soviet troops captured the town. Kołobrzeg, now part of post-war Poland and devastated in the preceding battle , was rebuilt, but lost its status as the regional center to the nearby city of Koszalin . "Kołobrzeg" means "by the shore" in Polish; "koło" translates as "by" and "brzeg" means "coast" or "shore". Kashubian : Kòłobrzeg has

231-471: A cemetery shrine was turned to stable by German soldiers. In 1938, all Jews in Kolberg, as all over Germany, were renamed in official German documents as "Israel" (for males) or "Sarah" (for females). In the beginning of 1939, Jews were banned from attending German schools and the entire adult population had its driving licenses revoked. After years of discrimination and harassment, local Jews were deported by

308-424: A collection of rare and common measurement tools, as well as specific measures of the workshop. The local museum is also moored at the port of ORP Fala patrol ship, built in 1964, after leaving the service transformed into a museum. Kołobrzeg has connections among others to Szczecin , "Solidarity" Szczecin–Goleniów Airport , Gdańsk , Poznań , Warsaw , Kraków and Lublin . A seasonal ferry service to Nexø on

385-688: A divergent dialect of Polish . Dialectal diversity is so great within Kashubian that a speaker of southern dialects has considerable difficulty in understanding a speaker of northern dialects. The spelling and the grammar of Polish words written in Kashubian, which is most of its vocabulary, are highly unusual, making it difficult for native Polish speakers to comprehend written text in Kashubian. Like Polish, Kashubian includes about 5% loanwords from German (such as kùńszt "art"). Unlike Polish, these are mostly from Low German and only occasionally from High German . Other sources of loanwords include

462-618: A few kilometers north of the stronghold and chartered with Lübeck law , which settlement eventually superseded the original Pomeranian settlement. The city later joined the Hanseatic League . Within the Duchy of Pomerania the town was the urban center of the secular reign of the prince-bishops of Kamień and their residence throughout the High and Late Middle Ages . In the modern age, it passed to Brandenburg and Prussia , and withstood

539-585: A result of the fragmentation of Poland, the Duchy of Pomerania became independent, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark in 1185 and the Holy Roman Empire in 1227. Besides St. Mary's, a St. John's church and a St. Petri's chapel were built. A painting of the town of Kołobrzeg from the 13th century is located in the Museum of Polish Arms in the city. During the Ostsiedlung , a settlement

616-433: A similar etymology. The original name of Cholberg was taken by Polish and Kashubian linguists in the 19th and 20th centuries to reconstruct the name. After German settlement, the original name of Cholberg evolved into German: Kolberg ( [ˈkɔlbɛʁk] ). According to Piskorski (1999) and Kempke (2001), Slavic and Lechitic immigration reached Farther Pomerania in the 7th century. First Slavic settlements in

693-753: A tutor at the Staatliches Bauhaus , visited Kolberg repeatedly and painted the cathedral and environs of the town. In the May elections of 1933, the Nazi Party received by far the most votes, 9,842 out of 19,607 cast votes. When the Nazis took power in Germany in 1933, the Jewish community in Kolberg comprised 200 people, and the antisemitic repression by Germany's ruling party led several of them to flee

770-463: Is a popular tourist destination for Poles, Germans and due to the ferry connection to Bornholm also Danish people. It provides a unique combination of a seaside resort , health resort, an old town full of historic monuments and tourist entertainment options (e.g. numerous "beer gardens"). The town is part of the European Route of Brick Gothic network. A bike path "to Podczele", located along

847-453: Is mentioned as the first duke known by name in 1064. During the 12th century, the pagan Pomeranians faced continuous incursions by their expanding Christian neighbours of Denmark , Poland and the Saxon dukes of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1121, they were eventually subdued by Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth , who established a diocese with its seat at Kołobrzeg , where Reinbern became

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924-646: Is the capital of Kołobrzeg County . During the Early Middle Ages , the Pomeranian tribes established a settlement at the site of modern-day Budzistowo . In 1000, when the city was part of Poland, it became the seat of the Diocese of Kołobrzeg , one of five oldest Polish dioceses. During the High Middle Ages , the town was expanded with an additional settlement inhabited by German settlers

1001-745: Is the only language in Poland with that status, which was granted by the Act of 6 January 2005 on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language of the Polish Parliament . The act provides for its use in official contexts in ten communes in which speakers are at least 20% of the population. The recognition means that heavily populated Kashubian localities have been able to have road signs and other amenities with Polish and Kashubian translations on them. Friedrich Lorentz wrote in

1078-430: Is this certain nor have archaeological efforts been able to locate traces thereof. In the 12th-century Polish chronicle Gesta principum Polonorum Kołobrzeg was named a significant and famous city . During the subsequent Christianization of the area by Otto of Bamberg at the behest of Bolesław, a St. Mary's church was built. This marked the first beginnings of German influence in the area. After Bolesław's death, as

1155-400: Is used for expressive purposes or is the result of syllable stress. All traces of vowel length can now be seen in vowel alterations. Kashubian features free placement of stress , and in some cases, mobile stress, and in northern dialects, unstressed syllables can result in vowel reduction . An archaic word final stress is preserved in some two-syllable adjectives, adverbs, and regularly in

1232-427: Is widely spoken to this day, despite the use of more formal Polish by parish priests. In Winona, Minnesota , which Ramułt termed the "Kashubian Capital of America", Kashubian was regarded as "poor Polish," as opposed to the "good Polish" of the parish priests and teaching sisters. Consequently, Kashubian failed to survive Polonization and died out shortly after the mid-20th century. Important for Kashubian literature

1309-684: The General von Steuben , which had been sunk by Soviet submarine S-13 to Kolberg. As the Red Army advanced on Kolberg, most of the inhabitants and tens of thousands of refugees from surrounding areas (about 70,000 were trapped in the Kolberg Pocket ), as well as 40,000 German soldiers, were evacuated from the besieged city by German naval forces in Operation Hannibal . Only about two thousand soldiers were left on 17 March to cover

1386-476: The Baltic languages . The number of speakers of Kashubian varies widely from source to source. In the 2021 census, approximately 87,600 people in Poland declared that they used Kashubian at home, a decrease from over 108,000 in the 2011 census. Of these, only 1,700 reported speaking exclusively in Kashubian within their homes, down from 3,800 in 2011. However, experts caution that changes in census methodology and

1463-587: The Hanseatic League . In 1446 it fought a battle against the nearby rival city of Koszalin . When the property of the Bishopric of Kammin was secularized during the Protestant Reformation in 1534, their secular reign including the Kolberg area became intermediately ruled by a Lutheran titular bishop, before it was turned into a Sekundogenitur of the House of Pomerania . In the 15th century

1540-647: The Polish Army re-enacted Poland's Wedding to the Sea ceremony, which had been celebrated for the first time in 1920 by General Józef Haller . After the battle the city for several weeks was under Soviet administration, the Germans that had not yet fled were expelled and the city was plundered by the Soviet troops. Freed Polish forced laborers remained and were joined by Polish railwaymen from Warsaw destroyed by

1617-401: The Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter. When in 1276 they became the souvereign of the town also, they moved their residence there, while the administration of the diocese was done from nearby Köslin ( Koszalin ). In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign. In 1361, the city joined

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1694-556: The Pomeranian Voivodeship . Most respondents say that Kashubian is used in informal speech among family members and friends. This is most likely because Polish is the official language and spoken in formal settings. During the Kashubian diaspora of 1855–1900, 115,700 Kashubians emigrated to North America , with around 15,000 emigrating to Brazil . Among the Polish community of Renfrew County, Ontario , Kashubian

1771-829: The Pomeranian language that belonged to the Lechitic languages , a branch of the West Slavic language family . The name Pomerania has its origin in the Old Polish po more , which means "Land at the Sea". Following the exit of the Hamburgian hunters, the area was inhabited successively by Celts and the Wielbark Culture ( Germanic tribes similar to the Goths and the Rugians ). Groups of Slavs populated

1848-743: The Treaty of Grimnitz , was part of the Province of Pomerania . It became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the 18th century, trade with Poland declined, while the production of textiles was developed. In 1761, during the Seven Years' War , the town was captured after three subsequent sieges by the Russian commander Peter Rumyantsev . At the end of the war, however, Kolberg was returned to Prussia. During Napoleon 's invasion of Prussia during

1925-613: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Pomeranians (Slavic tribe) The Pomeranians ( German : Pomoranen ; Kashubian : Pòmòrzónie ; Polish : Pomorzanie ), first mentioned as such in the 10th century, were a West Slavic tribe , which from the 5th to the 6th centuries had settled at the shore of the Baltic Sea between the mouths of the Oder and Vistula Rivers (the latter Farther Pomerania and Pomerelia ). They spoke

2002-563: The Vistula and Oder rivers. It first began to evolve separately in the period from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century as the Polish-Pomeranian linguistic area began to divide based around important linguistic developments centred in the western (Kashubian) part of the area. In the 19th century Florian Ceynowa became Kashubian's first known activist. He undertook tremendous efforts to awaken Kashubian self-identity through

2079-645: The War of the Fourth Coalition , the town was besieged from mid-March to 2 July 1807 by the Grande Armée and by insurgents from Poland against Prussian rule (a street named after General Antoni Paweł Sułkowski , who led Polish them, is located within the present-day city). As a result of forced conscription, some Poles were also among Prussian soldiers during the battle. The city's defense, led by then Lieutenant-Colonel August von Gneisenau , held out until

2156-528: The comparative degree of adverbs, in some infinitives and present and past tense forms, some nouns ending in -ô , in diminutives . ending in -ik / -yk , nouns formed with -c and -k , and some prepositional phrases with pronouns. Stress mobility can be observed in nouns, where in the singular the stress is initial, but in the plural it's on the final syllable of the stem, i.e. k'òlano but kòl'anami , and in some verb forms, i.e. k'ùpi vs kùp'ita . Some dialects have merged ë with e , making

2233-477: The pier in Międzyzdroje . A jetty positioned on the end of the pier enables small ships to sail for sightseeing excursions. In town, there is a museum of Polish weapons ( Muzeum Oręża Polskiego ), which are presented in the collections of militaria from the early Middle Ages to the present. The palace of Braunschweig include part of museum dedicated to the history of the city. In their collections branch presents

2310-610: The 10th century, the trade of salt and fish led to the development of the settlement into a town. During Polish rule of the area in the late 10th century, the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) mentions salsa Cholbergiensis as the see of the Bishopric of Kołobrzeg , set up during the Congress of Gniezno in 1000 and placed under the Archdiocese of Gniezno . The congress was organized by Polish duke Bolesław Chrobry and Holy Roman Emperor Otto III , and also led to

2387-500: The 15th century and include a book of spiritual psalms that were used to introduce Kashubian to the Lutheran church: Throughout the communist period in Poland (1948-1989), Kashubian greatly suffered in education and social status. Kashubian was represented as folklore and prevented from being taught in schools. Following the collapse of communism, attitudes on the status of Kashubian have been gradually changing. It has been included in

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2464-616: The Church of Saint Marcin where masses in Polish were held (initially throughout the season, after about 1890 all the year), were established. Dating back to 1261 Kolberg's Jewish population amounted to 528 people in 1887, rising to 580 two years later, and although many moved to Berlin after that date they numbered around 500 by the end of the Nineteenth century Between 1924 and 1935, the American-German painter Lyonel Feininger ,

2541-513: The Danish island of Bornholm is offered by the catamaran Jantar . The trip takes 4,5 hours and carries passengers but no cars. Kołobrzeg is twinned with: Kashubian language In Poland , it has been an officially recognized ethnic-minority language since 2005. Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language . It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and

2618-692: The German authorities to concentration camps in 1940. During the World War II the German state brought in numerous forced laborers to the city, among them many Poles. The city's economy was changed to military production-especially after the German invasion of the Soviet Union . The forced laborers were threatened with everyday harassment and repression; they were forbidden from using phones, holding cultural events and sports events, they could not visit restaurants or swimming pools, or have contact with

2695-466: The German colonisation of the region. The settlers received several privileges such as exemption from certain taxes and several benefits, making it difficult for the indigenous Pomeranian population to compete with Germans. Henceforth, the nearby former stronghold was turned into a village and renamed "Old Town" ( Latin : antiqua civitatae Colbergensis , German: Altstadt , Polish : Stare Miasto ), first documented in 1277 and used until 1945 when it

2772-692: The Germans . After World War II the region became again part of Poland, under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union and the Soviet-installed Polish Communist regime at the Potsdam Conference . Most Germans that had not yet fled were expelled from their homes in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The town was resettled by Polish citizens, many of whom were themselves Polish refugees from regions east of former eastern Poland annexed by

2849-608: The Soviet Union , from where they had been displaced by Soviet authorities. In 2000 the city business council of Kołobrzeg commissioned a monument called the Millennium Memorial as a commemoration of " 1000 years of Christianity in Pomerania ", and as a tribute to Polish-German Reconciliation, celebrating the meeting of King Bolesław I of Poland and King Otto III of Germany , at the Congress of Gniezno , in

2926-803: The Western parts entering the Holy Roman Empire as the Duchy of Pomerania in 1181, and the Eastern part consisting of Pomerelia under the Samborides coming under the influence of Poland and, from 1309 onwards, the Teutonic Order . The influx of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire during the Ostsiedlung caused the Germanization of Pomerania, as many native Pomeranians were slowly and gradually assimilated and discontinued

3003-568: The area as a result of the Slavic migration. The Pomeranian tribes formed around the 6th century. There was also a Pomeranian culture , which was replaced by the Jastorf culture . From around the 6th century, West Slavic tribes migrated via the Vistula and Oder Rivers into the southern Baltics, where sizable settlements of Vikings and Danes and large trading centers thrived, such as Jomsburg at

3080-529: The breach, and the path re-opened within a year. It was also extended in 2011 to connected with Ustronie Morskie 8 km (5 mi) to the east. South of Bagicz , some 4 km (2 mi) from Kołobrzeg, there is an 806-year-old oak (2008). Dated in the year 2000 as the oldest oak in Poland , it was named Bolesław to commemorate the king Boleslaus the Brave . Kołobrzeg is also a regional cultural center. In

3157-405: The burgh had been unsuccessful; although the duke had fled the burgh, the Polish army was unable to break through the fortifications and the two gates. The army had however looted and burned the suburbium, which was not or only lightly fortified. The descriptions given by the contemporary chroniclers make it possible that a second, purely militarily used castle existed near the settlement, yet neither

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3234-446: The city traded with Scotland , Amsterdam and Scandinavia . Beer, salt, honey , wool and flour were exported, while merchants imported textiles from England, southern fruits, and cod liver oil . In the 16th century, the city reached 5,000 inhabitants. The indigenous Slavs in the city were discriminated, and their rights in trade and crafts were limited, with bans on performing certain types of professions and taking certain positions in

3311-490: The city, for instance in 1564 it was forbidden to admit native Slavs to the blacksmiths ' guild. During the Thirty Years' War , Kolberg was occupied by imperial forces from 1627 to 1630, and thereafter by Swedish forces . Kolberg, with most of Farther Pomerania , was granted to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and, after the signing of the Treaty of Stettin (1653) , and in accordance with

3388-483: The country. A Nazi newspaper, the Kolberger Beobachter , listed Jewish shops and business that were to be boycotted. Nazis also engaged in hate propaganda against Jewish lawyers, doctors, and craftsmen. At the end of 1935, Jews were banned from working in the city's health spas. During Kristallnacht , the Jewish synagogue and homes were destroyed, and in 1938 the local Jewish cemetery was vandalised, while

3465-504: The distinction contrastive. Most of this mobility is limited to morphology and stress has largely stabilized in Kashubian. Northern and central dialects show a much more limited mobility, as northern dialects show stabilization on initial stress, and central shows constant distance between the stressed syllable and the initial syllable of the word. Proclitics such as prepositions, pronouns, and grammatical particles such as nié may take initial stress. Eastern groups place accents on

3542-866: The early 20th century that there were three main Kashubian dialects. These include the Other researches would argue that each tiny region of the Kaszuby has its own dialect, as in Dialects and Slang of Poland : The phonological system of the Kashubian language is similar in many ways to those of other Slavic languages . It is famous for Kaszëbienié (Kashubization) and has a large vowel inventory, with 9 oral vowels and 2 nasal vowels. Friedrich Lorentz argued that northern dialects had contrastive vowel length, but later studies showed that any phonemic length distinctions had disappeared by 1900. Any other vowel length

3619-518: The emporium and the stronghold were located, was one of the Pomeranians ' core settlement areas. The stronghold consisted of a fortified burgh with a suburbium. The Pomeranians mined salt in salt pans located in two downstream hills. They also engaged in fishing, and used the salt to conserve foodstuffs, primarily herring , for trade. Other important occupations were metallurgy and smithery , based on local iron ore reserves, other crafts like

3696-480: The end of the 16th century. The modern orthography was first proposed in 1879. Many scholars and linguists debate whether Kashubian should be recognized as a Polish dialect or separate language. In terms of historical development Lechitic West Slavic language , but in terms of modern influence Polish is a prestige language. Kashubian is closely related to Slovincian , and both of them are dialects of Pomeranian . Many linguists , in Poland and elsewhere, consider it

3773-554: The establishment of Kashubian language, customs, and traditions. He felt strongly that Poles were born brothers and that Kashubia was a separate nation. The Young Kashubian movement followed in 1912, led by author and doctor Aleksander Majkowski , who wrote for the paper Zrzësz Kaszëbskô as part of the Zrzëszincë group. The group contributed significantly to the development of the Kashubian literary language. The earliest printed documents in Polish with Kashubian elements date from

3850-656: The establishment of bishoprics in Kraków and Wrocław , connecting the territories of the Polish state. It was an important event not only in religious, but also political dimension in the history of the early Polish state, as it unified and organized medieval Polish territories. The missionary efforts of bishop Reinbern were not successful, the Pomeranians revolted in 1005 and regained political and spiritual independence. In 1013 Bolesław Chrobry removed his troops from Pomerania in face of war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry III . The Polish–German war ended with Polish victory, which

3927-416: The extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages. The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education. Kashubian is assumed to have evolved from the language spoken by some tribes of Pomeranians called Kashubians , in the region of Pomerania , on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea between

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4004-434: The first bishop. Pomerania was Christianized with the help of the German missionary Otto of Bamberg . At the same time the Pomeranian Prince Wartislaw I conquered the former Lutici lands west of the Oder. After his successors from the House of Griffins were defeated by the Saxons at the 1164 Battle of Verchen , they accepted the overlordship of Duke Henry the Lion . The Pomeranian lands were eventually divided, with

4081-453: The heroic Prussian defence during the Napoleonic Wars . Tremendous resources were devoted to filming this epic, even diverting tens of thousands of troops from the front lines to have them serve as extras in battle scenes. Ironically, the film was released in the final few weeks of Nazi Germany's existence, when most of the country's cinemas were already destroyed. On 10 February 1945, the German torpedo-boat T-196 brought about 300 survivors of

4158-402: The lands between the Vistula and the mouth of the Oder. The earliest known documented use of the term Pomorie dates to 997 in reference to the Duke of Pomorie . The Piast dukes of Poland began to incorporate the Pomeranians into their realm and succeeded initially. In 1005, Polish Duke Bolesław I the Brave loses control over the area. In the Annales Altahenses , a Zemuzil Bomerianorum

4235-423: The last sea transports. Between 4 and 18 March 1945, there were major battles between the Soviet and Polish forces and the German army. Because of a lack of anti-tank weapons, German destroyers used their guns to support the defenders of Kolberg until nearly all of the soldiers and civilians had been evacuated. During the fights, Polish soldiers' losses were 1,013 dead, 142 MIA and 2,652 wounded. On 18 March,

4312-433: The local German population. Poles were only allowed to attend a church mass once a month – and only in the German language. They also had smaller food rations than Germans, and had to wear a sign with the letter P on their clothes indicating their ethnic background. Additionally, medical help for Polish workers was limited by the authorities. Arrests and imprisonment for various offences, such as "slow pace of work" or leaving

4389-422: The most commonly translated Kashubian authors of the 20th century. A considerable body of Christian literature has been translated into Kashubian, including the New Testament , much of it by Adam Ryszard Sikora ( OFM ). Franciszek Grucza graduated from a Catholic seminary in Pelplin . He was the first priest to introduce Catholic liturgy in Kashubian. The earliest recorded artifacts of Kashubian date back to

4466-440: The mouth of the Oder and Danzig at the mouth of the Vistula and possibly Baltic settlement centres between the Parsęta and the Vistula. According to the 12th-century Nestor Chronicle , the Pomeranians, as well as Poles, Masovians and Lusitanians originated from the tribe of the Lechites . By 967, Duke Mieszko I had after a decisive battle against the Wolinians , led by Wichmann the Younger , and gained full control over

4543-417: The penultimate syllable. The difference between southern and northern dialects dates as far back as the 14th—15th century and is the result of changes to the Proto-Slavic vowel length system . Kashubian has simple consonants with a secondary articulation along with complex ones with secondary articulation. Kashubian features the same system of voicing assimilation as standard Polish . German has been

4620-418: The production of combs from horn, and in the surrounding areas, agriculture. Important sites in the settlement were a place for periodical markets and a tavern, mentioned as forum et taberna in 1140. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Budzistowo stronghold was the largest of several smaller ones in the Persante area, and as such is thought to have functioned as the center of the local Pomeranian subtribe. By

4697-506: The program of school education in Kashubia although not as a language of teaching or as a required subject for every child, but as a foreign language taught 3 hours per week at parents' explicit request. Since 1991, it is estimated that there have been around 17,000 students in over 400 schools who have learned Kashubian. Kashubian has some limited usage on public radio and had on public television. Since 2005, Kashubian has enjoyed legal protection in Poland as an official regional language . It

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4774-453: The seaside was commissioned on 14 July 2004. The path extends from Kołobrzeg to Podczele. The path has been financed by the European Union , and is intended to be part of a unique biking path that will ultimately circle the entire Baltic Sea . The path was breached on 24 March 2010 due to the encroachment of the sea associated with the draining of the adjacent unique Eco-Park marsh area. The government of Poland has allocated PLN 90,000 to repair

4851-437: The socio-political climate may have influenced these results. The number of people who can speak at least some Kashubian is higher, around 366,000. All Kashubian speakers are also fluent in Polish. A number of schools in Poland use Kashubian as a teaching language. It is an official alternative language for local administration purposes in Gmina Sierakowice , Gmina Linia , Gmina Parchowo , Gmina Luzino and Gmina Żukowo in

4928-436: The source for most loanwords in Kashubian, with an estimated 5% of the vocabulary, as opposed to 3% in Polish. Kashubian, like other Slavic languages, has a rich system of derivational morphology, with prefixes, suffixes, deverbals, compounds, among others. [œ], [ø] (northern dialects) The following digraphs and trigraphs are used: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kashubian: Article 1 of

5005-526: The summer take place – a number of concerts of popular singers, musicians, and cabarets. Municipal Cultural Center, is located in the Park teatralny . Keep under attachment artistic arts, theater and dance. Patron of youth teams and the vocal choir. Interfolk organizes the annual festival, the International Meeting of the folklore and other cultural events. Cinema is a place for meetings Piast Discussion Film Club. In Kołobrzeg there are many permanent and temporary exhibitions of artistic and historical interest. In

5082-405: The town hall of Kołobrzeg is located Gallery of Modern Art, where exhibitions are exposed artists from Kołobrzeg, as well as outside the local artistic circles. Gallery also conducts educational activities, including organized by the gallery of art lessons for children and young people from schools. The Kołobrzeg Pier is currently the second longest pier in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship , after

5159-417: The town was predominantly German Protestant with Polish and Jewish minorities. Almost all of the pre-war German population fled or was expelled so that since 1945, Polish Catholics make up the majority of the population. Around the turn from the 18th to the 19th century an increase of the number of Catholics was observed, because military personnel had been moved from West Prussia to the town. Kołobrzeg today

5236-415: The turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up. With the area coming under the control of the Polish Duke Mieszko I , only two strongholds remained and underwent an enlargement, the one at Budzistowo and a predecessor of later Białogard . These developments were most likely associated with the establishment of Polish power over this part of the Baltic coast. In

5313-400: The vicinity of Kołobrzeg were centered around nearby deposits of salt and date to 6th and 7th century. In the late 9th century, the Pomeranian tribes erected a fortified settlement at the site of modern part of Kołobrzeg county called Budzistowo near modern Kołobrzeg, replacing nearby Bardy-Świelubie , a multi-ethnic emporium, as the center of the region. The Parseta valley, where both

5390-425: The war was ended by the Treaty of Tilsit . Kolberg was returned to the Prussian province of Pomerania in 1815, after the final defeat of Napoleon; until 1872, it was administered within the Fürstenthum District ("Principality District", recalling the area's former special status), then it was within Landkreis Kolberg-Körlin . Marcin Dunin , Archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno and Roman Catholic primate of Poland,

5467-417: The workspace, were everyday occurrences. A labour subcamp of the Stalag II-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs was also operated in the city by Germany. In 1944, the city was selected as a fortress — Festung Kolberg . The 1807 siege was used for the last Nazi propaganda film, Kolberg shortly before the end of the war by Joseph Goebbels . It was meant to inspire the Germans with its depiction of

5544-473: The year 1000. It was designed and built by the artist Wiktor Szostalo in welded stainless steel. The two figures sit at the base of a 5-meter cross, cleft in two and being held together by a dove holding an olive branch . It is installed outside the Basilica Cathedral in the city center. Kołobrzeg has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ). Before the end of World War II

5621-615: Was Xążeczka dlo Kaszebov by Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881). Hieronim Derdowski (1852–1902 in Winona, Minnesota ) was another significant author who wrote in Kashubian, as was Aleksander Majkowski (1876–1938) from Kościerzyna , who wrote the Kashubian national epic The Life and Adventures of Remus . Jan Trepczyk was a poet who wrote in Kashubian, as was Stanisław Pestka . Kashubian literature has been translated into Czech , Polish , English , German , Belarusian , Slovene and Finnish . Aleksander Majkowski and Alojzy Nagel belong to

5698-416: Was confirmed by the 1018 Peace of Bautzen . During his campaigns in the early 12th century, Bolesław III Wrymouth reacquired Pomerania for Poland , and made the local Griffin dynasty his vassals. The stronghold was captured by the Polish army in the winter of 1107/08, when the inhabitants ( cives et oppidani ) including a duke ( dux Pomeranorum ) surrendered without resistance. A previous Polish siege of

5775-504: Was founded by German settlers some kilometres off the site of the Slavic/Lechitic one. It was located within the boundaries of today's downtown of Kołobrzeg and some of the inhabitants of the Polish town moved to the new settlement. On 23 May 1255 it was chartered under Lübeck law by Duke Wartislaw III of Pomerania , and more settlers arrived, attracted by the duke. Hermann von Gleichen , German bishop of Kammin also supported

5852-462: Was imprisoned for sedition by the Prussian authorities for ten months in 1839–1840 in the city and after his release, he tried to organise a chaplaincy for the many Polish soldiers stationed in Kolberg. In the 19th century the city had a small but active Polish population that increased during the century to account for 1.5% of the population by 1905. The Polish community funded a Catholic school and

5929-550: Was renamed " Budzistowo ". A new St. Mary's church was built within the new town before the 1260s, while St. Mary's in the former Pomeranian stronghold was turned into a nuns' abbey. In 1277 St. Benedict's monastery for nuns was founded, which in the framework of the Pomeranian Reformation in 1545 was then changed into an educational institution for noble Protestant ladies. Already in 1248, the Kammin bishops and

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